emerging diseases and pathogens

8/9/2019 Emerging Diseases and Pathogens

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/emerging-diseases-and-pathogens 1/4

Hannah Katrina Cartojano

Bio 1 THU

Leitana De Guzman

12 December 2014

In the 16th century an e!"e#ition $e# by Chri%to"her Co$umbu% &a% %et to 'in# a ne&

tra#e route to (%ia) Their %ea *oya+e ho&e*er une!"ecte#$y $e# them to the ,-e& .or$#/ o'

&hat mo%t con%titute% "re%ent #ay Unite# tate%) uro"e an# the (merica% &ere *a%t$y #i''erent

at that time) uro"e ha# $ar+e #ome%ticate# anima$% an# &a% mo%t$y occu"ie# by #en%e human

"o"u$ation) The (merica% on the other han# &ere com"o%e# o' re$ati*e$y "ri%tine 'ore%t% an#

$an#% a$e 1330) .hat ha""ene# ne!t &a% an inten%e e!chan+e o' cro"% anima$% an#

e*entua$$y 555 #ea#$y #i%ea%e%)

Thi% meetin+ o' the%e t&o #i''erent eco$o+ica$ $an#%ca"e% &a% e*ent'u$) It can be a

c$a%%ic e!am"$e o' ho& international trade microbial adaptation an# human behaviour $ea#% to

the emer+ence o' in'ectiou% #i%ea%e%) The%e three are &hat I &ou$# con%i#er a% the main

'actor% that contribute to the %ai# "henomena) .hen the uro"ean% 'ir%t %ett$e# into the

(merica% they ha# no conce"t that they &ere a$%o brin+in+ in their #i%ea%e%) .hen the t&o

"o"u$ation% connecte# a'ter %e*era$ centurie% o' i%o$ation there &a% a ,tra#e/ o' #i%ea%e%) The

%ma$$"o! cau%e# &i#e%"rea# #eath in the (merica% &i"in+ o'' entire ci*i$ization%) The

uro"ean% ho&e*er ha# a$rea#y +aine# immunity 'rom it) The %ame ho$#% true 'or %y"hi$i% a

#i%ea%e many ar+ue &a% brou+ht 'rom the -e& .or$# to the $# .or$# by the Co$umbian

e!chan+e) The #eath to$$ cau%e# by %y"hi$i% ho&e*er &a% +ro%%$y o*erta7en by the $i*e% ta7en

by the %ma$$"o!) .hat &e can ob%er*e here i% an eco$o+ica$ #i%turbance brou+ht by human

beha*iour an# the internationa$ tra#e Cro%by 2008)

.e can %ee thi% "attern re"eat it%e$' %o e!ten%i*e$y #urin+ the a+e o' e!"$oration o' the

.e%t a time that ha% a$&ay% been "rai%e# a% a remar7ab$e "erio# o' human #e*e$o"ment) n

the other han# one o'ten 'or+et% that it a$%o brou+ht in ho%t% o' #i%ea%e%) ome o' &hich &e %ti$$ha*en9t com"$ete$y era#icate# $i7e mea%$e% chic7en"o! in'$uenza ma$aria an# ye$$o& 'e*er)

nce a microbe i% intro#uce# in a com"$ete$y ne& en*ironment it a#a"t% an# ta7e% o*er)

Microbial adaptation a$%o $ea#% to their immunity o*er #ru+% that &ere once #eeme# a% e''ecti*e

:or%e 133;)



In thi% &or$# &e no& $i*e in &e no& #o ha*e a 'irmer contro$ on their %"rea#) Ho&e*er

+$oba$ tra#e an# "o"u$ation mobi$ity ma7e% it increa%in+$y har#er) Citie% 'rom o""o%ite %i#e% o'

the &or$# are no& connecte# by a mere 'e& hour% o' '$i+ht) Hea$thcare %y%tem% brea7 #o&n

#ue to the boomin+ "o"u$ation) Thir# &or$# countrie% that $ac7 %anitation an# "ro"er me#ica$

care can be hot%"ot% o' emer+in+ #i%ea%e%) -e& human #e*e$o"ment% ha*e no& $ea# to more

cha$$en+e% in com"$ete$y era#icatin+ the%e e"i#emic%) .hat can &e "o%%ib$y #o to "re*ent the

tran%mi%%ion o' the%e "atho+en%<

ne notab$e "re*ention "$an &a% the one "re%ente# by the Center 'or Di%ea%e Contro$

CDC in &hich about ;0 internationa$ or+anization% #e$iberate# an# rati'ie#) In the "$an the

CDC "ro*i#e# a %o$ution to thi% by bui$#in+ a %tron+er more '$e!ib$e "ub$ic U hea$thcare

%y%tem that can han#$e the emer+ence o' %uch #i%ea%e% in their ,Preventing Emerging

Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st entury !vervie" of the #pdated D Plan$% They

reco+nize# ho& "atho+en% can be re%i$ient an# un"re#ictab$e 'oe% an# #eci#e# that "re"aration

an# 'a%t re%"on%e &a% 7ey)

In their %trate+y I 'oun# three %te"% that I thin7 &ou$# be *ery bene'icia$ an# he$"'u$ i'

a""$ie# to a$$ countie%) The 'ir%t one &a% Surveillance and &esponse in &hich they "u%he# 'or

%tron+er %ur*ei$$ance o' the emer+ence o' "atho+en%) (% I ha*e mentione# +$oba$ e"i#emic%

can in no &ay be "re#icte#) The con%tant monitorin+ can a$$o& 'or the 'a%t re%"on%e an#

ho"e'u$$y the era#ication o' the "atho+en) They a$%o mentione# Applied &esearch a% a %o$ution

&hich encoura+e% re%earche% in the 'ie$# o' in'ectiou% #i%ea%e% by +o*ernment 'un#in+)Un#er%tan#in+ the "atho+en i% *ita$ to $imitin+ it% beha*iour to "re*ent re5emer+ence) The $a%t

one I 'oun# to be *ery he$"'u$ &a% the Infrastructure and 'raining% In thi% %te" they "ro"o%e#

that "ri*ate an# "ub$ic hea$th care &or7er% %hou$# be thorou+h$y in'orme# on ho& to "re"are

an# react to an emer+in+ #i%ea%e Center% 'or Di%ea%e Contro$ an# =re*ention 1338) Thi% can

be #one by %eminar% an# trainin+%) There9% one thin+ thou+h that I 'in# *ery intere%tin+ about

the "$an o' the CDC) In no %ection o' the re"ort #i# they "romote the #i%%emination o' emer+in+

#i%ea%e% in'ormation to the "ub$ic) Thi% i% $i7e$y becau%e they be$ie*e that 7no&$e#+e o' the

"ub$ic o' the emer+in+ #i%ea%e% in it% ear$y #ay% &ou$# cau%e ma%% hy%teria) I &ou$# $i7e tocounter thi% thou+ht but that &ou$# ca$$ 'or another "a"er) -e*erthe$e%% the three %te"% I ju%t

mentione# are &hat I be$ie*e core an# e%%entia$ %trate+ie% e*ery country %hou$# a""$y i' &e "$an

to re+u$ate or contro$ in'ectiou% #i%ea%e%)

Thi% &a% a $e%%on the =hi$i""ine% $earne# a $itt$e too $ate in the #en+ue e"i#emic in the

13;09% &here the 'ir%t e*er #ocumente# %e*ere ca%e o' it occurre#) -o& o*er >); bi$$ion o' the



&or$#9% "o"u$ation are un#er con%tant threat o' thi% #i%ea%e) Unti$ no& #en+ue i% %ti$$ con%i#ere#

one o' the $ea#in+ cau%e% o' #eath in the =hi$i""ine% &ith o*er 60000 "eo"$e #ia+no%e# e*ery

year) The CDC c$a%%i'ie# #en+ue a% a #i%ea%e cau%e# by either o' the 'our c$o%e$y5re$ate#

*iru%e% D-? 1 D-? 2 D-? > or D-? 4 be$on+in+ to the +enu% (lavivirus) The *iru% i%

"re#ominant$y tran%'erre# to a human by the bite o' a 'ema$e Aedes aegypti mo%@uito)

ym"tom% o' the more %e*ere an# $i'e5threatenin+ 'orm o' #en+ue 'e*er #en+ue hemorrha+ic

'e*er inc$u#e *omitin+ %e*ere ab#omina$ "ain an# #i''icu$ty breathin+ a$on+%i#e &ith the

%ym"tom% o' #en+ue 'e*er hi+h 'e*er %e*ere hea#ache ra%h an# etc)) The DHA $ea#% to

#an+erou%$y $o& b$oo# "re%%ure &hich u%ua$$y re%u$t% in #eath) The CDC e%timate% that o*er

100 mi$$ion "eo"$e e*ery year %u''er becau%e o' thi% #i%ea%e Uni$ab)com)"h 2014)

There ha% a$%o been no reco+nize# by the CDC *accine or treatment 'or it ;0 year%

'rom it% 'ir%t #ocumente# ca%e) Thu% the =hi$i""ine +o*ernment ha% ha# no choice but to

"re*ent the tran%mi%%ion o' the *iru% unto human% Ca"e#in+ 201>) Thi% $e# to &i#e%"rea#

c$ean5u" o"eration% an# 'umi+ation%) They a$%o he$# numerou% %eminar% an# "ro+ram% one o'

&hich I &a% ab$e to atten#) .ith it% *ery $imite# re%ource% the %trate+y %eeme# to &or7 a% the

number o' #en+ue ca%e% in the country ha% been %tea#i$y #ec$inin+)

There &a% one %tatement ho&e*er that %tuc7 in my min# #urin+ the #en+ue %eminar I

atten#e# bac7 in 2011) It &a% &hen the %"ea7er corre$ate# an in'ectiou% #i%ea%e to an

earth@ua7e) .e can9t "re#ict &hen an# &here it &i$$ ha""en it ju%t #oe% &hether or not it i% a

con%e@uence o' our action%) .hat matter% accor#in+ to him i% &hat &e #o &hi$e it ha""en%)Thi% i% in#ee# *ery true)



e'erence%

Ca"e#in+ :) 201>) "i#emio$o+y #en+ue in youn+ chi$#ren an#

a#o$e%cent%) Denguematters "") (25(>)

Center% 'or Di%ea%e Contro$ an# =re*ention) 1338) Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases:

A Strategy for the 21st entury !vervie" of the #pdated D Plan) (t$anta Geor+ia)

Cro%by () 2008) The Co$umbian e!chan+e) The (+e o' !"$oration 12) etrie*e# 'rom

htt"&&&)+i$#er$ehrman)or+hi%toryno&06E200Fhi%torian2)"h"

:or%e ) 133;) Aactor% in the mer+ence o' In'ectiou% Di%ea%e%) Emerg% Infect% Dis% 11 F

1;) #oi10)>201ei#0101)3;0102

a$e K) 1330) The con@ue%t o' "ara#i%e Chri%to"her Co$umbu% an# the Co$umbian $e+acy)

-e& or7 - ($'re# () Kno"')

Uni$ab)com)"h) 2014) #)I*A+ : ,o" to Prevent Dengue) etrie*e# 11 December 2014 'rom

htt"&&&)uni$ab)com)"hcon%umer%artic$e%5an#5a#*i%orie%"hy%ica$ho&5to5"re*ent

#en+ue

emerging diseases and pathogens

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