embodied energy consumption of building construction engineering: case study in e-town, beijing

11
Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Energy and Buildings j ourna l ho me pa g e: www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild Embodied energy consumption of building construction engineering: Case study in E-town, Beijing M.Y. Han a , G.Q. Chen a,b,, Ling Shao a , J.S. Li a , A. Alsaedi b , B. Ahmad b , Shan Guo a , M.M. Jiang c , Xi Ji d a State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China b NAAM Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia c Institute of Low-carbon Industry, BDA Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China d School of Economics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 21 August 2012 Received in revised form 26 March 2013 Accepted 14 April 2013 Keywords: Hybrid method Embodied energy Energy consumption Construction engineering a b s t r a c t Presented in this paper is a detailed embodied energy consumption evaluation framework for build- ing construction engineering. The building construction engineering comprises nine sub-projects, which are Structure and outside decoration engineering, Primary decoration engineering, Electrical engineering, Water supply and drainage engineering, HVAC engineering, Civil engineering, Municipal electrical engineer- ing, Municipal water supply and drainage engineering and Gardening engineering. Our study chooses the construction engineering of a cluster of landmark commercial buildings in E-town, Beijing (Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, BDA) as a case. As far as we know, this study is the first attempt to account the embodied energy consumption for building construction engineering based on the most exhaustive first-hand project data with about 1000 input items in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ). The embodied energy consumption of construction engineering is quantified as 7.15E+14 J. Structure and outside decoration engineering contributes more than half of the total embodied energy consumption, followed by Primary decoration engineering’s 23% and Electrical engineering’s 3%, respectively. As for the input items, the sum of the embodied energy consumption by steel, cement, lime and metal products is more than 3/4 of the total embodied energy consumption. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction According to Energy Information Administration (EIA), building- related energy consumption (5.3 million tons of standard coal) accounts for about 29% of the global energy consumption in 2007 (17.9 million tons of standard coal) [1], while the proportions for many developed countries are even larger [2,3]. In China, about 1/4 of the total energy consumption is due to building construction in 2007 [4–7]. The earliest building energy consumption accounting only con- sidered the direct energy consumption in the construction and operation process of buildings. Along with the introduction of the life cycle concept, some researchers began to consider the indirect energy consumption which occurred during the building materials’ production [8], in which some major indirect energy consumption caused by some key inputs were traced, such as energy consumed Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China. Tel.: +86 10 62767167; fax: +86 10 62754280. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.Q. Chen). by the electricity generation and iron and steel smelting. Most of the existing studies employed the process analysis method to inves- tigate the indirect energy consumption of buildings [8–21]. For instance, the energy consumption of an eight-story wood-frame apartment building in Sweden and a six-story building in the cam- pus of the University of Michigan was measured [14,18], and the energy consumption of some building materials was analyzed [8]. These efforts have contributed significantly to the development of the energy consumption assessment for buildings. However, sev- eral limitations, especially the truncation errors, are also observed in the process based studies [22]. In recognition of the limitations of the process analysis, some researchers tried to assess the energy consumption of buildings on the basis of input–output analysis, under which all build- ings in the same country or region are analyzed as an economic sector. Nässén et al. used input–output analysis to evaluate the direct and indirect energy consumption of Swedish construction industry and compared the accounting results of the top-down and bottom-up methods [23]. A linear mathematical model sim- ilar to input–output analysis was established by Zi˛ ebik et al. to calculate the coefficients of cumulative energy consumption in complex buildings [24]. Although providing a complete economy 0378-7788/$ see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.006

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Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Energy and Buildings

j ourna l ho me pa g e: www.elsev ier .com/ locate /enbui ld

mbodied energy consumption of building construction engineering:ase study in E-town, Beijing

.Y. Hana, G.Q. Chena,b,∗, Ling Shaoa, J.S. Lia, A. Alsaedib, B. Ahmadb, Shan Guoa,

.M. Jiangc, Xi Ji d

State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR ChinaNAAM Group, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Low-carbon Industry, BDA Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR ChinaSchool of Economics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 21 August 2012eceived in revised form 26 March 2013ccepted 14 April 2013

eywords:ybrid methodmbodied energynergy consumption

a b s t r a c t

Presented in this paper is a detailed embodied energy consumption evaluation framework for build-ing construction engineering. The building construction engineering comprises nine sub-projects, whichare Structure and outside decoration engineering, Primary decoration engineering, Electrical engineering,Water supply and drainage engineering, HVAC engineering, Civil engineering, Municipal electrical engineer-ing, Municipal water supply and drainage engineering and Gardening engineering. Our study chooses theconstruction engineering of a cluster of landmark commercial buildings in E-town, Beijing (BeijingEconomic-Technological Development Area, BDA) as a case. As far as we know, this study is the firstattempt to account the embodied energy consumption for building construction engineering based on

onstruction engineering the most exhaustive first-hand project data with about 1000 input items in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ).The embodied energy consumption of construction engineering is quantified as 7.15E+14 J. Structure andoutside decoration engineering contributes more than half of the total embodied energy consumption,followed by Primary decoration engineering’s 23% and Electrical engineering’s 3%, respectively. As for theinput items, the sum of the embodied energy consumption by steel, cement, lime and metal products ismore than 3/4 of the total embodied energy consumption.

. Introduction

According to Energy Information Administration (EIA), building-elated energy consumption (5.3 million tons of standard coal)ccounts for about 29% of the global energy consumption in 200717.9 million tons of standard coal) [1], while the proportions for

any developed countries are even larger [2,3]. In China, about 1/4f the total energy consumption is due to building construction in007 [4–7].

The earliest building energy consumption accounting only con-idered the direct energy consumption in the construction andperation process of buildings. Along with the introduction of theife cycle concept, some researchers began to consider the indirect

nergy consumption which occurred during the building materials’roduction [8], in which some major indirect energy consumptionaused by some key inputs were traced, such as energy consumed

∗ Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complexystems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,R China. Tel.: +86 10 62767167; fax: +86 10 62754280.

E-mail address: [email protected] (G.Q. Chen).

378-7788/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.006

© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

by the electricity generation and iron and steel smelting. Most of theexisting studies employed the process analysis method to inves-tigate the indirect energy consumption of buildings [8–21]. Forinstance, the energy consumption of an eight-story wood-frameapartment building in Sweden and a six-story building in the cam-pus of the University of Michigan was measured [14,18], and theenergy consumption of some building materials was analyzed [8].These efforts have contributed significantly to the development ofthe energy consumption assessment for buildings. However, sev-eral limitations, especially the truncation errors, are also observedin the process based studies [22].

In recognition of the limitations of the process analysis, someresearchers tried to assess the energy consumption of buildingson the basis of input–output analysis, under which all build-ings in the same country or region are analyzed as an economicsector. Nässén et al. used input–output analysis to evaluate thedirect and indirect energy consumption of Swedish constructionindustry and compared the accounting results of the top-down

and bottom-up methods [23]. A linear mathematical model sim-ilar to input–output analysis was established by Ziebik et al. tocalculate the coefficients of cumulative energy consumption incomplex buildings [24]. Although providing a complete economy

M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Bu

Identify the productionsector and the embodied

energy consumptionintensity of each item

Account the embodiedenergy consumption of

construction engineering

Collect theraw data

BOQEmbodied energy

consumptionintensity database

Data

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ig. 1. Accounting procedure for energy consumption of construction engineering.

odeling can avoid the truncation error of process analysis, thenput–output analysis tends to be applied to macro analysis, i.e., it isot applicable for specific building’s energy consumption account-

ng.Regarding the advantages and disadvantages above, Bullard

t al. [22] suggested a hybrid method by combining the process andnput–output analyses to evaluate energy consumption requiredy the target product, and it was also applied to calculate environ-entally important input paths of a variety of goods and service

25,26]. Later it was employed to calculate the embodied carbonmissions [27,28]. Goggins et al. used the process based hybridethod to assess the embodied energy of reinforced concrete in

reland and discussed the application of input–output based hybridethod [29]. On the basis of systems method, a low-carbon building

valuation framework was developed by Chen and co-workers tossess the carbon emissions of an individual building, in which theife cycle procedure of buildings is divided into nine stages [30,31].hen this framework was applied to access the carbon emissions,s well as the energy consumption of Structure and outside dec-ration engineering of case buildings [32]. This method was alsopplied to assess the nonrenewable energy cost and greenhouseas emissions of a constructed wetland, a 1.5 MW solar powerower plant, a wind farm in Guangxi, and a corn-ethanol production33–36].

The aim of this paper is to quantify the embodied energy con-umption of building construction engineering in terms of twoajor engineering projects, five secondary engineering projects,

nd nine tertiary engineering projects of six commercial buildingsn E-town, Beijing (Beijing Economic-Technological Developmentrea, BDA), supported by the hybrid method as a combinationf process and input–output analyses with a detailed embodiednergy consumption accounting procedure.

. Method and date sources

.1. Procedure for energy consumption accounting

The accounting procedure for embodied energy consumptionased on the hybrid method is shown in Fig. 1. It can be operatedy the following three steps:

a) Collect the raw project data from the Bill of Quantities (BOQ)The embodied energy consumption accounting of building

construction engineering is highly data-sensitive. To enhancethe maneuverability of the procedure, the accounting in thisstudy is based on the first-hand project data in the BOQ. Pre-pared in accordance with requirements and regulations ofconstruction engineering, BOQ quantifies the work of all the

inputs of construction engineering as documenting the quan-tity and price of each item [37]. The inputs are usually listedin the BOQ in terms of three categories as labor, material andmachinery, and the tables corresponding to each sub-project

ildings 64 (2013) 62–72 63

are divided into six columns, as number, item, unit, quantity,price, and economic cost, respectively (a blank sample tableshown in Supplemental Table S1).

b) Identify the corresponding productive sector and the embodiedenergy intensity of each input

To calculate the embodied energy consumption of the con-struction engineering, each item should be given its productivesector and corresponding embodied energy intensity based onthe existing intensity database (see more information in Sec-tion 2.2). Embodied energy intensity, an economic measure ofenergy consumed per unit of GDP (J/$, etc.), is usually calcu-lated through the economic input–output table. The embodiedenergy intensity of each input item can be adopted in theexisting database with reference to its corresponding economicsector. With the corresponding intensity and economic cost, theembodied energy consumption of each item can be achieved.In order to simplify the calculating process, the various build-ing materials from the same sub-project and economic sectorare combined and calculated as a whole after totaling theireconomic cost, with the blank sample tables shown in Supple-mental Table S2 and S3.

(c) Obtain the embodied energy consumption of each sub-projectWith the processed data provided in the step (b), the embod-

ied energy consumption of each sub-project’s sector is given bymultiplying each sector’s economic cost by its correspondingembodied energy intensity. Then the embodied energy con-sumption of each sub-project can be obtained by totaling theembodied energy consumption of each sector:

E =n∑

i=1

Ei =n∑

i=1

(εi × Ii)

where Ii is economic cost of sector i in the BOQ, εi is corre-sponding embodied energy intensity of sector i, Ei is embodiedenergy consumption of sector i, and E is the embodied energyconsumption of each sub-project.

After summing the embodied energy consumption of each sub-project, the embodied energy consumption of the constructionengineering can be given.

2.2. Database

The embodied energy consumption accounting requires aproper energy intensity database covering economic products,especially these in the building construction engineering. Focusingon the macro-scale economy simulation, the input–output anal-ysis method can avoid truncation errors and is recommended toaccount target products’ energy intensity. A number of energy con-sumption databases based on the input–output analysis for variouseconomy systems at global, national and regional scales have beenestablished by individual researchers [38,39]. At the global scale,Chen and Chen carried out a network modeling for the global econ-omy and calculated the embodied resources and emissions for 112nations and regions [40]. At the national scale, Zhou presentedtwo databases: one included 151 goods in 1992 based on Mate-rial products system, and the other covered 42 economic sectors in2002 based on System of national account [41]. Later the Chinesedatabases were updated to 2005 and 2007 with 42 and 135 eco-nomic sectors involved, respectively [42,43]. At the regional scale,databases on Beijing 2007 and Macao since 1999 were provided by

Guo et al. and Li et al. [44,45]. Considering of the fact that the casebuildings are constructed around 2007 and almost all materials forthe construction engineering are produced in China, the databaseon the Chinese economy 2007 presented by Chen and Chen [42]

6 nd Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72

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4 M.Y. Han et al. / Energy a

s chosen as the basic database in this study. This database is builtp based on an ecological input–output modeling, and includes sixources for direct external energy inputs which are divided intowo groups as fossil sources (coal, crude oil, and natural gas) andon-fossil sources (hydropower, nuclear power, and firewood). Asublished by National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Chineseconomic input–output table is the most detailed table available.n this database, the embodied energy intensity obtained fromnput–output analysis method uses J/1E+04 CNY (the abbreviationor China Yuan, officially assigned by International Organization fortandardization, IOS) as unit.

.3. Case buildings description

Located in Beijing Yizhuang, Beijing Economic-Technologicalevelopment Area (BDA) is established in 1992. With a designedrea of 46.8 km2, BDA was ratified as the only national economicnd technological development zone in Beijing in 1994 by the Stateouncil. Enterprises in the zone can enjoy dual incentives as theettled national economic and technological development zonend national high-tech industrial park. Attracted by these benefits,ore than 80 world-class giants such as Coca-Cola, Nokia, Lucent,

iemens, General Electric, IBM, Mercedes-Benz, etc. gathered in thisnique place.

Constructed in 2004, International Enterprise Avenue Industryark, covering a designed area of 300,000 m2, is the first project pro-iding individual commercial building for the enterprises in BDA.eijing Development Area Co, Ltd., the constructor of the Interna-ional Enterprise Avenue Industry Park, was invited to participaten the 15th China Beijing International High-tech Expo and wonhe “China Independent Innovation Park Award” [46]. With a totaluilding area of 69,844 m2, six commercial buildings (shown inig. 2), recognized as the landmark of the International Enterprisevenue Industry Park (Phase 2) of BDA, are chosen as the caseuildings in our study.

As shown in Fig. 3, the construction engineering is suggested toe divided into two major engineering projects: Structure and installngineering and Municipal and gardening engineering, and five engi-eering sub-projects: Structure and outside decoration engineering,quipment install engineering (Electrical engineering, Water supplynd drainage engineering and HVAC engineering), Primary decora-ion engineering, Municipal engineering (Civil engineering, Municipal

lectrical engineering and Municipal water supply and drainagengineering) and Gardening engineering. The results of the nineub-projects’ embodied energy consumption will be respectivelyresented below.

Constructi

Structure andinstall engineering

Equipment installengineering

Structure andoutside decoration

engineering

Primary decoengineeri

Electricalengineering

Water supplyand drainageengineering

HVACengineering

Fig. 3. Structure of construction en

Fig. 2. The layout for the six case buildings.

3. Results

3.1. Embodied energy consumption of Structure and installengineering

The Structure and install engineering is divided into five sub-projects: Structure and outside decoration engineering, Primarydecoration engineering, Electrical engineering, Water supply anddrainage engineering and HVAC engineering. The total embod-ied energy consumption of Structure and install engineering is6.80E+14 J, with an intensity of 9.74E+09 J/m2. Shown in Fig. 4,the embodied energy consumption of Structure and outside dec-oration engineering accounts for 60.95% of that of Structure andinstall engineering, followed are Primary decoration engineering’s24.33%, Electrical engineering’s 9.30%, Water supply and drainageengineering’s 3.60% and HVAC engineering’s 1.82%, respectively.The full sector names have been abbreviated for convenience,listed in Table 1. The corresponding input items’ classifica-tion and the embodied energy consumption accounting resultsof the five sub-projects are presented in Supplemental TableS4–13. The detailed description of accounting results is presentedbelow.

(1) Structure and outside decoration engineeringThe fraction of Structure and outside decoration engineer-

ing’s embodied energy consumption is shown in Fig. 5. Thetotal embodied energy consumption of Structure and outsidedecoration engineering is quantified as 4.15E+14 J. The embod-ied energy consumption of Rolling of steel sector is 2.19E+14 J,

on engineering

Municipal andgardening engineering

rationng

Gardeningengineering

Municipalengineering

Civilengineering

Electricalengineering

Water supplyand drainageengineering

gineering of case buildings.

M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72 65

Table 1The full and abbreviated names of related input–output sectors.

Sector code Full name Abbreviation name

2 Forestry Forestry9 Mining of Non-Ferrous Metal Ores Non-Ferrous Metal

25 Spinning and weaving, printing and dyeing of cotton and chemical fiber Cotton27 Spinning and weaving of hemp and tiffany Weaving Products28 Manufacture of textile products Textile products32 Processing of Timbers, Manufacture of Wood, Bamboo, Rattan, Palm and Straw Products Wood Products37 Processing of petroleum and nuclear fuel Petroleum40 Manufacture of fertilizers Fertilizers41 Manufacture of pesticides Pesticides42 Manufacture of Paints, Printing Inks, Pigments and Similar Products Paints43 Manufacture of Synthetic Materials Synthetic Materials44 Manufacture of Special Chemical Products Chemical48 Manufacture of Rubber Rubber49 Manufacture of Plastic Plastic50 Manufacture of Cement, Lime and Plaster Cement51 Manufacture of Products of Cement and Plaster Cement Products52 Manufacture of brick, stone and other building materials Brick53 Manufacture of Glass and Its Products Glass55 Manufacture of fire-resistant materials Fire-resistant Materials59 Rolling of Steel Rolling of Steel63 Manufacture of Metal Products Metal66 Manufacture of lifters Lifters67 Manufacture of pump, valve and similar machinery Pump69 Manufacture of Special Purpose Machinery for Mining, Metallurgy and Construction Mining machinery71 Manufacture of special purpose machinery for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery Agriculture machinery74 Manufacture of automobiles Automobiles78 Manufacture of equipments for power transmission and distribution and control Power equipments79 Manufacture of wire, cable, optical cable and electrical appliances Electrical appliances80 Manufacture of household electric and non-electric appliances Non-electric appliances81 Manufacture of other electrical machinery and equipment Other electrical equipments92 Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power Electricity94 Production and Distribution of Water Water95 Construction Construction

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97 Transport Via Road

representing 52.82% of the total embodied energy consump-tion, followed by Manufacture of products of cement and plastersector (1.18E+14 J) and Construction sector (3.50E+13 J).

2) Primary decoration engineeringThe fraction of Primary decoration engineering’s embodied

energy consumption is shown in Fig. 6. The total embod-ied energy consumption of Primary decoration engineering is1.66E+14 J, within which the curtain wall accounts for 77.50% ofthe total embodied energy consumption (see Section 4). Man-ufacture of metal products sector is responsible for 6.90E+13 J,

accounting for 41.69% of the total embodied energy consump-tion of Primary decoration engineering. The embodied energy

Structure and out sid edec oration

enginee ring, 60.9 5%

Primary decora tionengi neering, 24.3 3%

Wat er supp ly anddrainage engi nee ring ,

3.60%

Ele ctricityenginee ring, 9.3 0%

HVA C engineering ,1.82%

ig. 4. Embodied energy consumption structure of Structure and install engineering.

Transport

consumption of Manufacture of glass and its products andManufacture of paints, printing inks, pigments and similar prod-ucts sector are 2.42E+13 J and 2.12E+13 J, accounting for 14.63%and 12.79% of the total, respectively.

(3) Electrical engineeringThe fraction of Electrical engineering’s embodied energy con-

sumption is shown in Fig. 7. The total embodied energyconsumption of Electrical engineering is 6.33E+13 J, withinwhich Manufacture of equipments for power transmission anddistribution and control sector shares 2.56E+13 J, followed areManufacture of metal products sector’s 1.38E+13 J, and Manufac-ture of wire, cable, optical cable and electrical appliances sector’s9.92E+12 J, accounting for 40.45%, 21.73% and 15.67% of thetotal, respectively.

(4) Water supply and drainage engineeringThe fraction of Water supply and drainage engineering’s

embodied energy consumption is shown in Fig. 8. The totalembodied energy consumption of Water supply and drainageengineering is 2.45E+13 J. The embodied energy consumptionof Manufacture of metal products sector is 9.04E+12 J, accountingfor 36.87% of the total embodied energy consumption, followedby Rolling of steel sector’s 36.18%, and Manufacture of rubbersector’s 12.54%.

(5) HVAC engineeringThe fraction of HVAC engineering’s embodied energy con-

sumption is shown in Fig. 9. The total embodied energyconsumption of HVAC engineering is quantified as 1.24E+13 J,within which Rolling of steel sector shares 3.79E+12 J, followed

by Manufacture of metal products sector’s 3.23E+12 J, and Man-ufacture of household electric and non-electric appliances sector’s3.09E+12 J, accounting for 30.68%, 26.11% and 24.99%, respec-tively.

66 M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72

Rolling of Steel, 52.82%

Cement Products, 28.46%

Constructi on, 8.44%

Chemical, 1.76%

Gla ss, 1.7 1%

Metal, 1.68 %

Electricit y, 1.54 %

Synthetic Materials, 1.18%

Wood Pr oducts, 0.74 %

Cement, 0.64 %

Plasti c, 0.28 %

Wat er, 0.24 %

Rubber, 0.17%

Paints, 0.15%

Mining machinery, 0.12%

Non-Ferrous Metal, 0.04%

Transp ort, 0.03 %

The remai nder, 0.01%

Others, 2.14%

Fig. 5. Embodied energy consumption components of Structure and outside decoration engineering.

Metal, 41.69%

Glas s, 14.63 %

Paints, 12.7 9%

Construction, 11.90 %

Cement Pr oducts, 7.96 %Rolling of Stee l, 5.21%

Fire-resistant Mate rials,1.63%

Plasti c, 1.44 %

Chemical, 0.97 %

Wood Products, 0.91%Brick, 0.58 %

Mining machine ry, 0.15 %

Cement, 0.12 %

The remai nder, 0.02 %Others, 18.99 %

Fig. 6. Embodied energy consumption components of Primary decoration engineering.

Power equipments, 40.45 %

Metal, 21.73 %

Electrical appliances, 15.67%

Construction, 10.02%

Roll ing of St eel, 6.29 %

Fire-resistant Materi als, 3.95%

Non-e lect ric appliances, 0.54 %

Paints, 0.44%

Other elec trical equ ipments,0.19%

Plasti c, 0.19 %

Rubber, 0.16 %

Petr oleum, 0.1 5%

Chemical , 0.0 9%

Cement, 0.04%

Textile produ cts, 0.0 2%

The remai nder, 0.08 %Others, 1.89%

Fig. 7. Embodied energy consumption components of Electrical engineering.

M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72 67

Metal, 36.87%

Rolling of Steel, 36.18%

Rubber, 12.54%

Construction, 8.79 %

Chemical, 2.32 %

Plasti c, 1.27 %

Pai nts, 0.7 5%

Petroleum, 0.34%

Cement, 0.30 %

Weaving Pr oducts, 0.30%

Mining mac hinery, 0.10%

Pump, 0.10%

Non-Ferrous Metal, 0.07 %

Fire-resistant Materials,0.06%

The remai nder, 0.03%

Others, 3.31 %

Fig. 8. Embodied energy consumption components of Water supply and drainage engineering.

Metal, 2 6.11%

Non-e lectric app liances ,24.99% Construction, 13.12%

Paints, 3.14%

Rubber, 0.7 0%

Petroleum, 0.46 %

Chemical, 0.37%

Textile prod ucts, 0.19 %

Cotton, 0.16 %

Mining machinery, 0.0 6%

Automobiles, 0.01%Others, 43.2 1%

ption

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total embodied energy consumption of Municipal water supplyand drainage engineering is 4.66E+12 J, within which Manufac-ture of metal products sector contributes to 1.25E+12 J, followedby Construction sector’s 9.61E+11 J, and Manufacture of brick,

Civil engi neering,7.14%

Municipal el ectric ityengi neering, 11.78 %

Municipal watersup ply and drainageengi neering, 13.36 %

Gardeningengi neering, 67.72 %

Rolling of Stee l, 30.68%

Fig. 9. Embodied energy consum

.2. Embodied energy consumption of Municipal and gardeningngineering

The Municipal and gardening engineering is divided into fourub-projects, as Civil engineering, Municipal electrical engineering,unicipal water supply and drainage engineering and Gardening engi-

eering. The total embodied energy consumption of Municipal andardening engineering is 3.49 E+13 J, within which Gardening engi-eering accounts for 67.72%, Water supply and drainage engineeringor 13.36%, Electrical engineering for 11.78%, and Civil engineering for.14% (shown in Fig. 10). The corresponding input items’ classifica-ion and the embodied energy consumption accounting results ofhe four sub-projects are presented in Supplemental Table S14–21.he detailed description of accounting results is presented below.

1) Civil engineeringThe fraction of Civil engineering’s embodied energy con-

sumption is shown in Fig. 11. The total embodied energyconsumption of Civil engineering is 2.49E+12 J. The embodiedenergy consumption of Manufacture of products of cement andplaster sector is 1.08E+12 J, representing 43.37% of the totalembodied energy consumption, followed by Manufacture ofbrick, stone and other building material sector’s 4.92E+11 J, andMining of non-ferrous metal ores sector’s 3.03E+11 J, 19.75% and12.15% of the total, respectively.

2) Municipal electrical engineeringThe fraction of Municipal electrical engineering’s embodied

energy consumption is shown in Fig. 12. The total embod-ied energy consumption of Municipal electrical engineering is

components of HVAC engineering.

4.10E+12 J, within which Manufacture of metal products sectorshares 2.80E+12 J, accounting for 68.26%, followed by Manufac-ture of wire, cable, optical cable and electrical appliances sector(11.54%) and Construction sector (7.87%).

(3) Municipal water supply and drainage engineeringThe fraction of Municipal water supply and drainage engineer-

ing’s embodied energy consumption is shown in Fig. 13. The

Fig. 10. Embodied energy consumption structure of Municipal and gardening engi-neering.

68 M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72

Cement Pr oducts, 43.37 %

Brick, 19.75 %

Non- Ferrous Metal, 12.1 5%

Rolling of Steel, 9.71% Construction, 8.15%

Cement, 3.82 %

Petro leum, 1.41 %

Chemical, 0.90 %

Mining machinery, 0.54%

Paints, 0.12%

Water, 0.07 %The remainder, 0.01 %Others, 36.88%

Fig. 11. Embodied energy consumption components of Civil engineering.

Metal, 68.26%

Electric al app liances ,11.54%

Construction, 7.87 % Power equipm ents, 5.4 7%

Rolling of St eel, 2.07 %

Rubber, 1.91 %

Mining mac hinery, 1.73%

Chemi cal, 0.42 %

Lifters, 0.28%

Automobil es, 0.20 %

Pai nts, 0.1 0%

Cement, 0.0 6%

Non- Ferrous Meta l, 0.03 %

Plasti c, 0.02 %Non-e lect ric app liances ,

0.02%

The remaind er, 0.03%

Others, 2.90%

Fig. 12. Embodied energy consumption components of Municipal electrical engineering.

Metal, 26.8 9%

Construction, 20.6 2%

Brick, 13.45%

Plasti c, 11.7 8%

Non-Ferr ous Metal, 9.53 %

Cement Prod ucts, 7.35 % Rolling of Steel, 5.39%

Cement, 3.11%

Rubber, 0.56%

Paints, 0.43%

Pump, 0.28 %

Fire-resis tant Materials,0.16%

Mining machinery, 0.12%

Glass, 0.11%

Chemical, 0.09%

Water, 0.07%

Weaving Products, 0.05%

The remai nder, 0.02 %Others, 1.05%

Fig. 13. Embodied energy consumption components of Municipal water supply and drainage engineering.

M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72 69

Brick, 55.63%

Fores try, 9.62%

Wood Produ cts, 7.51%

Construction, 6.01%

Non-Ferrous Metal, 4.84%

Cement Pr oducts, 4.62 %

Cement, 3.26%

Metal, 2.31 %

Other elec trical equipments,1.73%

Electri cal applian ces, 1.04 %

Rolling of Steel, 0.99%

Mining ma chinery, 0.7 4%

Pai nts, 0.41 %

Pestic ides, 0.31 %Plastic, 0.23 %

Automobil es, 0.22 %

Lifters, 0.12%

Fertil izers, 0.10%

Manu factur e of glass and it sprodu cts,0 .10%

Agricultu re machin ery, 0.10 %Chemical , 0.0 7%Rubber, 0.03 %

The remai nder, 0.02 %

Others, 1.29 %

ion co

(

4

eSToibsei

TE

Fig. 14. Embodied energy consumpt

stone and other building material sector’s 6.26E+11 J, accountingfor 26.89%, 20.62% and 13.45%, respectively.

4) Gardening engineeringThe fraction of Garden engineering’s embodied energy con-

sumption is shown in Fig. 14. As an distinctive feature in theInternational Enterprise Avenue Industry Park, the embod-ied energy consumption of Gardening engineering is quantifiedas 2.36E+13 J, within which Manufacture of brick, stone andother building material sector shares 1.31E+13 J, followed byForestry sector’s 2.27E+12 J, and Processing of timbers, manufac-ture of wood, bamboo, rattan, palm and straw products sector’s1.77E+12 J, accounting for 55.63%, 9.62% and 7.51% of the total,respectively.

. Discussion

The total embodied energy consumption of the constructionngineering is estimated as 7.15E+14 J, with the intensity oftructure and outside decoration engineering as 9.74E+09 J/m2 (inable 2). The embodied energy intensity of the case buildings inur study is higher than the average value of residential buildingsn the U.K., Australia, and Japan (5.5 E+09 J/m2), while compara-

le to that of commercial buildings (9.2 E+09 J/m2) [47]. Since notudy on commercial buildings in China was found, the embodiednergy intensity as 6.3E+09 J/m2 of an academic building locatedn Shijiazhuang is considered here for a comparison [48]. It is

able 2mbodied energy consumption of construction engineering (unit: J).

Sector contents Coal Crude oil Natural gas Hy

Structure and outside decorationengineering

3.46E+14 3.97E+13 1.46E+13 8.8

Primary decoration engineering 1.32E+14 1.98E+13 7.26E+12 3.9Electrical engineering 4.99E+13 7.97E+12 2.92E+12 1.7Water supply and drainage engineering 1.95E+13 2.74E+12 1.00E+12 5.7HVAC engineering 9.85E+12 1.50E+12 5.50E+11 3.0

Civil engineering 2.03E+12 2.76E+11 1.01E+11 5.2Municipal electrical engineering 3.32E+12 4.49E+11 1.65E+11 1.1Municipal water supply and drainage

engineering3.67E+12 5.95E+11 2.18E+11 1.1

Gardening engineering 1.75E+13 2.14E+12 7.83E+11 4.0

Structure and install engineering total 5.57E+14 7.18E+13 2.63E+13 1.5Municipal and gardening engineering total 2.65E+13 3.46E+12 1.27E+12 6.8Total 5.84E+14 7.52E+13 2.76E+13 1.6

mponents of Gardening engineering.

lower than that in the present study, and the difference can beexplained by the fact that the academic building has fewer inte-rior partitions, and no HVAC system or automatic sprinkler systemis devised.

The components of the embodied energy consumption of con-struction engineering are shown in Fig. 15. In view of the factthat the dominant materials like steel and concrete products aremainly utilized in the Structure and outside decoration engineering,its embodied energy consumption takes the greatest proportion(57.97%) of the total embodied energy consumption, followed byPrimary decoration engineering’s 23.14% and Electrical engineering’s8.85%. The Municipal and gardening engineering which contains4 sub-projects (Civil engineering, Municipal electrical engineering,Municipal water supply and drainage engineering and Gardeningengineering) only contributes 6.60% to the embodied energy con-sumption of construction engineering. It is much less than that ofStructure and install engineering.

As for the Primary decoration engineering, the curtain wall relatedproducts contribute 77.50% to its energy consumption, i.e., 17.93%to the construction engineering’s energy consumption. The curtainwall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to themain building structure through connections at floors or columns

of the building [49]. As an outer covering of buildings, curtain wall’sheat insulation is much less than that of the traditional wall, whichwould thus increase the operation energy cost of a building. Giventhis, Low-E glass, coated glass, heat-reflective glass, insulating glass,

dropower Nuclear Firewood Fossil energysubtotal

Non-fossilenergy subtotal

Total

1E+12 1.19E+12 3.85E+12 4.00E+14 1.39E+13 4.15E+14

0E+12 6.20E+11 2.22E+12 1.59E+14 6.74E+12 1.66E+140E+12 1.62E+11 6.88E+11 6.08E+13 2.55E+12 6.33E+136E+11 4.78E+10 6.44E+11 2.32E+13 1.27E+12 2.45E+131E+11 2.75E+10 1.39E+11 1.19E+13 4.68E+11 1.24E+13

5E+10 1.25E+10 1.87E+10 2.41E+12 8.37E+10 2.49E+124E+11 8.66E+09 5.82E+10 3.93E+12 1.81E+11 4.10E+123E+11 1.83E+10 5.22E+10 4.48E+12 1.84E+11 4.66E+12

2E+11 1.38E+11 2.68E+12 2.04E+13 3.22E+12 2.36E+13

3E+13 2.05E+12 7.54E+12 6.55E+14 2.49E+13 6.80E+141E+11 1.77E+11 2.81E+12 3.12E+13 3.67E+12 3.49E+130E+13 2.22E+12 1.03E+13 6.87E+14 2.85E+13 7.15E+14

70 M.Y. Han et al. / Energy and Buildings 64 (2013) 62–72

Structure and out sidedecoration enginee ring,

57.97%

Prim ary de corationengi neering, 23.14%

Water sup ply and drainageenginee ring, 3.43 %

Elect ric ity enginee ring ,8.85%

HVA C engineering, 1.7 3%

Civil engine ering, 0.35%Municipal el ect ricityengi neerin g, 0.57 %Municipal wat er supply anddrainage engi nee ring, 0.65%

Gardening engi neerin g,3.30%

Municipal and ga rdeningengi neerin g, 6.60 %

Fig. 15. Embodied energy consumption structure of construction engineering.

Roll ing of st eel,34.27%

Manufac ture ofproduc ts ofcement and

Manufact ure ofmetal products,

14.91%

Construction,9.47%

Manufacture ofglass and its

products, 4.38%

Manufact ure ofequipm ents for

powertransmiss ion anddistr ibution an dcontr ol, 3.61 %

Manufac ture ofpaints, printing

inks, pigments an dsimilar products,

3.19%

Manufact ure ofbrick, stone an dother building

material s, 2.12 %

Manufa cture ofwire, cab le,

optic al cab le andelectrical

appliance , 1.49%

Manufac ture ofspecial chemicalprodu cts, 1.35%

Others, 6.52 %

ion co

etcvberic

ssstti

Fig. 16. Embodied energy consumpt

tc. are recommended as thermal insulation measures in the cur-ain wall. Applied in the case buildings, the Low-E glass has the dualharacteristics of absorbing infrared radiant and maintaining theisible light transmittance. By reflecting indoor thermal radiationack to the inside room, it is able to reduce indoor heat loss andnergy consumption in winter. Meanwhile, Low-E glass helps toeflect the outdoor thermal radiation back and reduce indoor cool-ng loads in summer. As a result, considerable amount of energyan be saved.

The components of embodied energy consumption of economicectors are shown in Fig. 16. The embodied energy consumption ofteel products from Rolling of steel sector ranks first among the 48

ectors, accounting for 34.27% of the embodied energy consump-ion of construction engineering. This high proportion indicateshat the implementation of energy-saving measures in the steelndustry can significantly help to reduce the building construction’s

plaster, 18.70 %

mponents of each economic sector.

energy consumption. Several approaches can be considered toreduce the embodied energy consumption of steel industry, forinstance, the expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises andthe introduction of advanced technology [50]. The second largestembodied energy consumer is concrete products from Manufactureof cement lime and plaster sector, with a share of 18.70%. Consideringthe fact that concrete products are widely used in various parts ofconstruction engineering, energy-saving methods in the concreteindustry, such as exploitation of alternative materials, use of pre-heater and precalciner, also have positive effects on the reductionof the building construction’s energy consumption.

5. Conclusions

An embodied energy consumption evaluation framework forbuilding construction engineering in terms of nine sub-projects of

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M.Y. Han et al. / Energy a

ix commercial buildings in E-town (BDA, Beijing) is presented inhis paper. The hybrid method as a combination of process andnput–output analyses is applied. This study is the first attempt toccount the embodied energy consumption for building construc-ion engineering based on the most exhaustive first-hand projectata with about 1000 input items in the BOQ.

The results show that the total embodied energy consump-ion of construction engineering is 7.15E+14 J, with an intensityf Structure and outside decoration engineering as 9.74E+09 J/m2. Its comparable to the results in the similar studies. The embodiednergy consumption of Structure and outside decoration engineer-ng shares the greatest proportion of the total embodied energyonsumption, followed by Primary decoration engineering and Elec-rical engineering. The curtain wall related products contributebout 4/5 of the energy consumption of Primary decoration engi-eering and 1/5 of the whole construction engineering. To achievehe goal of energy conservation, the curtain wall systems withhe thermal insulation materials, e.g. Low-E glass, are suggestedo be applied in buildings. As far as materials and products areoncerned, steel products from Rolling of steel sector rank firstnd account for more than 30% of the overall embodied energyonsumption of construction engineering, followed by concreteroducts from Manufacture of cement lime and plaster sector. Theesults indicate that building construction industry is an indispens-ble driving force for promoting the other industries, especiallyolling of steel sector, Manufacture of cement lime and plaster sectornd Manufacture of metal products sector. The energy-saving mea-ures in steel and concrete industry could play an important rolen reducing the energy consumption of the building constructionndustry.

The embodied energy consumption evaluation framework pre-ented in this paper can also be used to account the energyonsumption of other types of buildings. With the help of embodiednergy consumption accounting results, energy-saving measuresan be devised for buildings, which would ease both the environ-ental pollution and energy pinch pressures of China.

cknowledgements

This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation ofhina (Grant No. 70903005) and Research Project of Humanitiesnd Social Sciences (Grant No. 09YJCZH005).

ppendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article can beound, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.013.04.006.

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