emergency vehicle driving legalese · – gross negligence-reckless disregard of the consequences...

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Emergency Vehicle Emergency Vehicle Driving LegaleseDriving Legalese

Los Angeles County Fire DepartmentLos Angeles County Fire Department

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Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe Driving

Why are we here?Why are we here?–– To learn how to function properly in the highest To learn how to function properly in the highest

capacity so we can effectively save and protect capacity so we can effectively save and protect lives, property and the environment.lives, property and the environment.

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Why must we learn our functions?Why must we learn our functions?–– So we can protect :So we can protect :

OurselvesOurselvesOur familiesOur familiesOur crewOur crewThe publicThe publicThe County and the DepartmentThe County and the Department

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What fire department activity do we do more What fire department activity do we do more than anything else during the course of a than anything else during the course of a day ?day ?–– DRIVEDRIVE

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Defensive and Safe Driving Defensive and Safe Driving

How often and where do we drive?How often and where do we drive?–– All the timeAll the time

ResponsesResponses–– RescuesRescues–– FiresFires–– Public AssistsPublic Assists

DrillsDrillsEventsEventsMoveMove--upsupsMarket / FoodMarket / Food

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Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingHow do you prevent from becoming a How do you prevent from becoming a statistic?statistic?–– Know the law!Know the law!–– Drive safely!Drive safely!–– Know your physical limits!Know your physical limits!–– Know your vehicle’s limits!Know your vehicle’s limits!–– Drive defensively and expect the Drive defensively and expect the

unexpected!unexpected!–– Train as if your life and other lives depend Train as if your life and other lives depend

on it, because they do!on it, because they do!Course Objectives

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What What isis the law?the law?

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DefinitionsDefinitions–– True EmergencyTrue Emergency -- A situation in which there is a A situation in which there is a high high

probabilityprobability of death or serious injury to an individual or of death or serious injury to an individual or significant property loss. (Being dispatched to a rescue, significant property loss. (Being dispatched to a rescue, fire, or other “EMERGENCY”).fire, or other “EMERGENCY”).

–– Due RegardDue Regard -- A reasonably careful person performing A reasonably careful person performing similar duties and under similar circumstances would act in similar duties and under similar circumstances would act in the same manner.the same manner.

–– NegligenceNegligence -- Legal deficiency or wrong which results Legal deficiency or wrong which results whenever a person fails to exercise that degree of care whenever a person fails to exercise that degree of care which a prudent person would exercise under similar which a prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. The negligence may be slight, ordinary, or circumstances. The negligence may be slight, ordinary, or gross.gross.

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DefinitionsDefinitions–– Gross negligenceGross negligence -- Reckless disregard of the Reckless disregard of the

consequences of an act to another person. It occurs when a consequences of an act to another person. It occurs when a person’s actions (or lack of) result in the failure to exercise person’s actions (or lack of) result in the failure to exercise even even a slight degree of care.a slight degree of care.

–– Willful and wantonWillful and wanton -- Intentional or with careless Intentional or with careless indifference (considered most serious form of negligence).indifference (considered most serious form of negligence).

–– Vicarious liabilityVicarious liability -- Legal liability placed on one person for Legal liability placed on one person for the acts committed by another person. the acts committed by another person.

AKA AKA -- Supervisor, Captain Supervisor, Captain –– NFPA NFPA –– When the driver is under direct supervision of an officer, thatWhen the driver is under direct supervision of an officer, that

officer shall also assume responsibility for the action of the dofficer shall also assume responsibility for the action of the driver.river.

NFPA 1500 6.2.4 (2002)

NFPA 1451 8.2.2 & 8.2.3 (2002)

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RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

DMV Law & NFPA1500 & 1451DMV Law & NFPA1500 & 1451Driver’s License RequirementDriver’s License Requirement–– No person shall operate No person shall operate

firefighting equipment unless that firefighting equipment unless that person has a valid driver’s license person has a valid driver’s license for that class of vehicle. for that class of vehicle.

–– Driver Licenses shall be checked Driver Licenses shall be checked and validated by the employer.and validated by the employer.

–– This includes Class of Driver’s This includes Class of Driver’s License, required endorsements, License, required endorsements, and current medical information.and current medical information.

Medical updated every 2 years.Medical updated every 2 years.

–– Mandated by Code of Federal Regulations Mandated by Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 part 383.23 Title 49 part 383.23 -- Commercial Driver Commercial Driver License Standards (Department of License Standards (Department of Transportation)Transportation)

Driver’s LicenseDriver’s License

CVC 15250.5 - 15250.6 (2007) NFPA 1500 6.2.1 (2002)CVC 15278 (2007) Vol 3, Ch 2, Sub 8 (old)CVC 14604 (2007) Vol D, Ch 1, Sub 1CVC 14606 (2007)

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Minimum License Minimum License Standard Standard –– Fire FighterFire Fighter–– Firefighter Class BFirefighter Class B

Endorsements (X)Endorsements (X)–– AirbrakeAirbrake–– TankTank–– Hazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials

–– It shall readIt shall readFirefighter Class BFirefighter Class BEndors XEndors XRestriction 80, 50Restriction 80, 50

–– OrOrCommercial Class BCommercial Class BEndors XEndors X

Some special assignments require a Some special assignments require a Class A Driver LicenseClass A Driver License

Driver’s LicenseDriver’s License

CVC 14606 (2007)

RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

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Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingLACoFD Policy & CVCLACoFD Policy & CVC–– Minimum requirement to operate a fire engine, ladder truck (inclMinimum requirement to operate a fire engine, ladder truck (includes udes

tillers), quint, crew truck, water tender, fuel tender, helitillers), quint, crew truck, water tender, fuel tender, heli--tender, or any tender, or any Class B vehicle weighing more than 26,001 lbs is a Restricted Class B vehicle weighing more than 26,001 lbs is a Restricted Firefighter Class B License with airbrake, tank, and hazardous mFirefighter Class B License with airbrake, tank, and hazardous materials aterials endorsements.endorsements.

–– Minimum requirement to operate a HazMinimum requirement to operate a Haz--Mat squad, USAR, or any Mat squad, USAR, or any tractor trailer Class A vehicle is a Restricted Firefighter Clatractor trailer Class A vehicle is a Restricted Firefighter Class A License ss A License with airbrake, tank, and hazardous materials endorsements with airbrake, tank, and hazardous materials endorsements

A Firefighter Restricted license is a commercial license.A Firefighter Restricted license is a commercial license.You will be held to all rules, policies, laws, and sanctions thaYou will be held to all rules, policies, laws, and sanctions that apply to t apply to commercial license holders. (Discussed later)commercial license holders. (Discussed later)

MCSIA 1999MCSIA 1999

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Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingCVC 12954CVC 12954

A firefighter, driving a fire apparatus for the purpose of A firefighter, driving a fire apparatus for the purpose of emergency operations is not required to have a driver emergency operations is not required to have a driver license on his or her immediate possession. But they must license on his or her immediate possession. But they must have a properly classed and endorsed driver license at the have a properly classed and endorsed driver license at the station that can be obtained if required.station that can be obtained if required.

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Legal AspectsLegal Aspects

What is an emergency vehicle?What is an emergency vehicle?–– 25252 to 25252.5 (165.2) Every authorized emergency 25252 to 25252.5 (165.2) Every authorized emergency

vehicle shall be equipped with at least one (1) steady vehicle shall be equipped with at least one (1) steady burning red warning lamp visible from at least 1,000 feet burning red warning lamp visible from at least 1,000 feet to the front of the vehicle to be used as provided in this to the front of the vehicle to be used as provided in this code and shall only be used when the authorized code and shall only be used when the authorized emergency vehicle is being operated pursuant to CVC emergency vehicle is being operated pursuant to CVC 21055 21055 -- Emergency Vehicle Operation.Emergency Vehicle Operation.

–– CVC 2007CVC 2007–– CVC 165.2 (2007)CVC 165.2 (2007)

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Legal AspectsLegal AspectsWhen is a vehicle an authorized When is a vehicle an authorized emergency vehicle?emergency vehicle?–– 21055 If the driver or other authorized person of 21055 If the driver or other authorized person of

an authorized emergency vehicle (CVC 27002) an authorized emergency vehicle (CVC 27002) vehicle sounds a siren as may be vehicle sounds a siren as may be reasonably reasonably necessarynecessary and the vehicle displays a lighted red and the vehicle displays a lighted red lamp visible from the front (CVC 25252) as a lamp visible from the front (CVC 25252) as a warning to other drivers and pedestrians.warning to other drivers and pedestrians.

–– 30 30 -- Gives authorization to police, fire, and life Gives authorization to police, fire, and life saving services to utilize red lights saving services to utilize red lights and sirens.and sirens.

–– CVC 2007CVC 2007

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Siren UseSiren UseThe siren is required to be sounded in such a The siren is required to be sounded in such a manner that manner that full rangefull range of the siren is of the siren is produced.produced.Intermittent use of the siren is permissible Intermittent use of the siren is permissible provided it is operated within at least 300 feet provided it is operated within at least 300 feet of intersections.of intersections.

LACoFD Manuals VLACoFD Manuals V--D,CD,C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy C5, III Policy C--22

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Siren UseSiren UseThe sirens effectiveness is based upon the speed of The sirens effectiveness is based upon the speed of the vehicle.the vehicle.Sound compressionSound compression–– Increased speed, reduces siren projection.Increased speed, reduces siren projection.–– Electronic siren:Electronic siren:

40 MPH = 300’ siren projection40 MPH = 300’ siren projection60 MPH = 12’ siren projection60 MPH = 12’ siren projection

–– Grinder siren:Grinder siren:Slightly better projection due to Slightly better projection due to disturbance of air.disturbance of air.

LACoFD Manuals VLACoFD Manuals V--D,CD,C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy C5, III Policy C--22

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Air Horn UseAir Horn UseAir horns are not considered authorized Air horns are not considered authorized warning devices by the California State warning devices by the California State Vehicle Code.Vehicle Code.Air horn use is permitted as a secondary Air horn use is permitted as a secondary warning device.warning device.–– Air horn use guidelines Air horn use guidelines

Use in conjunction with the sirenUse in conjunction with the sirenUse in short burstsUse in short burstsDon’t drain out the siren Don’t drain out the siren

–– CVC 27000, 27001 & 27002 (2007), LACoFD Manuals VCVC 27000, 27001 & 27002 (2007), LACoFD Manuals V--D, CD, C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy C5, III Policy C--55

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Legal AspectsLegal AspectsAuthorized Emergency Vehicle OperationAuthorized Emergency Vehicle Operation–– 21055 If the vehicle is being driven in response to 21055 If the vehicle is being driven in response to

an emergency call, from one place to another, or an emergency call, from one place to another, or from one fire station to another, as from one fire station to another, as rendered rendered desirable or necessary by reason of an desirable or necessary by reason of an emergency callemergency call, or while engaging in rescue , or while engaging in rescue operations, the driver of the authorized emergency operations, the driver of the authorized emergency vehicle is exempt from certain vehicle is exempt from certain traffic laws.traffic laws.

–– The driver is not exempt when The driver is not exempt when returning from a response.returning from a response.

–– CVC 2007CVC 2007

2020

Legal AspectsLegal AspectsLACoFD vehicles that shall not operate Code “R” as authorized LACoFD vehicles that shall not operate Code “R” as authorized emergency vehicles :emergency vehicles :–– Fuel TendersFuel Tenders–– HeliHeli--TendersTenders

LACoFD vehicles that shall not operate Code “R” as authorized LACoFD vehicles that shall not operate Code “R” as authorized emergency vehicles, unless they are required to move into emergency vehicles, unless they are required to move into traffic or bypass congested traffic areas.traffic or bypass congested traffic areas.–– Water TendersWater Tenders–– Heavy TransportsHeavy Transports

MoveMove--ups shall be nonups shall be non--Code “R” unless directed by FCCF.Code “R” unless directed by FCCF.

–– LACoFD Manuals VLACoFD Manuals V--D, CD, C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy, E5, III Policy, E--8 to E8 to E--1111

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Emergency Vehicle Operation Emergency Vehicle Operation Exempt PrivilegesExempt Privileges–– As long as a driver of an authorized emergency As long as a driver of an authorized emergency

vehicle drives with due regard and safety for vehicle drives with due regard and safety for others and does not cause an accident he / she is others and does not cause an accident he / she is exempt from lane position violations (may drive in exempt from lane position violations (may drive in any lane / opposite traffic), may stop or park any lane / opposite traffic), may stop or park anywhere, may exceed posted speed limits, turn anywhere, may exceed posted speed limits, turn from any lane in any direction, pass vehicles on from any lane in any direction, pass vehicles on the right (safely), and pass through traffic lights the right (safely), and pass through traffic lights and stop signs (slowly and safely).and stop signs (slowly and safely).

–– CVC 21650, 21752, 22500, 38312, 22350, 22348, 38305, 22100, 2180CVC 21650, 21752, 22500, 38312, 22350, 22348, 38305, 22100, 21806, 6, 21755, 21350, 22450 (2007)21755, 21350, 22450 (2007)

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Why be cautious?Why be cautious?Why clear Why clear intersections?intersections?http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=--3916854222274701624&hl=en3916854222274701624&hl=en

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Legal AspectsLegal AspectsEmergency Vehicle Operation Emergency Vehicle Operation Exempt Privilege ????Exempt Privilege ????–– 22454 22454 -- All vehicles must stop for school buses All vehicles must stop for school buses

loading / unloading passengers with red lights loading / unloading passengers with red lights flashing or stop sign extended.flashing or stop sign extended.

CVC 2007CVC 2007

–– NFPA 1500 6.2.8 (2002) requires that all NFPA 1500 6.2.8 (2002) requires that all Authorized Emergency Vehicles stop for school Authorized Emergency Vehicles stop for school buses with red lights flashing or stop sign buses with red lights flashing or stop sign extended.extended.

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Legal AspectsLegal AspectsEmergency Vehicle OperationEmergency Vehicle OperationNonNon--Exempt PrivilegesExempt Privileges–– 22451 22451 –– 22452 All placarded vehicles or vehicle that are 22452 All placarded vehicles or vehicle that are

transporting employees in addition to those riding in the cab transporting employees in addition to those riding in the cab approaching a railroad or rail transit grade crossing shall approaching a railroad or rail transit grade crossing shall stop not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail and not stop not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail and not proceed until crossing can be done safely.proceed until crossing can be done safely.

This applies to nonThis applies to non--code driving, we are exempt during code driving, we are exempt during Code R driving.Code R driving.This applies to engines, trucks, quints with open jump This applies to engines, trucks, quints with open jump seats, tillered vehicles, camp crew carriers, and Class A seats, tillered vehicles, camp crew carriers, and Class A Hazardous Materials vehicles.Hazardous Materials vehicles.

LACoFD Manuals VLACoFD Manuals V--D, CD, C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy H5, III Policy H--22NFPA 1500 6.2.8 (2002)NFPA 1500 6.2.8 (2002)IAFF & NTSBIAFF & NTSBCVC 2007CVC 2007

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Effect of ExemptionEffect of Exemption–– 21056 and 21807 21056 and 21807

Sections 21055 and 21806 do not relieve the Sections 21055 and 21806 do not relieve the driver of a vehicle or an authorized emergency driver of a vehicle or an authorized emergency vehicle from the vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard duty to drive with due regard for the safetyfor the safety of all personsof all persons using the highway, using the highway, nor protectnor protect him or her from the consequences him or her from the consequences of an arbitrary exercise of the “privileges” of an arbitrary exercise of the “privileges” granted (AKA “negligence”).granted (AKA “negligence”).

–– CVC 2007CVC 2007

–– If the driver is involved in an accident, it may be assumed thatIf the driver is involved in an accident, it may be assumed that the the driver was not operating the vehicle with due regard and the driver was not operating the vehicle with due regard and the exempt privileges may be revoked.exempt privileges may be revoked.

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Effect of ExemptionEffect of Exemption–– 21056 and 21807 21056 and 21807

Although there are exemptions in place to Although there are exemptions in place to protect emergency vehicle operators, Sections protect emergency vehicle operators, Sections 21055 and 21806 may revoke any of those 21055 and 21806 may revoke any of those exemptions at any time, especially if there is an exemptions at any time, especially if there is an incident that can be proved to be the fault of the incident that can be proved to be the fault of the emergency vehicle driver.emergency vehicle driver.Especially incidents at:Especially incidents at:

–– IntersectionsIntersections–– Railroad tracksRailroad tracks

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22350 Basic Speed Law22350 Basic Speed Law–– No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway

(road) at a speed greater than is reasonable or (road) at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, the traffic on, and the surface and width of, the the traffic on, and the surface and width of, the highway(road), and in no event at a speed highway(road), and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or which endangers the safety of persons or property.property.

–– CVC 2007CVC 2007

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LACoFD PolicyLACoFD Policy

–– Engines, Trucks, Quints, Fuel Tenders, Engines, Trucks, Quints, Fuel Tenders, HeliHeli--Tenders, & Trailer equipped vehiclesTenders, & Trailer equipped vehicles

No person shall drive any of the above vehicles at a No person shall drive any of the above vehicles at a speed in excess of 55 MPH or the posted speed limit.speed in excess of 55 MPH or the posted speed limit.This policy applies to both emergency and nonThis policy applies to both emergency and non--emergency operation.emergency operation.

–– LACoFD Policy VLACoFD Policy V--D, CD, C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy F5, III Policy F--11

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Liability of a Public EntityLiability of a Public Entity–– 17001 & 17002 17001 & 17002 -- A public entity A public entity isis liable for liable for

death or injury to a person or property death or injury to a person or property caused by a caused by a negligentnegligent or or wrongful actwrongful act, or , or omissionomission in the operation of any motor in the operation of any motor vehicle by an employee of the public entity vehicle by an employee of the public entity acting within the scopeacting within the scope of their of their employment.employment.

CVC 2007CVC 2007

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Legal AspectsLegal AspectsLiability of a Public EntityLiability of a Public Entity–– 17004 A public employee 17004 A public employee is notis not liable for liable for

civil damagescivil damages on account of personal injury on account of personal injury to or death of any person or damage to to or death of any person or damage to property resulting from the operation, in property resulting from the operation, in the line of duty, the line of duty, of an of an authorizedauthorized emergency emergency vehicle while responding vehicle while responding toto an emergency an emergency call. This call. This does notdoes not apply to returning from a apply to returning from a fire alarm or other emergency call.fire alarm or other emergency call.

But an employee who violates a Department policy But an employee who violates a Department policy may be held liable.may be held liable.

CVC 2007CVC 2007

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Personal LiabilityPersonal Liability–– CVC 17004, 21055, & 21056CVC 17004, 21055, & 21056–– Does Does not not protect the driver or a supervisor from protect the driver or a supervisor from

criminal charges or conviction of driving without criminal charges or conviction of driving without the due regard and safety for others or the due regard and safety for others or negligent vehicle operation. negligent vehicle operation.

–– CVC 2007CVC 2007

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Evidence Code 669Evidence Code 669–– Any law, code, policy, procedure, or standard Any law, code, policy, procedure, or standard

that is created and/or adopted by the Department that is created and/or adopted by the Department or a governmental agency, may be used against or a governmental agency, may be used against a defendant of that organization to prove a defendant of that organization to prove negligence towards a conviction.negligence towards a conviction.

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Personal LiabilityPersonal Liability–– Past Past –– Attitudes toward fire department driving Attitudes toward fire department driving

practices (public acceptance, can do no wrong).practices (public acceptance, can do no wrong).–– New Trends New Trends –– Past 10 Past 10 --15 years 15 years –– society has held society has held

emergency drivers to a higher level of accountability.emergency drivers to a higher level of accountability.–– Legal Aspects Legal Aspects –– Emergency vehicle operators can Emergency vehicle operators can

be held personally and professionally liable for their be held personally and professionally liable for their actions.actions.

–– Criminal Negligence Criminal Negligence –– 15 to 20 cases nationwide 15 to 20 cases nationwide where emergency vehicle operators were found where emergency vehicle operators were found guilty of criminal manslaughter or homicide charges.guilty of criminal manslaughter or homicide charges.

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Personal LiabilityPersonal Liability–– If an emergency vehicle is driven with the If an emergency vehicle is driven with the

disregard for the safety of others, criminal disregard for the safety of others, criminal charges can and will be filed against the charges can and will be filed against the driver and possibly the supervisor.driver and possibly the supervisor.

–– If an emergency vehicle operator, or If an emergency vehicle operator, or agency, has knowledge of a vehicle safety agency, has knowledge of a vehicle safety defect, and the vehicle remains in service defect, and the vehicle remains in service and is driven, the operator and the agency and is driven, the operator and the agency can be held criminally liable for the can be held criminally liable for the disregard for the safety of others.disregard for the safety of others.

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Personal Liability Personal Liability –– Criminal Vs. CivilCriminal Vs. Civil–– CriminalCriminal

Judged on the letter of the law (reasonable Judged on the letter of the law (reasonable doubt).doubt).Penalty : Jail/Prison/ProbationPenalty : Jail/Prison/Probation

–– Loss of firefighting job/careerLoss of firefighting job/career

–– CivilCivilCan be held liable for a percentage of Can be held liable for a percentage of negligence for the incident.negligence for the incident.Penalty : Cash/MoneyPenalty : Cash/Money

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NWCG GuidelinesNWCG GuidelinesNational Wildland Coordinating GroupNational Wildland Coordinating Group

–– No driver shall drive more than 10 hours behind No driver shall drive more than 10 hours behind the wheel within any duty day.the wheel within any duty day.

–– A driver shall only drive if they have had at least 8 A driver shall only drive if they have had at least 8 consecutive hours of off duty before beginning a consecutive hours of off duty before beginning a shift.shift. (This is off the fire line (This is off the fire line -- AKA in Base camp)AKA in Base camp)

–– All members shall adhere to a work / rest ratio All members shall adhere to a work / rest ratio of 2 to 1.of 2 to 1.

Exceptions are made for immediate resource need, critical Exceptions are made for immediate resource need, critical suppression objectives, firefighter and public safety issues.suppression objectives, firefighter and public safety issues.

–– Feb. 2004Feb. 2004

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Break timeBreak time

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Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingSo, if involved in an accident, a court So, if involved in an accident, a court may/will judge your actions as an emergency may/will judge your actions as an emergency vehicle operator on two primary vehicle operator on two primary considerations :considerations :–– Was the emergency vehicle responding to a Was the emergency vehicle responding to a true true

emergency?emergency?–– Did the emergency vehicle driver exercise Did the emergency vehicle driver exercise due due

regardregard for the safety of others?for the safety of others?

If you can not answer these for sure, think If you can not answer these for sure, think twice about your driving habits.twice about your driving habits.

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One other question the court will ask :One other question the court will ask :–– If your emergency vehicle was not there to If your emergency vehicle was not there to

begin with, would the accident have begin with, would the accident have happened?happened?

The Answer :The Answer :–– Probably NOT.Probably NOT.

Slow transition to next slide.Slow transition to next slide.

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Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingOther recent cases.Other recent cases.

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4242


4343


4444


Other recent cases.Other recent cases.

4545


RememberRemember–– Involuntary Vehicular HomicideInvoluntary Vehicular Homicide–– Involuntary ManslaughterInvoluntary Manslaughter–– Aggravated Vehicular HomicideAggravated Vehicular Homicide

4646

DUI LawsDUI Laws

4747

Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingDUI LawsDUI Laws–– Laws are now the same if you are driving your personal vehicle (Laws are now the same if you are driving your personal vehicle (Class C nonClass C non--

commercial) or a commercial vehicle (Class A or B) if you possescommercial) or a commercial vehicle (Class A or B) if you posses a commercial a commercial license.license.

–– DUI alcohol and/or drugsDUI alcohol and/or drugs.04% BAC while driving a commercial vehicle..04% BAC while driving a commercial vehicle..05% to .07% BAC while driving any vehicle at the.05% to .07% BAC while driving any vehicle at the

discretion of the arresting officer, does he or she believediscretion of the arresting officer, does he or she believeyou are impaired.you are impaired.

.08% BAC and above while driving any .08% BAC and above while driving any nonnon--commercial vehicle.commercial vehicle.

Alcohol use prior to workAlcohol use prior to work–– Do not use alcohol 12 hours prior to work.Do not use alcohol 12 hours prior to work.

–– Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act (MCSIA) 1999, Effective in Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act (MCSIA) 1999, Effective in California September 20, 2005California September 20, 2005–– LACOFD Vol. 2, Ch. 4, Sub. 24LACOFD Vol. 2, Ch. 4, Sub. 24

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DUI LawsDUI Laws–– PenaltiesPenalties

First conviction = 1 year commercial license suspension / First conviction = 1 year commercial license suspension / disqualification.disqualification.Subsequent conviction within 10 years = Lifetime commercial Subsequent conviction within 10 years = Lifetime commercial license suspension / disqualification.license suspension / disqualification.

Refusing to take or complete a chemical test = 1 year Refusing to take or complete a chemical test = 1 year commercial license suspension / disqualification.commercial license suspension / disqualification.Subsequent refusal of chemical test = Lifetime commercial Subsequent refusal of chemical test = Lifetime commercial license suspension / disqualification.license suspension / disqualification.

–– MCSIA 1999MCSIA 1999

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The New DUI TestThe New DUI Test–– Can you pass itCan you pass it

http://http://video.google.com/videoplay?docidvideo.google.com/videoplay?docid==--4623089939189983087&hl=en4623089939189983087&hl=en

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Other New Laws / PenaltiesOther New Laws / Penalties–– Traffic Violator SchoolTraffic Violator School

Commercial license holders are no longer permitted to attend Commercial license holders are no longer permitted to attend a Traffic Violator School in lieu of any traffic offense penaltya Traffic Violator School in lieu of any traffic offense penaltyor sanction imposed. or sanction imposed. A judge cannot reduce your penalty.A judge cannot reduce your penalty.A judge cannot order a work permit (restricted) commercial A judge cannot order a work permit (restricted) commercial driver license.driver license.

–– MCSIA 1999MCSIA 1999

5151

Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingVideoVideo

LACoFD PolicyLACoFD Policy–– Engine brakes / Engine brakes /

retarders shall be used retarders shall be used in either the lowest in either the lowest setting or completely setting or completely off in wet or slippery off in wet or slippery road conditions. It is road conditions. It is permissible to test the permissible to test the engine brake / retarder engine brake / retarder to see if it is effective, to see if it is effective, prior to actually prior to actually needing it needing it ((Vol. D, Ch. 5, Sub. 1)Vol. D, Ch. 5, Sub. 1)

http://http://video.google.com/videoplay?docidvideo.google.com/videoplay?docid=9020301009=9020301009839848282&hl=en839848282&hl=en

Accident : August 9, 2005 Charged : August 25, 2006

Charges dropped : July 2007

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Remember Remember –– seat belts save lives!seat belts save lives!

And it’s the law.And it’s the law.

Cal Fire (CDF)Cal Fire (CDF)–– Engine 66 Beaumont Engine 66 Beaumont

exampleexample

NFPA 1500 6.2.5 (2002)NFPA 1451 8.3 (2002)CVC 27305 & 27315 (2007)

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Seat belts, Seat belts, Seat belts!Seat belts, Seat belts, Seat belts!No standing on the rig!No standing on the rig!

Topanga Fire 2005Topanga Fire 2005

NFPA 1500 6.2.5 (2002)NFPA 1451 8.3 (2002)CVC 27305 & 27315 (2007)

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Defensive and Safe Defensive and Safe DrivingDriving

Driving SafelyDriving SafelyA DRIVERA DRIVER

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Defensive driverDefensive driver–– The defensive driverThe defensive driver

Make allowances for his or her own deficienciesMake allowances for his or her own deficienciesMake allowances for lack of skill and knowledge of Make allowances for lack of skill and knowledge of othersothersUnderstands they have no control over Understands they have no control over

–– Unpredictable actions of other driversUnpredictable actions of other drivers–– Unpredictable actions of pedestriansUnpredictable actions of pedestrians–– Over weather or road conditionsOver weather or road conditions

Will give up their rightWill give up their right--ofof--way way Make whatever concessions to avoid collisionsMake whatever concessions to avoid collisions

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““A Driver”A Driver”–– Has the proper balanceHas the proper balance

AAttitudettitudeDDistractions (Lack of)istractions (Lack of)RRest/est/RReadinesseadinessIIntuition / ntuition / IIntentntentVVehicle Knowledgeehicle KnowledgeEExperiencexperienceRRepair epair –– state of the vehiclestate of the vehicle

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AA DRIVERDRIVER

AttitudeAttitude–– Most importantMost important–– Mental regard for ourselves and others (A.K.A. Mental regard for ourselves and others (A.K.A. --

Professionalism)Professionalism)–– Not inbred. Rather, it is learned.Not inbred. Rather, it is learned.–– Pride in past record.Pride in past record.–– Faith in experience.Faith in experience.–– Always follows laws and policies.Always follows laws and policies.

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Negative Driver AttitudeNegative Driver Attitude

OverconfidenceOverconfidenceLack of confidenceLack of confidenceSelfSelf--righteousnessrighteousnessAggressionAggression

ImpatienceImpatiencePreoccupationPreoccupationPeer pressurePeer pressureExtreme conditionsExtreme conditions

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A A DDRIVERRIVER

DistractionsDistractions–– Drivers Drivers mustmust limit the effects of limit the effects of

concentration loss due to:concentration loss due to:PassengersPassengersNoise (sirens, communications)Noise (sirens, communications)WeatherWeatherTrafficTrafficMDTMDT

–– How many sides of the apparatus How many sides of the apparatus do you need to be concerned with?do you need to be concerned with?

SevenSeven–– Front, Left, Back, Right, Top, Bottom, Front, Left, Back, Right, Top, Bottom,

InsideInside

6060

A DA DRRIVERIVER

Rest/ReadinessRest/Readiness–– Physical FitnessPhysical Fitness–– Mental FitnessMental Fitness

6161

Driver Physical FitnessDriver Physical FitnessGeneral conditionGeneral conditionAge deficiencies begin to appearAge deficiencies begin to appear–– Diminishing eyesightDiminishing eyesight–– Slower reaction timeSlower reaction time

FatigueFatigue–– AcuteAcute–– ChronicChronic

SightSight–– Visual acuity, peripheral vision, color perception, Visual acuity, peripheral vision, color perception,

depth perception, fatigued eyesdepth perception, fatigued eyesHearingHearingIllnessIllness

6262

Driver Mental FitnessDriver Mental Fitness

Mental alertness to the operational taskMental alertness to the operational taskMental fatigue Mental fatigue (Acute & Chronic)(Acute & Chronic)Emotional problemsEmotional problemsSubstance use Substance use –– medications or alcoholmedications or alcoholSubstance abuse Substance abuse –– alcohol, drugs / medications, alcohol, drugs / medications, legal or illegallegal or illegalStressStressIncreased perception, decision and reaction timeIncreased perception, decision and reaction time

6363

A DRA DRIIVERVER

Intuition / IntentIntuition / Intent–– HabitsHabits–– JudgmentJudgment

6464

HabitsHabits

SightSight–– Get the big picture.Get the big picture.–– Look ahead Look ahead –– one city block or ¼ mile.one city block or ¼ mile.–– Aim high in steering.Aim high in steering.–– Eye to eye contact with other drivers.Eye to eye contact with other drivers.

Make sure they see and hear you!!Make sure they see and hear you!!

–– Keep eyes moving.Keep eyes moving.ForwardForwardSide to sideSide to sideUse mirrorsUse mirrors

6565

HabitsHabits

MirrorsMirrors–– Scan mirrors often.Scan mirrors often.–– Do not focus on one object for long periods of Do not focus on one object for long periods of

time.time.Causes driver hypnosis Causes driver hypnosis

–– #1 hypnotic device during driving#1 hypnotic device during drivingCell phone. Compared to BAC .10%Cell phone. Compared to BAC .10%

–– Convex mirrors (spot mirrors)Convex mirrors (spot mirrors)ObjectsObjects may may appearappear smallersmaller andand fartherfarther awayaway..

6666

HabitsHabits

HeadlightsHeadlights–– Increases vehicle visibility.Increases vehicle visibility.–– LACoFD Policy LACoFD Policy –– “All apparatus and vehicles “All apparatus and vehicles

being driven on any road or highway shall be being driven on any road or highway shall be operated with the headlights on at all times with operated with the headlights on at all times with the exception of staff vehicles and passenger the exception of staff vehicles and passenger sedans” or anytime visibility is below 1,000 feet sedans” or anytime visibility is below 1,000 feet or windshield wipers are activated.or windshield wipers are activated.

–– LACoFD Manual VLACoFD Manual V--D, CD, C--4, S4, S--5, III Policy C5, III Policy C--44–– CVC 24400 (2007)CVC 24400 (2007)

6767

HabitsHabits

Turn SignalsTurn Signals–– VC 22108 Signals shall be used at least VC 22108 Signals shall be used at least

100 feet prior to a lane change or turn.100 feet prior to a lane change or turn.

–– CVC 2007, LACoFD Manual VCVC 2007, LACoFD Manual V--D,CD,C--4, S4, S--1, III Policy C1, III Policy C--44

6868

HabitsHabits

BrakingBraking–– Always attempt to utilize smooth braking skills.Always attempt to utilize smooth braking skills.

It is better to be a little hard / heavy at the beginning, then It is better to be a little hard / heavy at the beginning, then ease ease up near the end of braking.up near the end of braking.

–– Types of brakingTypes of brakingEvasiveEvasiveThresholdThresholdStraight lineStraight lineTrailTrailDown grade Down grade

6969

HabitsHabitsBrakingBraking–– EvasiveEvasive

Panic, sudden aggressive braking, usually turns into a skid.Panic, sudden aggressive braking, usually turns into a skid.–– Threshold Threshold

Applied to full potential without locking into skid.Applied to full potential without locking into skid.ABS does this automatically.ABS does this automatically.

–– Straight lineStraight lineApply brakes before curve or turning.Apply brakes before curve or turning.

–– TrailTrailSlowly release brake pressure as the vehicle enters the curve Slowly release brake pressure as the vehicle enters the curve or turn.or turn.Transfers weight to turning wheels and lessens probability of a Transfers weight to turning wheels and lessens probability of a skid.skid.

7070

HabitsHabitsBrakingBraking–– Planning is the keyPlanning is the key

Before a curve or turnBefore a curve or turnBefore driving downhillBefore driving downhillBefore the need to stopBefore the need to stopUtilize secondary braking devices (ex: Jacob, Thelma)Utilize secondary braking devices (ex: Jacob, Thelma)

–– AntiAnti--lock systemlock systemAllows steering while brakingAllows steering while brakingPrevents most skidsPrevents most skids

–– Brake fadeBrake fadeCaused by overheatingCaused by overheating

7171

HabitsHabits

BrakingBraking–– Down gradeDown grade

Utilize short applications.Utilize short applications.Slow down to 5 MPH below the “safe speed”.Slow down to 5 MPH below the “safe speed”.Then release brakes.Then release brakes.Allow the vehicle to reach the “safe speed”, then brake Allow the vehicle to reach the “safe speed”, then brake again to slow down to 5 MPH below the “safe speed” again to slow down to 5 MPH below the “safe speed” again.again.

–– Example Example Safe speed = 40 MPHSafe speed = 40 MPHSlow down to 35 MPHSlow down to 35 MPHThen allow speed to increase to 40 MPHThen allow speed to increase to 40 MPH

7272

HabitsHabitsSteeringSteering–– Hand placementHand placement

10 & 210 & 29 & 39 & 34 & 8 (airbags)4 & 8 (airbags)

–– TurningTurningHand shuffle methodHand shuffle methodHandHand--overover--hand methodhand method

Feel of Control SystemsFeel of Control Systems–– Steering wheelSteering wheel–– Accelerator Accelerator –– BrakesBrakes

7373

HabitsHabits

TurningTurning–– Early apex Early apex –– Not good to Not good to

use, can cause under use, can cause under steer (caused by driving steer (caused by driving too fast)too fast)

–– Geometric apex Geometric apex –– Center Center of turnof turn

–– Late apex Late apex –– Best to use, Best to use, creates greatest controlcreates greatest control

Geometric Apex

Apexes

Direction of travel

Early Apex

Late Apex

7474

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

2. Entry Zone2. Entry Zone

Driving Zones

Direction of travel

3. Exit Zone3. Exit Zone

Straight line braking

Downshift apparatus

1. Approach Zone 1. Approach Zone

Start turning

Begin trail braking

No acceleration

Accelerate

7575

Turning

Right TurnsRight Turns

Turn slowly

Go deep if needed

As the arrow indicates

Do NOT turn left prior to turning right

This may cause other drivers to think you are turning left and gutter snipe you

Start turn in the “slow lane”

Finish turn in the “slow lane”

7676

Turning

Left TurnsLeft Turns

Turn slowly

Start turn in the “fast lane” or dedicated left turn lane

Finish turn in either lane, preferred “slow lane”

If turning from double turn lanes, make turn for the widest turn path

As the arrow indicates

7777

HabitsHabits

Proper turning?Proper turning?Proper responding?Proper responding?http://http://video.google.com/videoplay?docidvideo.google.com/videoplay?docid==--7565505499559385977&hl=en7565505499559385977&hl=en

7878

HabitsHabitsVehicle ControlVehicle Control–– Rear end swingRear end swing–– Rear tire cheating during turnsRear tire cheating during turns

Longer wheelbase, more cheatingLonger wheelbase, more cheating

–– Dry steeringDry steeringTurn in direction of travel before stoppingTurn in direction of travel before stopping

–– SkidsSkidsRelease brakes Release brakes –– let wheel turnlet wheel turnTurn towards direction of desired travelTurn towards direction of desired travel

–– Tire blowoutTire blowoutFront Front –– Both hands on wheel, no brakesBoth hands on wheel, no brakes

–– May cause vehicle to make right angle turnMay cause vehicle to make right angle turnRear Rear –– Both hands on wheel, brake slowlyBoth hands on wheel, brake slowly

7979

HabitsHabitsBackingBacking–– Large cause of accidents Large cause of accidents (# 1 preventable accident) (# 1 preventable accident)

Avoid when possibleAvoid when possibleUse a helperUse a helperCircle of safetyCircle of safety

–– Backing signals/buzzersBacking signals/buzzersOne = StopOne = StopTwo = ForwardTwo = ForwardThree = ReverseThree = Reverse

–– Verbal communication (head set) is best!Verbal communication (head set) is best!–– LACoFD Manual VLACoFD Manual V--D, CD, C--4, S4, S--2, III Policy B2, III Policy B

8080

HabitsHabits

Lane PositionLane Position–– Keep toward the left.Keep toward the left.

Vehicle will appear Vehicle will appear larger.larger.

–– Keep space in front of Keep space in front of your vehicle.your vehicle.

–– No TailgatingNo Tailgating

8181

HabitsHabitsPlan RoutesPlan RoutesRespond in tandem, do not pass other Respond in tandem, do not pass other emergency vehiclesemergency vehiclesUnderstand Traffic Patterns Understand Traffic Patterns –– Time of dayTime of day–– Construction areasConstruction areas–– Congested areasCongested areasBe aware of other responding vehiclesBe aware of other responding vehicles

8282

HabitsHabits

Check station apparatus bay doorsCheck station apparatus bay doorsCheck apparatus compartment doorsCheck apparatus compartment doorsHot start / shoreline / charging cordsHot start / shoreline / charging cords–– Ensure they are disconnectedEnsure they are disconnected

8383

JudgmentJudgmentDriving maturity under emergency and Driving maturity under emergency and nonnon--emergency conditions. (Get over emergency conditions. (Get over the rush)the rush)Maintaining composure (common sense Maintaining composure (common sense approach).approach).Make allowances for the deficiencies or Make allowances for the deficiencies or mistakes of other drivers.mistakes of other drivers.Learn to expect the unexpected.Learn to expect the unexpected.Give the public time to react Give the public time to react appropriately.appropriately.

8484

JudgmentJudgment

Vehicles are easily recognizableVehicles are easily recognizableBe professionalBe professionalBe courteousBe courteous

Remember we are asking for the Remember we are asking for the rightright--ofof--way, not demanding it.way, not demanding it.

8585

A DRIA DRIVVERER

Vehicle KnowledgeVehicle Knowledge–– Apparatus limitationsApparatus limitations

BrakingBrakingTurningTurningPerformancePerformanceReactionsReactionsMaintenanceMaintenance

8686

A DRIVA DRIVEERR

ExperienceExperience–– SkillSkill

Psychomotor skillsPsychomotor skillsUnderstanding the physical forces acting upon a Understanding the physical forces acting upon a vehiclevehicleLevel of driver knowledge and experienceLevel of driver knowledge and experienceTraining Training –– Required by NFPA 1451Required by NFPA 1451

Ability Ability ++ Training Training == SkillSkillSkill Skill ±± Attitude Attitude == PerformancePerformance

8787

Centrifugal ForceCentrifugal Force

Definition Definition -- The force caused by inertia The force caused by inertia which tends to make a rotating body move which tends to make a rotating body move away from the center of the rotation.away from the center of the rotation.–– How does this affect driving?How does this affect driving?

Centrifugal force coupled with inertia and momentum Centrifugal force coupled with inertia and momentum varied by velocity will either allow friction to hold a varied by velocity will either allow friction to hold a vehicle on the roadway around a corner / curve or it vehicle on the roadway around a corner / curve or it will not.will not.The key factor is velocity (speed).The key factor is velocity (speed).

8888

Weight TransferWeight Transfer

The shift of weightThe shift of weightEffective use is critical for safe handling of an Effective use is critical for safe handling of an apparatus.apparatus.AffectsAffects–– Turning right or leftTurning right or left–– Braking / stoppingBraking / stopping–– AccelerationAcceleration–– SpeedSpeed

Too fast causes to much GToo fast causes to much G--force causing vehicle to roll due to force causing vehicle to roll due to topside cargotopside cargo

–– FD cargo = WaterFD cargo = WaterMovable or fluid cargoMovable or fluid cargo

8989

A DRIVEA DRIVERRRepair (State of Repair)Repair (State of Repair)–– Vehicle conditionVehicle condition

OutOut--ofof--Service criteria (NFPA 1915)Service criteria (NFPA 1915)

–– Maintenance record Maintenance record –– PrePre--trip / Enroute /Posttrip / Enroute /Post--trip inspectiontrip inspection

MandatedMandated–– Code of Federal Regulations Title 49Code of Federal Regulations Title 49

Part 390 Part 390 -- Federal Motor Carrier Safety RegulationsFederal Motor Carrier Safety RegulationsPart 396 Part 396 -- Inspection, Repair, and MaintenanceInspection, Repair, and Maintenance

–– All documented on ALAll documented on AL--FormsForms–– LACoFD Manual VLACoFD Manual V--D, CD, C--2, S2, S--1, III Policy B1, III Policy B–– NFPA 1500 6.4 (2002)NFPA 1500 6.4 (2002)–– NFPA 1451 10.2.2 (2002)NFPA 1451 10.2.2 (2002)–– NFPA 1915NFPA 1915

9090


A DRIVERA DRIVER

Break timeBreak time

9191

Factors Affecting Driving ConditionsFactors Affecting Driving Conditions

Road ConditionsRoad Conditions–– Road typeRoad type

AsphaltAsphaltConcreteConcreteDirtDirtSandSandGravelGravelUneven surfacesUneven surfacesHigh angleHigh angle

9292


Off Road ConditionsOff Road ConditionsVegetation & RocksVegetation & RocksHoles & RutsHoles & RutsSoft sand / dirtSoft sand / dirtRiver / Stream bedsRiver / Stream bedsRetardant drop areasRetardant drop areasFencesFences

–– Can create blind corners, limited Can create blind corners, limited clearance, and limited clearance, and limited maneuverabilitymaneuverability

–– Use a spotter, drive slowerUse a spotter, drive slower–– Always check the vehicle when Always check the vehicle when

returning to the pavementreturning to the pavement

9393


Off Road ConditionsOff Road Conditions–– Climbing or Climbing or DecindingDecinding hillshills

Keep a constant speedKeep a constant speed–– Keep heel on floor when on accelerator or brakeKeep heel on floor when on accelerator or brake

Keeps foot steadyKeeps foot steadyDon’t let vehicle bounce (if so, slow down)Don’t let vehicle bounce (if so, slow down)

–– Caused by break in traction or too fastCaused by break in traction or too fast–– Causes damaged and broken componentsCauses damaged and broken components

–– Avoid side hill driving in a Type I EngineAvoid side hill driving in a Type I Engine–– Move quickly through water, mud, or sandy areasMove quickly through water, mud, or sandy areas

Stopping = StuckStopping = Stuck–– Drive closer to Drive closer to bermberm (uphill side) than downhill side(uphill side) than downhill side

Sturdier groundSturdier ground–– If 4 x 4, be in 4 x 4 before neededIf 4 x 4, be in 4 x 4 before needed–– Check vehicle when returning to pavementCheck vehicle when returning to pavement

9494


Off Road Conditions (Motorway)Off Road Conditions (Motorway)

9595


Off Road Conditions (Motorway)Off Road Conditions (Motorway)

Driving too fast = Damage

Avoid the low side

Don’t cut the corners

9696


Off Road Conditions Off Road Conditions (Motorway)(Motorway)

9797

Factors Affecting Driving ConditionsFactors Affecting Driving ConditionsAngles and Slope Angles and Slope –– Maximum safe limit is 40%Maximum safe limit is 40%

Breakover angle Angle of approach

Angle of departure

9898


Off Road DrivingOff Road Driving–– Proper gear alwaysProper gear always–– Avoid locking brakesAvoid locking brakes–– Drive straight (up and down)Drive straight (up and down)–– Avoid side hill driving, but if you do, and Avoid side hill driving, but if you do, and

slide, steer downhillslide, steer downhill–– Be in 4Be in 4--wheel drive before you need itwheel drive before you need it–– Dozers, stay clear 100’Dozers, stay clear 100’

–– If you see a degree (If you see a degree (00) marker for a ) marker for a slope, multiply it by 2 for a close slope, multiply it by 2 for a close guestimationguestimation of percentage (%)of percentage (%)

1' of rise over 100' = 1% slope20' of rise over 100' = 20% slope

9999


Weather ConditionsWeather Conditions–– Snow and Water (Rain)Snow and Water (Rain)

Areas that may become slippery during early morning, Areas that may become slippery during early morning, late evening, and freezing temperatures.late evening, and freezing temperatures.

–– BridgesBridges–– Northern slopesNorthern slopes–– Shaded spotsShaded spots–– Areas where water and snow may / does cross the Areas where water and snow may / does cross the

roadway.roadway.Note : stopping distance will become 3 to 15 times Note : stopping distance will become 3 to 15 times greater on wet or slick pavementgreater on wet or slick pavement

Ensure heater / defroster and windshield wipers are Ensure heater / defroster and windshield wipers are operationaloperationalFrozen brakes Frozen brakes

–– Upon returning to station, ride brakes a little to create Upon returning to station, ride brakes a little to create some heat and some heat and disipatedisipate the collected waterthe collected water

100100


Phoenix Fire Phoenix Fire Department Video Department Video on Drivingon Drivinghttp://http://video.google.com/videoplay?docidvideo.google.com/videoplay?docid=1765372660552084625=1765372660552084625&hl=en&hl=en

101101


To Decrease Response TimeTo Decrease Response Time–– Be ready before the alarm is sounded.Be ready before the alarm is sounded.–– Once the alarm is sounded:Once the alarm is sounded:

Get dressed/properly outfittedGet dressed/properly outfittedGet to and on the vehicleGet to and on the vehicleGet out fastGet out fast

–– Remember:Remember:–– Daytime = 1 minute to vehicles Daytime = 1 minute to vehicles –– ready to goready to go–– Nighttime = 90 seconds to vehicle Nighttime = 90 seconds to vehicle -- ready to goready to go

Don’t drive recklessly fast!Don’t drive recklessly fast!

102102


Keys to defensive driving (Smith)Keys to defensive driving (Smith)–– Aim high in steeringAim high in steering–– Get the big pictureGet the big picture–– Keep your eyes movingKeep your eyes moving–– Leave yourself an outLeave yourself an out–– Make sure they can see and hear youMake sure they can see and hear you

103103

Defensive and Safe DrivingDefensive and Safe DrivingAccidentsAccidents

Why must we maintain defensive and Why must we maintain defensive and safe driving practices?safe driving practices?

104104

LACo. FD

Engine 77

Rollover

January 15, 2001

105105


TheoriesTheoriesPrinciplesPrinciplesAccidents TypesAccidents TypesAccident PreventionAccident PreventionAccident ReportingAccident Reporting

106106

Theories and PrinciplesTheories and Principles

Two Major Causes of Accidents.Two Major Causes of Accidents.–– Lack of ForethoughtLack of Forethought–– Speed (excessive)Speed (excessive)

Human errorHuman error is the is the number one causenumber one cause of traffic of traffic collisions.collisions.SpeedSpeed is a is a contributing factorcontributing factor to almost all to almost all traffic collisions and ctraffic collisions and causes approximately 60% auses approximately 60% of serious accidents.of serious accidents.

107107

Types of AccidentsTypes of AccidentsPreventablePreventable–– The driver :The driver :

Was a contributing party.Was a contributing party.Did not use defensive driving techniques.Did not use defensive driving techniques.Did not follow department policy.Did not follow department policy.

NonNon--preventablepreventable–– The driver :The driver :

Was not at fault.Was not at fault.Could not have reasonably prevented accident.Could not have reasonably prevented accident.

Work related damageWork related damageDamage occurred under work related conditions.Damage occurred under work related conditions.Was beyond driver’s control.Was beyond driver’s control.

108108

Primary Causes of Traffic Primary Causes of Traffic CollisionsCollisions

Intersections (60%) Intersections (60%) Unsafe speed for conditionsUnsafe speed for conditionsRightRight--ofof--way violationsway violationsFollowing too closely Following too closely Reckless driving (by the public)Reckless driving (by the public)BackingBackingParkingParkingPoor vehicle designPoor vehicle design–– Home builtHome built–– Under braked / over weightUnder braked / over weight–– High center of gravity, poor bafflingHigh center of gravity, poor baffling

Poor vehicle maintenancePoor vehicle maintenance–– Chassis conditionChassis condition–– Drive train, brakes, steering componentsDrive train, brakes, steering components

109109

Accident PreventionAccident Prevention

Smith Safe Driving System for Accident Smith Safe Driving System for Accident PreventionPrevention–– IdentifyIdentify a hazard / situationa hazard / situation–– PredictPredict the action of the hazard / situationthe action of the hazard / situation–– DecideDecide how to avoid the hazard / situationhow to avoid the hazard / situation–– ExecuteExecute your decisionyour decision–– Always maintain a defensible space cushionAlways maintain a defensible space cushion

110110


Total Stopping DistanceTotal Stopping Distance–– FactorsFactors

Perception TimePerception TimeDecision/Reaction TimeDecision/Reaction TimeAir Brake LagAir Brake LagBraking DistanceBraking Distance

111111


Stopping Distance FormulaStopping Distance Formula¾ second = Perception time¾ second = Perception time¾ second = Decision/reaction time¾ second = Decision/reaction time¼ ¼ -- 1 second = Air brake lag1 second = Air brake lag150 150 –– 200 feet = Braking Distance200 feet = Braking Distance

Therefore the time elapsed from your initial Therefore the time elapsed from your initial notice of an incident / hazard until the notice of an incident / hazard until the brakes start to take effect is approximately brakes start to take effect is approximately 1 ¾ to 2 ½ seconds. 1 ¾ to 2 ½ seconds.

112112

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionFormula to Calculate Travel Distance at Formula to Calculate Travel Distance at SpeedSpeed–– Add the first digit of a speedometer reading Add the first digit of a speedometer reading

to the actual speed of the vehicle.to the actual speed of the vehicle.ExampleExample: : 555 mph5 mph Add the first digit to Add the first digit to the speed. 55 + 5 = 60 feet per ¾ second.the speed. 55 + 5 = 60 feet per ¾ second.–– Therefore, at 55 mph, and a calculation of 60 Therefore, at 55 mph, and a calculation of 60

feet of travel per 3/4 second, a vehicle will feet of travel per 3/4 second, a vehicle will travel between travel between 105 feet105 feet and and 150 feet150 feet before before the brakes are activated after first sight of the the brakes are activated after first sight of the incident / hazard.incident / hazard.

113113

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionFormula to Calculate Travel Distance at Formula to Calculate Travel Distance at SpeedSpeed–– Therefore, at 55 MPH, the Total Stopping Therefore, at 55 MPH, the Total Stopping

Distance will be 154 to 220 feet plus 150 to Distance will be 154 to 220 feet plus 150 to 200 feet of braking distance.200 feet of braking distance.

(105 to 150) + (150 to 200) = 255 to 350 feet(105 to 150) + (150 to 200) = 255 to 350 feet

114114


Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Total Stopping DistanceTotal Stopping Distance–– Driver’s influenceDriver’s influence–– Vehicle’s influenceVehicle’s influence–– Vehicle weightVehicle weight–– Driving conditionsDriving conditions

115115

Total Stopping DistanceTotal Stopping Distance

Driver’s Influence Driver’s Influence –– Driver’s condition and reaction time.Driver’s condition and reaction time.–– Reaction time will be slowed if the driver is:Reaction time will be slowed if the driver is:

TiredTiredDistractedDistractedInattentiveInattentiveUnder the influenceUnder the influence

116116


Vehicle’s Influence Vehicle’s Influence –– Vehicle conditionVehicle condition

TiresTiresSuspension componentsSuspension componentsBrakes (Brake fade)Brakes (Brake fade)Cargo placement and typeCargo placement and type

117117

Total Stopping DistanceTotal Stopping DistanceVehicle WeightVehicle Weight–– The heavier the vehicle, the more distance The heavier the vehicle, the more distance

required to stop it.required to stop it.Your personal car = 1500 Your personal car = 1500 –– 6500 pounds 6500 pounds (¾ (¾ –– 3 ¼ tons)3 ¼ tons)

PM Squad = 10,000 PM Squad = 10,000 -- 12,000 pounds 12,000 pounds (5 (5 -- 6 tons)6 tons)Fire Engine = 34,000 Fire Engine = 34,000 –– 45,000 pounds 45,000 pounds (17 (17 –– 22 ½ tons)22 ½ tons)Ladder Truck / Quint = 70,000 Ladder Truck / Quint = 70,000 –– 75,000 pounds 75,000 pounds (35 (35 –– 37 ½ tons)37 ½ tons)Class A (HazClass A (Haz--Mat / USAR) = 50,000 Mat / USAR) = 50,000 -- 60,000 pounds 60,000 pounds (25 (25 -- 30 tons)30 tons)

118118


Driving ConditionsDriving Conditions–– Type of road surfaceType of road surface

RoughRoughSlipperySlipperySlope or gradeSlope or grade

–– SpeedSpeed–– Traffic patternsTraffic patterns–– WeatherWeather

January 29, 2008 early morning, Bouquet Canyon Patrol 107 – Black Ice

119119


Following Too CloselyFollowing Too Closely–– A common cause of traffic accidentsA common cause of traffic accidents–– Remember the four second ruleRemember the four second rule–– Provide a longer time span at increased speeds Provide a longer time span at increased speeds

or driving in adverse weather conditions.or driving in adverse weather conditions.

120120

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionFour Second RuleFour Second Rule–– Always maintain a minimum 4 second following Always maintain a minimum 4 second following

distance. distance. –– When speed increases above 40 MPH, add 1 When speed increases above 40 MPH, add 1

second for every 10 MPH.second for every 10 MPH.–– Therefore following distance at speeds:Therefore following distance at speeds:

Up to 40 MPH = 4 secondsUp to 40 MPH = 4 seconds50 MPH = 5 seconds50 MPH = 5 seconds60 MPH = 6 seconds60 MPH = 6 seconds70 MPH = 7 seconds70 MPH = 7 seconds

–– When traveling code R, add 1 second to following When traveling code R, add 1 second to following distancedistance..

121121


Keys to Accident AvoidanceKeys to Accident Avoidance–– Recognize a hazardous situation.Recognize a hazardous situation.–– Formulate a defense.Formulate a defense.–– Act in time to avoid the accident.Act in time to avoid the accident.Smith Safe Driving SystemSmith Safe Driving System

122122


Smith Safe Driving SystemSmith Safe Driving System–– Identify Identify a hazard / situationa hazard / situation–– PredictPredict the action of the hazard / situationthe action of the hazard / situation–– DecideDecide how to avoid the hazard / situationhow to avoid the hazard / situation–– ExecuteExecute your decisionyour decision–– Always maintain a defensible space cushionAlways maintain a defensible space cushion

123123


Accident Avoidance PrioritiesAccident Avoidance Priorities1.1. Life Life –– yours and othersyours and others2.2. InjuryInjury3.3. Vehicle & PropertyVehicle & Property

124124


Accident Avoidance Accident Avoidance Practices Practices

–– Steer to avoid an Steer to avoid an accidentaccident

Occupy the vacated areaOccupy the vacated areaGlancing blow is betterGlancing blow is better

–– Drive at a controlled Drive at a controlled speedspeed

–– Keep lane clearances / Keep lane clearances / position position

–– Check mirrors Check mirrors

125125

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionCode “R” Intersection SafetyCode “R” Intersection Safety–– Approach and enter with cautionApproach and enter with caution–– Release accelerator, cover the brake pedal Release accelerator, cover the brake pedal –– Be prepared to stopBe prepared to stop–– Enter toward center of roadwayEnter toward center of roadway–– Clear lane by laneClear lane by lane–– Watch for gutter snipersWatch for gutter snipers–– Make eye contactMake eye contact–– Never push or force a stopped vehicle into intersectionNever push or force a stopped vehicle into intersection

If they get hit, you are liableIf they get hit, you are liable–– Consider shutting down lights and siren if stopped at a red Consider shutting down lights and siren if stopped at a red

light, once it changes, then proceedlight, once it changes, then proceed–– Cautiously use opposing traffic lanes if necessaryCautiously use opposing traffic lanes if necessary

126126

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionCode “R” Intersection SafetyCode “R” Intersection Safety

127127

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionRailroad CrossingsRailroad Crossings

Note the skid marks that pass under the crossing

arms and into the middle of the tracks. Those were left by Squad 118. The gates did not activate in time.

Remember when it comes to a tie at a railroad crossing, we loose !!

128128

Accident PreventionAccident PreventionRailroad CrossingsRailroad Crossings

Remember when it comes to a tie at a railroad crossing, we loose !!

Don’t stop on the tracks !!

129129

Accidents By The NumbersAccidents By The Numbers

LACoFD Accidents For YearsLACoFD Accidents For Years–– 2001 = 3002001 = 300–– 2002 = 3332002 = 333–– 2003 = 2952003 = 295–– 2004 = 2352004 = 235–– 2005 = 3402005 = 340–– 2006 = 3492006 = 349–– 2007 = 2952007 = 295–– 2008 = 73 … So far…2008 = 73 … So far…(4/2008)(4/2008)

130130

Accident ReportingAccident Reporting

ProceduresProceduresFormsForms

131131


What if you are involved What if you are involved in an accident?in an accident?–– Notify dispatchNotify dispatch

Blue / Command radioBlue / Command radioPhone (323) 881Phone (323) 881--2455, 2455, (323) 881(323) 881--61836183MDTMDT

–– Do Do NOTNOT admit guilt.admit guilt.–– Secure vehiclesSecure vehicles–– Render aidRender aid

132132


What if you are involved in an accident?What if you are involved in an accident?–– Complete reports / Exchange informationComplete reports / Exchange information

PD, CHP, Law enforcementPD, CHP, Law enforcementCounty Form 76V54A (Accident Report)County Form 76V54A (Accident Report)

–– Now available on LACoFD intranet under the Safety Now available on LACoFD intranet under the Safety Office buttonOffice button

Get photos of vehicles involved and damageGet photos of vehicles involved and damageRefer all questions to the safety officer.Refer all questions to the safety officer.(323) 881(323) 881--30783078

–– Notify supervisor.Notify supervisor.

133133

Accident ReportingAccident ReportingAfter the accidentAfter the accident–– Complete forms (Typed) within 24 hoursComplete forms (Typed) within 24 hours

Form 76V54A (Accident Report)Form 76V54A (Accident Report)–– Now available on LACoFD intranet under the Safety Now available on LACoFD intranet under the Safety

Office buttonOffice button–– This is a legal document, take it seriouslyThis is a legal document, take it seriously

–– Take vehicle to Take vehicle to Eastern Fire ShopsEastern Fire Shops within 15 within 15 daysdays

Estimate for repair costs must be obtained.Estimate for repair costs must be obtained.–– Even if damage is minor.Even if damage is minor.–– Even if not repaired immediately.Even if not repaired immediately.

Estimate filed with accident report.Estimate filed with accident report.

134134

Commonly Missed

Information on Form 76V54A

Front of Form

135135

Commonly Missed

Information on Form 76V54A

Back of Form

Draw diagram - No cartoons

Type or print account of accident

136136

Parting ShotParting ShotInglewood (Engine Inglewood (Engine 173) May 15, 2001173) May 15, 2001–– You never know who is You never know who is

watchingwatching–– Remember to clear the Remember to clear the

intersection and drive at intersection and drive at a controlled speeda controlled speed

–– Fire Department signal Fire Department signal was red for 26 seconds was red for 26 seconds prior to entering the prior to entering the intersection at 30 to 35 intersection at 30 to 35 MPHMPH

http://http://video.google.com/videoplay?docidvideo.google.com/videoplay?docid=8224190180802826773=8224190180802826773&hl=en&hl=en

137137

Contact InfoContact Info

For more informationFor more information–– Contact Los Angeles County Fire Department Contact Los Angeles County Fire Department

Training ServicesTraining Services(323) 881(323) 881--24362436

–– Visit the Los Angeles County Firefighters Visit the Los Angeles County Firefighters Association web siteAssociation web site

http://lacountyfirefighters.orghttp://lacountyfirefighters.org

emergency vehicle driving legalese · – gross negligence-reckless disregard of the consequences...

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