1.PRESENTED BYDr AKHIL.H.S (dept of SHAREERA RACHANA) ALVAS AYURVEDIC COLLAGE , MOODBIDRI

2. :: (on . . 1/1)- ( . 3)So is a process of the descent of various components of the body. This process involves the following factors without which a healthycant be obtained. It includes spermatogenesis, oogenesis, formation of embryo and its complete growth and 3. ROLE OF. PANCHAMAHABHOOTAIN GARBHA VRUDHI ||-SU SA 5-- - 4. || 5. . 6. - 7. In charaka shareera it is mentioned that the fetusgets its nourishment in different ways at differentstages of growth. Either in the initial stages or beforedifferentation of various organs it get itsnourishment from ahara rasa of the motherthrough upa sneha and upa sweda (diffusion andosmosis ). After the body parts are formed it getsits nutrition through upasneha and nabhi nadi orumbilical cord.The nabhi nadi is attached to the rasa vahanadi of the mother and this carries ahara rasaveerya from the mother to the fetus. The fetusgrows by the indirect supply of nutrition. 8. --.------ . ..---- ....-- .. 9. -|| 10. 11. ./ - - In cha sa 2/ 12 , atreya answer to sishyas regarding the. 12. FERTILIZATIONCLEAVAGE OF THE ZYGOTEFORMATION OF BLASTOCYSTIMPLANTATION 13. FERTILIZATION It is the process by which male andfemale gamates fuse to form zygote, itoccurs in the ampullary region of uterinetube. 14. RESULTS OFFERTILIZATION Sex determination. Starting of cleavege. 15. Two days after fertilization, embryo is at2celledstage.Three days after fertilization embryo. becomes morula.Fourth day -- Blastocyst has formed. 16. Late implantation/Uteroplacental circulationBilaminar disk, amniotic cavity and primary yolk sacExtra-embryonic mesoderm and coelomFormation of the chorion and definitive yolk sac 17. Trophoblast Bilaminar embryonic disccytotrophoblastEpiblast Syncytiotrophoblast HypoblastCavitiesAmnionicBlastocoel 18. EARLY 2ND WEEK Fibrincoagulum Lacunar stage Exocoelomic memb Primary yolk sac 19. 11th 12th dayUteroplacental Sinusoids circulation.Trophoblast have lacunarspace in the form of intercommunicatingnetwork.More evident atembryonic pole.The cells ofsynciotropoblast continuepenetrating deep and erodeendometrial lining ofmeternal capillaries.Lacunae continue with thesinusoids. 20. Extra-embryonicmesoderm / Extra-embryonic coelomCells derived from the primitive ectoderm fill the spacebetween the trophoblast and two cavities This loose connective tissue, the extraembryonicmesoderm, completely surrounds the amnion andprimary yolk sac Fluid-filled spaces appear in the mesenchyme,pushing aside the mesenchyme to form a coelom These spaces fuse to form a fluid-filled cavitycompletely surrounding the amnion and yolk sac,except at the connecting stalk 21. Extra embryonic coelom / Chorionic cavity. When EEC enlarges EEM will be restrictedto lining. Extra embryonic somato pleuric mesoderm Extra embryonic splanchno pleuricmesoderm 22. Primary villi. Secondary yolk sac Exocoelomic cyst Connecting stalk13th day 23. Gastrulation: Primitive Streak and Cell MigrationsResults of Gastrulation: Fate of the Germ LayersNotochord: the Primary InducerNeurulation: Neural Tube FormationNeural Crest Cells and their Derivatives 24. GASTRULATION Its the process that establishes all 3 germlayers. It begins with formation of PrimitiveStreak on surface of epiblast. Cephalic end- primitive node. Cells of epiblast migrate towards primitivestreak and it become flask shape. It then detach from epiblast and slip beneath it.INVAGINATION. Once cells invaginated, some displacehypoblast and form- embryonic ENDODERM. Some lie in b/w epiblast and new embryonicendoderm to form MESODERM. Remaining cells form embryonic ECTODERM. Thus epiblast is source of all 3 layers. 25. NOTOCHORD The pre notochordal cells invaginating inthe primitive streak, move forwardcranially, untill they reach prechordalplate. These cells intercalate in endoderm asnotochordal plate. By further development, the platedetaches from endoderm and a solidcord is formed. This will serve as basis of axial skeleton. 26. NEURULATION. At beginning of 3rd week ectodermal germ layer isof disc shape. The overlying ectoderm thickens and form NEURALPLATE. Cells of the plate make up neuroectoderm. Once induction begin the neural plate expandstowards primitive streak. By end of 3rd week,lateral edge of neural plate expands to form NEURAL FOLD. And mid region NEURAL GROOVE. Gradually Neural folds approaches each other andfusein middle ,and continues upward and downwards. NEURAL TUBE. CRANIAL NEUROPORE & CAUDAL NEUROPORE. 27. Vasculogenesis- EEM angioblasts-angiogenic clustor of cells- endothelialcells this fuse with each side to formsmall blood vessels. Hematopoiesis- occur in EEVM angioblasts in angiogenic cell clustersgive rise to primitive blood cells. At 5th week it is taken over by organs. 28. Somite developmentIntraembryonic coelom & body cavitiesHead-tail foldingLateral folding 29. In week 4, the embryo undergoes majormorphological changes as it changes froma trilaminar disc-shaped embryo to acylindrical embryo. This is also an important week in terms ofdetermining placement of future organs. Following median and horizontal folding,many organs and body cavities will beginto form or will be repositioned. Embryo begin to fold. 30. Head-Tail Folding Due to the rapid growth in the medianplane of the brain, amniotic cavity, andsomites, the embryo elongates, with itshead and tail ends folding under. At the cranial end, the head will be foldedunder, with a very prominent forebrain. On the ventral side, the newly positionedprimitive heart, pericardial cavity, septumtransversum, and bucco-pharyngealmembrane 31. At the same time that head-tail folding isoccurring, lateral folding is alsooccurring to form a cylindrical embryo 32. 22nd 23rd day Fusion of neural fold . Neoropores widly opened. Heart tube begin to fold.24th -25 th day Cephalocaudal folding. Cranial neuropore closing.Optic vesicles appear.Otic placcodes appear. 26th-27th day Caudal neuropore closing.Upper limbs buds appear.3 pairs of visceral arches. 33. EMBRYO AT 4TH WEEK. 34. Somite Development The paraxial mesoderm will develop into pairedcuboidal bodies, or somites (soma, body). These will eventually develop into the bones(Sclerotome), Muscles (Myotome), and Dermis(Dermatome) of and surrounding the axial skeleton Somites appear as bumps on the dorsal surface of theembryo. At the end of week 3, 4-12 somites are present (visibleon the dorsal surface of the embryo). By the end ofweek 5, 42-44 can be counted. The most appear between days 20-30, giving thisperiod the title of the somite period of development.Somites appear cranially to caudally, beginning at theoccipital end. They can be counted and are used toroughly estimate the age of the embryo 35. FATE OF GERM LAYERS ECTODERMThis layer gives rise to: the central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system; the sensory epithelium of the ear, nose andeye; the epidermis, hair and nails; and the subcutaneous, mammary and pituitarygland; the enamel of teeth. 36. MESODERMAL SHEATHIntermediateParaxial mesodermmesodermLateral plate Nephrotomes- cranially Nephrogenic somatic (parietalSomites ( 42-44) cells-caudallyThe epithelial cells forming the somites losetheir epithelial shape and migrate in the splanchnic direction of the notochord and the spinalcord to form the sclerotome (future (visceral vertebral column). The dorsal wall of the somite differentiate intothe myotome (furute muscles) andthedermatome (future dermis)., both developing into the excretory units of kidneys, gonads, ducts and accessory glands 37. ENDODERMit provide epithelial lining of gastro- intestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, urinary bladder, also paranchyma of thyroid, parathyroids, liver, pancreas. 38. 5THWEEK 28th- 30th day-Fourth visceral arch will beformed. Hind limb bud appear. Otic vesicle and lenceplacode become clear. 31st-35th day- forelimb paddle shaped. Nasal pit formed. Embryo C shaped. By the time embryos tiny heart begin tobeat. Neural tube enlarges into 3 parts , soon tobecome a very complex brain. 39. 6THWEEKIn this week growth is fast. 36th-42nd day- Digital rays in the hand and foot plate appear. Brain vesicles prominent.- External auricle , formed from auricular hillock - Umbilical herniation initiated. Eyes ears limbs toes become identifiable. 40. 7TH WEEK 43rd-49th day Pigmentation of retinavissible- Digitals separating.- Nipples and eyes formed. - Maxillary swelling fuse withmedial nasal swelling and upper lip isformed.- prominent umbilical herniation. Major muscle system is developed. The child has its own blood type frommothers. 41. 8TH WEEK Limbs long and bend at elbows, knees,fingers,toes free. Face more human like. Tail disppears. Umbilical herniation persist end of 3rd week. By eighth week all organs develop, andembryo is now called foetus. Foetus is about half inch long. It is protected by amnionic sac, filled with fluid.