element elements and compounds functional groups organic compounds compounds a compound is a...
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ElementElements and Compounds Functional GroupsOrganic Compounds
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Objectives
Different Functional Groups: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids.
Preparation, properties and uses of Ethanol, Methanal, Acetone, Ethanoic acid.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Functional Groups
A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.
In organic compounds functional groups have atoms like oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), or sulphur(S) in addition to carbon.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Functional Groups
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Alcohols
An alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Alcohols
Alkanes and their corresponding Alcohols
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Fermentation
Functional GroupsOrganic Compounds
Fermentation reaction takes place in the preparation of the food items like idli, dhokla, handva and curd.
The reaction of formation of simple substances by slow decomposition of organic compounds through enzyme and in absence of oxygen is called fermentation.
During fermentation reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Ethanol
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It also exists as component in dense liquid medicines for cough and for digestion.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Preparation of EthanolIndustrial production of ethanol by fermentation
reaction:
Modern Method of Industrial Production of Ethanol:
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Properties of EthanolEthanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor.
Ethanol is a very combustible liquid. It burns rapidly with a blue flame when combusted and produces carbon dioxide and water by combustion.
Ethanol on reaction with acetic acid in presence of acid gives ethyl acetate which has sweet fruit smell. This reaction is called esterification reaction.
Acetic acid is formed by oxidation of ethanol.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Uses of Ethanol
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Aldehydes and Ketones
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
MethanalThe common name of methanal is formaldehyde. Its aqueous solution containing 4 to 6% concentration is called formalin. It is antiseptic.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Preparation of Methanal
Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxides.
In principle formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane, but this route is not industrially viable because the formaldehyde is more easily oxidized than methane.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Properties of Methanal
A gas at room temperature, formaldehyde is colourless and has a characteristic pungent, irritating odour. It is soluble in water.
Methanoic acid is formed by oxidation of methanal in presence of oxidising substance such as Tollen’s reagent.
Methanol is formed by reaction of methanal with dihydrogen (H2) gas in presence of palladium (Pd) catalyst.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Uses of Methanal
Formaldehyde solution is used in laboratories for the preservation of human and animal specimens.
Formaldehyde-based resins are used in the natural gas and petroleum industries to improve the yield of these fuels.An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can kill bacteria, and it is used in the treatment of skin infections.
Methanal is used as a raw material in plastic industry. Methanal is used as a monomer in preparation of bakelite, melamine plastic etc.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Propanone
The simplest compound of ketone group is propanone. Its common name is acetone which is one of the compounds of the solution to remove nail polish.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Preparation of Propanone
Fisher — Tropsch Process: When a mixture of ethene obtained during cracking of petroleum and water gas is passed over a catalyst cobalt oxide (CoO) at 150 bar pressure and 453 K temperature, acetone is obtained.
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cetone
ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Properties of Propanone
It is a colourless, mobile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent , typically for cleaning purposes in the laboratory.
Propanone gives propan-2-oI on reduction with reducing agent like sodium borohydride or Lithium aluminium hydride.
Ethanoic acid is obtained by oxidation of propanone, with alkaline potassium permanganate.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Uses of Propanone
A common use of acetone is as a solvent, which is a substance that is capable of dissolving another substance. It is a popular solvent for many plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also used for thinning fiberglass resin, paint, vinyl, adhesives and varnishes.
Acetone is also used to produce many other important chemicals. Some of these include methyl methacrylate (MMA), bisphenol-A (BPA) and methacrylic acid.
Acetone also has very important applications in the laboratory. It is used as a solvent in many chemical experiments and as an equipment cleaner.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Carboxylic acids
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Ethanoic acidThe common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid. Its formula is CH3COOH.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Preparation of Ethanoic acid
Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is formed by oxidation of ethanol in air by fermentation in presence of acetobacter enzyme.
In the modern industrial production of ethanoic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in presence of catalyst Iodine-Rhodium (I2 -Rh).
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Properties of Ethanoic acid
Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid.
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ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.
Organic Compounds Functional Groups
Uses of Ethanoic acidAcetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production.
In preparation of vinegar, to have sour taste in food stuffs and as preservative for foods.
As a solvent and reagent in the laboratory.