email updates course- get all our video pdfs- (old + … › wp-content › ... · the office was...

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES EMAIL UPDATES COURSE- GET ALL OUR VIDEO PDFS- (OLD + NEW )IN ONE SINGLE COURSE

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES https://www.facebook.com/studyforcivilservices/

Concept of governor ,governor

general of Bengal , governor

general of india and

viceroy of india



FIRST UNDERSTAND MAIN CONCEPT :-

originally the head of the British administration in

India and, after Pakistani and Indian independence in 1947, the

representative of the Indian monarch and head of state.

The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General

of the Presidency of Fort William

.

HISTORY OF POSTS :-

From 1690, a governor represented the British East India Company in

Bengal, which had been granted the right to establish a trading post by the

Nawabs of Bengal.

Robert Clive : Governor of Bengal during 1757–60 and again during 1765–67

and established Dual Government in Bengal from 1765 to 1772. (True

founder of British Political dominion in India)



Under the leadership of Robert Clive, British troops and their local allies

defeated the nawab on 23 June 1757 at the Battle of Plassey. The nawab

was assassinated in Murshidabad, and the British installed their own

replacement. Clive became governor.

Under the Charter Act 1853 the Governor General of India was relieved of

his concurrent duties as Governor of Bengal and empowered to appoint a

lieutenant-governor from 1854.



In 1911, the British reunited east and west Bengal to form a single province

under a governor.

So , overall history :-

The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, the

Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to

Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British

administration in India and, later, after Pakistani and Indian



independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian monarch

and head of state.

The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-

General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had

direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other

British East India Company officials in India. Complete

authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the

official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".

In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came

under the direct control of the British government OR British

Raj. The governor-general (now also the viceroy) headed the

central government of India, which administered the

provinces of British India, including the Punjab, Bengal,

Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others.

However, much of India was not ruled directly by the

British government; outside the provinces of British India,

there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or

"native states", whose relationship was not with the British

government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the

governor-general's role as the representative of the monarch

to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the term

Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the

Viceroy of India) was applied to him.



The title of viceroy was abandoned when India and

Pakistan gained their independence, but the office of

governor-general continued to exist—as representatives of

George VI as King of India and King of Pakistan,

respectively—until they adopted republican constitutions in

1950 and 1956.

Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the

Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he

was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the

sovereign on the advice of the British government; the

Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet,

was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his

powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the

governor-general, but did so on the advice of the Indian

government.

Governors-General served at the pleasure of the

sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-

year terms. Governors-General could have their commission

rescinded and if one were removed or left a provisional

governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new

holder of the office could be chosen. Provisional governors-

general were often chosen from among the provincial

governors.



WHY THIS HAPPENED ?

Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by

the East India Company, which nominally acted as the agent

of the Mughal Emperor.

In 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the

British government assumed partial control over the

governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of

1773.

A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were

appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in

Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council were named

in the Act; their successors were to be elected by the East

India Company's Court of Directors. The Act provided for a

five-year term for the Governor-General and Council, but the

Sovereign had the power to remove any of them

The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor-General and

Council of Fort William with the Governor-General and Council

of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was

retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became

subject to the Sovereign's approval.

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the East India

Company's territories in India were put under the direct

control of the Sovereign.



The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to

appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The

Governor-General, in turn, had the power to appoint all

lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's

approval.

India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but

Governors-General continued to be appointed over each

nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis

Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained

Governor-General of India for some time after independence,

but the two nations were otherwise headed by native

Governors-General. India became a secular republic in 1950;

Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.



FUNCTIONS :- The Governor-General originally had power only over the

Presidency of Fort William in Bengal.

The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers

relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other Presidencies of

the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen) were

neither allowed to declare war on nor make peace with an Indian

prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor-

General and Council of Fort William.

The powers of the Governor-General in respect of foreign

affairs were increased by the India Act 1784. The Act provided that

the other Governors under the East India Company could not

declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian

prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor-General,

or by the Company's Court of Directors.

While the Governor-General thus became the controller of

foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British

India. This status only came with the Charter Act 1833, which

granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole

civil and military Government" of all of British India. The Act also

granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and Council.

After 1858, the Governor-General (henceforth usually known as

the Viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as

the Sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous

provinces, each under the head of a Governor, Lieutenant



Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator. Governors were

appointed by the British Government, to whom they were directly

responsible;

Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners, and

Administrators, however, were appointed by and were

subordinate to the Viceroy. The Viceroy also oversaw the most

powerful princely rulers: the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of

Mysore, the Maharaja (Scindia) of Gwalior, the Maharaja of Jammu

and Kashmir and the Gaekwad (Gaekwar) Maharaja of Baroda. The

remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana

Agency and Central India Agency (which were headed by

representatives of the Viceroy), or by provincial authorities.

The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920

by a Royal Proclamation of the King-Emperor to provide a forum

in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations

to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with

the Viceroy presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee which

met more often.

Upon independence in August 1947, the title of Viceroy was

abolished. The representative of the British Sovereign became

known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari

became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India

acquired independence, the Governor-General's role became

almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-

to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a

republic in 1950, the President of India continued to perform the

same functions.



COUNCIL :- The Governor-General was always advised by a Council

on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The

Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was

referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."

The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four

counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors.

The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors,

but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision

of the Council was binding on the Governor-General.

In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the

Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote

and a casting vote.

In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was

increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be

binding.

The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the

structure of the Council. The Act was the first law to

distinguish between the executive and legislative

responsibilities of the Governor-General. As provided under

the Act, there were to be four members of the Council elected

by the Court of Directors. The first three members were

permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth



member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation

was being debated.

In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power

to elect members of the Council. Instead, the one member

who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be

appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by

the Secretary of State for India.

( 1 law member by british raj + 3 by Secretary)

The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the

Council's composition. Three members were to be appointed

by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign.

( 3 members by secretary + 2 by british raj)

The power to appoint all five members passed to the

Crown in 1869.

The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six

to twelve members (changed to ten to sixteen in 1892, and to

sixty in 1909).

The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the

Indian Secretary headed the executive departments, while

those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on

legislation.

( 5 members by secretary –executive ; vicerory members

for legislation )



In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a Council of

State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative

functions of the Viceroy's Council.

The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over

legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money

without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political

[and] defense" purposes, and for any purpose during

"emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop

debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill,

but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill

passed over the objections of the other chamber. The

Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence.

The President of the Council of State was appointed by the

Viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its President, but

the election required the Viceroy's approval.



shweta

Callout

Charles Wilkins, was an English typographer and Orientalist, and founding member of The Asiatic Society. He is notable as the first translator of Bhagavad Gita into English

shweta

Text Box

act of 1781 under which powers of jurisdiction between governor general in council and supreme court at calcutta were clearly divided

shweta

Text Box

Pitts india act of 1784

shweta

Text Box

treaty of salbai in 1782



shweta

Text Box

treaty of seringapatnam 1792

shweta

Text Box

cornwallis code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms , and separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction

shweta

Text Box

shweta

Text Box

Lord Warren Hastings laid the foundation of civil service and Charles Cornwallis reformed, modernised and rationalised it. Hence, Charles Cornwallis is known as the 'Father of Civil Service in India'. He introduced Covenanted Civil Services (Higher Civil Services) and Uncovenanted Civil Services (Lower Civil Services).

shweta

Text Box

Father of all india services = sardar patel

shweta

Text Box

Lord wellesley

shweta

Text Box

1798

shweta

Text Box

first alliance with nizam of hyderabad

shweta

Text Box

took over administration of tanjore(1799),surat(1800) and carnatic (1801)

shweta

Text Box

Treaty of Bassein (1802)

shweta

Text Box

b/w the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Maratha Peshwa of Pune (Poona) in India after the Battle of Poona. treaty was a decisive step in the dissolution of the Maratha Empire, which led to the East India Company's usurpation of the empire's territories in western India in 1818. On 13 May 1803, Baji Rao II was restored as peshwa under the protection of the East India Company and the leading Maratha state had thus become a client of the British. However, the treaty was not acceptable to all Marathas chieftains, and resulted in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

shweta

Text Box

vellore mutiny -1806

shweta

Text Box

lord minto -1

shweta

Text Box

treaty of amritsar with ranjit singh (1809) :- Between Ranjit Singh and the British East India Company, restricting the Sikh Empire to north of the Sutlej River.

shweta

Text Box

lord hasting

shweta

Text Box

anglo nepal war 1814-16 and treaty of sagauli 1816 strife with pindari 1817-1818

shweta

Text Box

treaty of sugauli established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16.

shweta

Text Box

1817-19

shweta

Text Box

dissolution of maratha confedaracy and creation of bombay presidency(1818)

shweta

Text Box

by thomas munro, governor of madras -1820



shweta

Text Box

The Barrackpore mutiny of 1824 was a rising of native Indian sepoys against their British officers in Barrackpore in November 1824. The incident occurred when the British East India Company was fighting the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)

shweta

Stamp

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

Anti thugee act --During the 1830s, the Thugs were targeted for eradication by Governor-General of India, William Bentinck and his chief captain, William Henry Sleeman.

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

resolution of 1835 and educational reforms and introduction of english as official language. annexation of mysore(1831) , coord(1834) and central cachar (1834).

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

abolition of provincial courts of appeal and circuit set up by cornwallis ,appointment of commissioners of revenue and circuit

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

treaty of perpetual friendship with ranjeet singh

shweta

Text Box

In 1830, Ram Mohan travelled to the UK as an ambassador of the Mughal Empire, to ensure Bentinck's Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 banning the practice of Sati was not overturned

shweta

Text Box

Lord Metcalfe” is called Liberator of India Press but soon he became a victim of party politics in England and was succeeded by Lord Auckland in 1836.

shweta

Text Box

first afghan war (1838-42) Death of Ranjit singh (1839)

shweta

Text Box

Annexation of sindh (1843) war with gwalior ( 1843)



shweta

Text Box

Lord hardinge - 1

shweta

Text Box

& treaty of lahore(1846)

shweta

Text Box

social reforms including abolition of female infanticide and human sacrifice

shweta

Text Box

second anglo-sikh war (1848-49) & annexation of punjab (1849)

shweta

Text Box

annexation of satara (1848) , jaitpur & sambhalpur (1849), udaipur ( 1852) jhansi (1853), nagpur (1854) and awadh (1856)

shweta

Text Box

1854

shweta

Text Box

1853

shweta

Text Box

Santhal rebellion telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect calcutta with bombay , madras and peshawar ) and postal ( post office act 1854) reforms

shweta

Text Box

transfer of ontrol from east india companyto the crown ,the gov of india act ,1858 Indian council act of 1861. White mutiny by european troops in 1859

shweta

Text Box

indigo riots

shweta

Text Box

White Mutiny was unrest that occurred at the dissolution of the "European Forces" of the British East India Company in India during the mid-19th century in the wake of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. There was another incident which occurred in India in 1766: a "White mutiny" among British brigadiers, on occasion of their reduced military allowances, which was suppressed by Robert Clive

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

he withdrew doctrine of lapse

shweta

Text Box

Wahabi movement:- centred around Patna was an Islamic revivalist movement, whose stress was to condemn any change into the original Islam and return to its true spirit. The movement was led by Syed Ahmed Barelvi& was active since 1830s but in the wake of 1857 revolt, it turned into armed resistance, a Jihad against the British

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

formation of indian penal code

shweta

Text Box

1865

shweta

Text Box

setting up of high courts at calcutta , bombay and madras (1865)

shweta

Text Box

Saviour of the Punjab /

shweta

Text Box

Opening of telegraphic lines between Europe and India in 1865 , enactment of Punjab Tenancy Act, the policy of “masterly inactivity



shweta

Text Box

establishment of statistical survey of india

shweta

Text Box

introduction of state railways

shweta

Text Box

estb. Department of agriculture and commerce

shweta

Text Box

opening of rajkot college in kathiawar and mayo collegeat ajmer for political training of indian princes + First census of india + the policy of financial decentralization promulgated by Lord Mayo

shweta

Text Box

visit of prince wales in 1875 trial of gaekwad of baroda kuka movement in punjab

shweta

Text Box

Anti indian policies

shweta

Text Box

Arms Act 1878 Vernacular press act 1878 2nd afghan war 1878-80 Famine of 1876-78 affecting madras,bombay,mysore,hyderabad,parts of central india,punjab;appointment of famine commission ( president-richard strachey-1878) Grand delhi darbar-1877-queen victoria assumed title -kesar-e-hind or queen empress of india used to write poems with the Pen name of Owen Meredith maximum age to enter in to the Civil Services Examination was reduced from 21 years to 19 years. Aligarh College was founded in 1877

shweta

Text Box

Delhi darbar :- held to mark the succession of an Emperor or Empress of India. three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the British Empire. The 1911 Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, George V, attended

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

First proper census-1881 continuation of financial decentralisation Rendition of mysore

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

Father of self government in india Hunter commission for education (1882)

shweta

Text Box

led to annexation of whole of Burma and Burmese ruler was exiled to India

shweta

Text Box

Panjdeh Incident 1885 happened in which the Russian forces seized Afghan territory south of Amu Darya around site of Panjdeh

shweta

Text Box

Facory act 1891 - categorisation of civil services into imperial,provisional and subordinate indian councils act 1892 set up durand line (1893) b/w india and afghanistan- now b/w pak and afghan

shweta

Text Box

Increased the minimum age (from 7 to 9 years) and the maximum (from 12 to 14 years) for children Reduced maximum working hours for children to 7 hours a day Fixed maximum working hours for women at 11 hours per day with an one and- a-half hour interval working hours for men were left unregulated Provided weekly holiday for all.



shweta

Text Box

Elgin -2

shweta

Text Box

the boundaries of China and Siam was demarcated, Anglo-Russian convention was signed (1895), Diamond Jublee of Queen Victoria was celebrated (1897), A Famine Commission (Lyall Commission) was appointed in 1897), a plague broke out in Bombay (1896) and the Plague Commissioner Rand was assassinated in Pune by the Chapekar brothers (1897)

shweta

Text Box

Waldemar Haffkine had also developed an anti-cholera vaccine which he tried out successfully in India. He was the first microbiologist who developed and used vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague. He tested the vaccines on himself and was acclaimed as “a savoir of humanity

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

appointment of police commission(1902) under andrew Frazer to review police administration university commission(1902) and passing of indian universities act (1904)- thomas rayleigh commission

shweta

Text Box

Calcutta corporation act -1899 ancient monument preservation act -1904 younghusband's mission to tibet

shweta

Text Box

curzon -kitchener controversy

shweta

Text Box

Irrigation Commission under Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) commonly known as Pusa Institute training college for army officers at Quetta

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

Swadeshi and boycott movement -1905 surat split-1907 Rash Behari Ghosh formation of muslim league- 1906 dhaka conference-aga khan and nawab salimullah

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

Held a durbar in December, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V. »Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911). »George V, the King of England visited India to attend the Delhi durbar in 1911. An assassination attempt was made on his life by Rash Bihari Bose and others »Gandhi ji came back to India from South Africa (1915). »Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement. Hindu mahasabha in 1915 established by M M Malviya

shweta

Text Box

Hardinge -2 ( 1911-1916)

shweta

Text Box

montague's august declaration-1917-GOI Act 1919 ( Montague Chelmsford reforms) The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy of 1919 occured during his period. Rowlatt Act 1919, Khilafat movement , lucknow pact 1916 under Ambica Charan Mazumdar. formation of sabarmati ashram (1916) after gandhi's return and launch of CAK ( champaran 1916 , ahmedabad mill strike , kheda satyagrah ) tilak death ( 1 august ) -Non cooperation and khilafat women university in poona -1916 saddler commission for education reform 1917 SP sinha became Governor of the Province of Bihar and Orissa in 1920, the first Indian to be appointed to such a high rank in the administration of British India

shweta

Text Box

1916-1921

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

Delhi conspiracy case

shweta

Arrow



shweta

Text Box

3rd june plan announced :- PM Atlee announced the Partition Plan introduction of indian independence bill in house of commons appointment of 2 boundary commissions under sir radcliff for the partition of bengal and punjab

shweta

Text Box

3 june plan Provisions :- The provincial legislative Assemblies of Bengal and Punjab would meet in two parts separately, one representing Muslim majority districts and another representing the Hindu Majority districts to decide by the vote on partition. In case of Sind and Baluchistan, the provincial assemblies would take the decision. In case of NWFP, the decision had to be taken on the base of referendum. A referendum was to be organized in Sylhet region of Assam which was Muslim majority. The Paramount of the princely states will not be transferred to either of India or Pakistan. So, they would in theory become sovereign when India is partitioned.

shweta

Arrow

shweta

Text Box

Wavell :- CR formula (1944) ,failure of gandhi-jinnah talks (1944) Wavell plan and shimla conference (1942) end of 2nd World war Cabinet mission (1946) and its acceptance by congress Observance of diret action day (16 august ,1946) by muslim league-aka Great Calcutta Killings, was a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta INA Trials and Naval mutiny -1946 Elections to constituent assembly , formation of interim government by congress ( september 1946) announcement of end of british rule in india by clement atlee ( pm of england ) on 20 feb 1947

shweta

Text Box

shweta

Text Box

LINLITHGOW ":-The longest serving viceroy of India. First general elections were held in 1937.Formation of Congress ministry. Resignation of the Congress ministries after the outbreak of the World War II. Subhas Chandra Bose resigned from Congress at 51st session and formed the Forward Block in 1939.Escape of Bose from India in 1941 and organization of Indian National Army. parliament passed a bill in February 1935, which got royal assent on July 24th 1935, and it was enforced on April 1, 1937 with the name of Government of India Act 1935. In June 1937, A Abbott and S.H Wood submit their report on technical education in India. In Oct 1937, Gandhiji formulated Wardha Educational Scheme. Lahore resolution or pakistan resolution 1940-by muslim league and demand for separate state for muslims In August 1940 Congress rejected August offer. Individual Civil Disobedience Movement started in 1940. In 1942 –Cripps Mission arrived in India offering Dominion Status to India and setting up of a Constituent Assembly and its rejection by congress In August 1942 Congress session started in Bombay and on 11 August the Quit India Movement started. aka august revolution or revolt of 1942 after the arrest of national leaders Divide and Quit slogan at the Karachi Session (1944) of the Muslim league.

email updates course- get all our video pdfs- (old + … › wp-content › ... · the office was...

Documents