emerging diseases in wildlife: public health and climate
TRANSCRIPT
Emerging Diseases In Wildlife: Public Health and Climate Change Implications
Patrice N. Klein, MS, VMD, DACPV, DACVPM USDA APHIS Veterinary Services
Emerging Wildlife DiseasesEmerging Wildlife DiseasesWildlife as sentinels for global environmental Wildlife as sentinels for global environmental
alterations and climate changealterations and climate change
Factors favoring disease emergence New pathogen or more virulent existing pathogenNew pathogen or more virulent existing pathogen New host population or increase in host susceptibility New host population or increase in host susceptibility Extension in host-pathogen rangeExtension in host-pathogen range Increase in human/domestic animal/wildlife interfaceIncrease in human/domestic animal/wildlife interface Global travel (animals and humans) and tradeGlobal travel (animals and humans) and trade Antimicrobial resistance of pathogensAntimicrobial resistance of pathogens Habitat alteration or destructionHabitat alteration or destruction Climatic conditions changeClimatic conditions change Environmental contamination affectsEnvironmental contamination affects
Epidemiologic TriadEpidemiologic Triad
The agent, the host, and the environment are always changing
Agent Agent Host Host EnvironmentEnvironment
VirulenceAntibiotic susceptibilityImmune reactionDistributionVectorsSurvival characteristicsHost range
DietImmuno-competenceExposure statusAgeConcurrent diseaseActivities
ClimateDemographicsMgmt. practicesCultureExposure levelStressHabitat disruption
Epidemiologic Triad
Changes in These Elements Can Cause Disease
Emerging Wildlife Diseases
http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov
““Emerging” Wildlife DiseasesEmerging” Wildlife Diseases
Anthrax (bison)Anthrax (bison)Adenovirus in Long-tailed ducksAdenovirus in Long-tailed ducksAvian vacuolar myelinopathy Avian vacuolar myelinopathy BotulismBotulismCoccidiomycosis (sea otters) Coccidiomycosis (sea otters) Chytridiomycosis in amphibians Chytridiomycosis in amphibians Chronic Wasting DiseaseChronic Wasting DiseaseEhrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (deer)Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (deer)Harmful algal bloomsHarmful algal bloomsHantavirusHantavirusLead toxicity Lead toxicity Leyogonimus polyoon infection (Coots)Leyogonimus polyoon infection (Coots)
Lyme disease Monkey-pox in Prairie dogsMonkey-pox in Prairie dogsMorbillivirus in cetaceans Mycoplasmosis in finchesMyxozoan parasite (ducks)Newcastle disease (cormorants)Plague (black-footed ferrets)Salmonellosis in redpolls Salmonellosis in redpolls West Nile Virus West Nile Virus Toxoplasmosis (sea otters)Toxoplasmosis (sea otters)Tularemia in Prairie dogsTularemia in Prairie dogsWhite-Nose syndrome (bats)White-Nose syndrome (bats)
Harmful Algal BloomsHarmful Algal Blooms
Toxic algae: Toxic algae:
Cylindrospermopsis Cylindrospermopsis
MicrocystisMicrocystis
Gymnodinium breveGymnodinium breve
Clinical signs: Clinical signs:
Paresis, paralysis, liver Paresis, paralysis, liver necrosis, dypsnea, diarrhea, necrosis, dypsnea, diarrhea, skin rashes, eye irritation, CNS skin rashes, eye irritation, CNS dysfunctiondysfunction
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Harmful Algal BloomsHarmful Algal Blooms BrevetoxinBrevetoxin (red tide shellfish neurotoxin); manatees and (red tide shellfish neurotoxin); manatees and
alligators (FL), Common murres (CA)alligators (FL), Common murres (CA)
Domoic acidDomoic acid (amnesic shellfish toxin); California brown (amnesic shellfish toxin); California brown pelicans, cormorants, sea lions, whales (ME)pelicans, cormorants, sea lions, whales (ME)
Okadaic acidOkadaic acid (diarrheic shellfish toxin); Sea turtle (diarrheic shellfish toxin); Sea turtle fibropapillomafibropapilloma
SaxitoxinSaxitoxin (paralytic shellfish toxin)(paralytic shellfish toxin)
CiguatoxinCiguatoxin (ciguatera fish toxin); Hawaiian monk seals (ciguatera fish toxin); Hawaiian monk seals
MicrocystinMicrocystin- Great Blue Herons (MD)- Great Blue Herons (MD)
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)Disease (EHD)
Orbiviruses Orbiviruses – EHD (serotypes 1 and 2)EHD (serotypes 1 and 2)– Bluetongue/BT (22 serotypes)Bluetongue/BT (22 serotypes)
WTD, mule deer, pronghorn antelope, big horn sheep and cattle WTD, mule deer, pronghorn antelope, big horn sheep and cattle susceptible to bothsusceptible to both
Elk only susceptible to BT and develop diffuse hemorrhagic Elk only susceptible to BT and develop diffuse hemorrhagic lesions; cattle are the BT reservoir lesions; cattle are the BT reservoir
TransmissionTransmission– Vector: Biting midges (Vector: Biting midges (Culicoides sppCulicoides spp))– 10-20 days after blood meal from viremic animal, can infect new host. 10-20 days after blood meal from viremic animal, can infect new host.
Outbreaks in late summer, early fall Outbreaks in late summer, early fall
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) Acute formAcute form
– Severe edema of the head, neck, tongue, lungsSevere edema of the head, neck, tongue, lungs– Fever, respiratory distressFever, respiratory distress– Cyanotic mucous membranesCyanotic mucous membranes– Rapid deathRapid death
Sub-acute formSub-acute form– Less severe than acuteLess severe than acute– Lameness, ataxiaLameness, ataxia– Secondary infectionsSecondary infections
Chronic formChronic form– Fever, mild cyanosis, recoveryFever, mild cyanosis, recovery– Sequelae- laminitis, stomatitis, rumenitis, pneumoniaSequelae- laminitis, stomatitis, rumenitis, pneumonia– Sloughed hooves, deformed coronary band growthSloughed hooves, deformed coronary band growth
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) Diagnosis
– Virus isolation (spleen, lymph nodes, whole blood)– Serology for chronic cases
Prevention and control– Vector control– Deer density?– Bluetongue vaccine in cattle /sheep, may cause disease in deer– Not practical
Recent outbreaks (2007, 2008) – EHD: NY, NJ, PA, OH, ID, IL, MI, WY in WTD/ pronghorn– BT: Montana in WTD and pronghorn– Expansion to Northern Latitudes???
White Nose SyndromeWhite Nose Syndrome
Index case – NY 2007Index case – NY 2007 CT, MA, NY, VT, (PA)CT, MA, NY, VT, (PA) Bat species affectedBat species affected
– Little brown batLittle brown bat– Northern long earred batNorthern long earred bat– Small-footed batSmall-footed bat– Eastern pipistrelle batEastern pipistrelle bat– Indiana batIndiana bat
White Nose SyndromeWhite Nose Syndrome Clinical findings Clinical findings
– EmaciationEmaciation– Bats clustered in unusual locationsBats clustered in unusual locations– Flying outside hibernaculaFlying outside hibernacula
PathologyPathology– External fungal growth on skin, face, noseExternal fungal growth on skin, face, nose– Fungal hyphae in skin sebaceous glandsFungal hyphae in skin sebaceous glands– Inflammation in lungs (non-specific?)Inflammation in lungs (non-specific?)
Cause(s) – UnknownCause(s) – Unknown– Environment (climate change?)Environment (climate change?)– Toxins?Toxins?– Infectious pathogens?Infectious pathogens?
ChytridiomycosisChytridiomycosis
Etiology: Etiology: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Distribution: Distribution: Ubiquitous in many aquatic habitats in high altitude Ubiquitous in many aquatic habitats in high altitude
environments environments Amphibian deaths in Australia, C.A., S.A., USA.Amphibian deaths in Australia, C.A., S.A., USA.
Clinical signs: Abnormal posture, anorexia, Clinical signs: Abnormal posture, anorexia, lethargy, abnormal epidermal sloughing, ventral lethargy, abnormal epidermal sloughing, ventral edema, deathedema, death
ChytridiomycosisChytridiomycosis
Pathogenesis: Pathogenesis: – Fungal invasion of keratinized epidermis of adultsFungal invasion of keratinized epidermis of adults– Alters cutaneous respiration and osmo-regulation Alters cutaneous respiration and osmo-regulation
causing death.causing death.– Healthy tadpoles are common carriers.Healthy tadpoles are common carriers.
Diagnosis: Histopathology (affected skin)Diagnosis: Histopathology (affected skin) Treatment: Antifungals (oral, topical); Treatment: Antifungals (oral, topical);
benzalkonium chloride or copper sulfate baths.benzalkonium chloride or copper sulfate baths.
Trematodes (Flukes)Trematodes (Flukes)
Etiology: Etiology: Leyogonimus polyoon Leyogonimus polyoon (introduced species)(introduced species) Transmission: Indirect parasite life cycle Transmission: Indirect parasite life cycle
Eggs passed in feces Eggs passed in feces →→ miracediae enter snail intermediate hostmiracediae enter snail intermediate host→ ingested by waterbirds (moorhens, coots, dabbling ducks) ingested by waterbirds (moorhens, coots, dabbling ducks) → gastrointestinal necrosis and deathgastrointestinal necrosis and death
Clinical Signs: Body weight loss, weakness, deathClinical Signs: Body weight loss, weakness, death Diagnosis: Fecal parasitology, gross necropsy, HPDiagnosis: Fecal parasitology, gross necropsy, HP Control: Interrupt life cycle- control aquatic snailsControl: Interrupt life cycle- control aquatic snails
American Coots
ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii – protozoa Felids are definitive host Public health
3rd leading cause of death in foodborne illness
Pregnant women and fetal infections
Toxoplasma in marine mammals Beluga whales, dolphins, Sea lions, seals California sea otters
Toxoplasmosis – CA Sea OttersToxoplasmosis – CA Sea Otters
42% Antibody positive T. gondii 17% Deaths attributed to
protozoal encephalitis IHC / tachyzoites in brain tissue PCR /T. gondii DNA in brain tissue
Source of fecal runoff Feral/outdoor cats Sewage treatment plants Storm drain runoff
Source of infection? Mussels, Northern anchovies
West Nile Virus
West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle
WNV
WNV
Mosquito vector
Incidental infections
Bird reservoir hosts
Incidental infections
West Nile Virus 2003West Nile Virus 2003
WILD BIRDS HUMANS
West Nile Virus 2008West Nile Virus 2008
Wild BirdsUSGS/NWHC
HumanUSGS/CDC
West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus Etiology: Arthropod-borne viruses/ARBOVIRUS, Flavivirus Etiology: Arthropod-borne viruses/ARBOVIRUS, Flavivirus
Vectors: Vectors: Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (night feeder) and (night feeder) and Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti (day (day feeder) mosquitoes; Argasid (soft) and amblyommine (hard) feeder) mosquitoes; Argasid (soft) and amblyommine (hard) ticks. Possible bird-to-bird direct transmission (experimental).ticks. Possible bird-to-bird direct transmission (experimental).
Index cases: Uganda, 1937; USA, 1999. Endemic in Africa, Index cases: Uganda, 1937; USA, 1999. Endemic in Africa, Middle East, Western and Central Asia.Middle East, Western and Central Asia.
Susceptible species: Corvids (American and fish crows, blue Susceptible species: Corvids (American and fish crows, blue jays) and many avian species; Horses and people considered jays) and many avian species; Horses and people considered dead-end hosts.dead-end hosts.
Other reported species: Raccoon, skunk, rabbit, squirrel, Other reported species: Raccoon, skunk, rabbit, squirrel, chipmunk, bat, cat, alligators, seals, and…………chipmunk, bat, cat, alligators, seals, and…………
Myotis septentrionalisNorthern Long-eared Bat
Myotis lucifugusLittle Brown Bat
Eptesicus fuscusBig Brown BatVespertilionidaeChiroptera
Ursus americanusBlack BearaUrsidae
Ailurus fulgens fulgensRed PandaacProcyonidae
Phoca vitulinaHarbor SealcPhocidae
Mephitis mephitisStriped SkunkMustelidae
Panthera unciaSnow Leopardac
Felis catusDomestic CatFelidae
Canis lupusTimber Wolfc
Canis familiarisDomestic DogcCanidaeCarnivora
Babyrousa babyrousaBabirusaacSuidae
Rangifer tarnadusReindeerc
Odocoileus virginianusWhite-tailed Deer
Odocoileus hemionusMule DeercCervidae
Lama pacosAlpaca (Suri)c
Lama glamaLlamacCamelidae
Ovis ariesDomestic (Suffolk) Sheepc
Oreamnos americanusMountain Goatc
Bos taurusDomestic CattleacBovidaeArtiodactyla
Scientific NameCommon NameFamilyOrder
Scientific NameCommon NameFamilyOrder
Tamias striatusEastern Chipmunk
Sciurus nigerFox Squirrel
Sciurus carolinensisGray Squirrel
Cynomys ludovicianusBlack-tailed Prairie DogsSciuridaeRodentia
Elephas maximus indicusIndian (Asian) ElephantacElephantidaeProboscidea
Lemur cattaRing-tailed LemuracLemuridae
Papio cynocephalus anubisOlive Baboonac
Macaca sylvanusBarbary Macaquec
Macaca nemestrinaPigtail Macaqueac
Macaca mulattaRhesus MacaqueacCercopithcidaePrimata
Rhinoceros unicornisGreat Indian RhinocerosacRhinocerotidae
Equus equus przewalski caballusDomestic Horsec
Equus asinusDonkeyc
MulecEquidaePerissodactyla
Oryctolagus cuniculusDomestic RabbitcLeporidaeLagomorpha
West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus Clinical signs: Fever, ataxia, paresis, paralysis, death. Clinical signs: Fever, ataxia, paresis, paralysis, death.
Flu-like symptoms or fatal neurologic disease in people.Flu-like symptoms or fatal neurologic disease in people.
Gross necropsy: Severe meningeal, brain congestion; Gross necropsy: Severe meningeal, brain congestion; myocardial hemorrhages and necrosis; hepatic, splenic myocardial hemorrhages and necrosis; hepatic, splenic and gastrointestinal necrosis.and gastrointestinal necrosis.
Histopathology: Severe vascular congestion, Histopathology: Severe vascular congestion, hemorrhage and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in hemorrhage and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in multiple tissues.multiple tissues.
Prevention and Control: Prevention and Control: Insect (mosquito) repellents; larvacides, adulticides.Insect (mosquito) repellents; larvacides, adulticides.Vaccines- Equine (killed virus)Vaccines- Equine (killed virus)
Anthrax
Incubation 1-14 days
AnthraxAnthrax
Etiology: Etiology: Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis Anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria Anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria Worldwide distribution; spores live in soil for years. Worldwide distribution; spores live in soil for years. Recent outbreaks TX, 2005, 2007 (deer, cattle); Recent outbreaks TX, 2005, 2007 (deer, cattle);
MN, NE, ND, SD, NM 2000 (cattle, bison, horses)MN, NE, ND, SD, NM 2000 (cattle, bison, horses) All mammals are susceptible. All mammals are susceptible.
– Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, bison, deer, antelope, Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, bison, deer, antelope, camel) are most susceptible. camel) are most susceptible.
– Horses, swine, dogs, cats, and humans have moderate Horses, swine, dogs, cats, and humans have moderate susceptibility. susceptibility.
– Many carnivores have natural resistance.Many carnivores have natural resistance.
AnthraxAnthrax
Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated water, soil, food; inhalation of spores in dust; insect bites/ skin wounds; Spores germinate in lymph nodes, multiply, and release toxins.
Clinical signs: High fever, muscle tremors, swollen lymph nodes, dysphagia, dyspnea, convulsions, colic, enteritis, bloody discharges (unclotted), death without rigor mortis.
Ataxia, sudden death, rapid bloating, bloody discharges DO NOT OPEN CARCASS!
AnthraxAnthrax
Diagnosis– Culture of blood, tissues, skin lesions– Serology (antibody titers)
Treatment: Ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin), penicillin, tetracycline (doxycycline).
Vaccination: available for livestock and humans Disposal: carcasses, bedding, manure – burned with
wood or gasoline to cleanse the ground area
BotulismBotulism
Etiology: Etiology: Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum toxinstoxins
Incubation period: 12-48 hrs post ingestionIncubation period: 12-48 hrs post ingestion
Clinical Signs: Progressive paralysis of Clinical Signs: Progressive paralysis of muscles- inability to fly or walk, “limber muscles- inability to fly or walk, “limber neck”, paralysis of 3neck”, paralysis of 3rdrd eyelid, affects both eyelid, affects both skeletal and cardiac muscles.skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Outbreaks Outbreaks – Multiple years: Salton Sea, CAMultiple years: Salton Sea, CA– 2007: Lake Ontario, NY (type E)2007: Lake Ontario, NY (type E)– 2008: Greak Lakes, MI (type E)2008: Greak Lakes, MI (type E)
Transmission: Bacteria grow in decaying organic matter and Transmission: Bacteria grow in decaying organic matter and produce toxin; maggots feed and concentrate toxin; birds produce toxin; maggots feed and concentrate toxin; birds ingest maggots and toxin; most common in warm months ingest maggots and toxin; most common in warm months (favors bacterial growth)(favors bacterial growth)
Botulism- NeurotoxinsBotulism- Neurotoxins
XSheep
XXXMink & FerretXXAvian
XXDogs
XXXCattleXXHorses
XXXXHuman
GFEDCBANeurotoxin
BotulismBotulism
Lesions: No gross lesionsLesions: No gross lesions Diagnosis: Demonstration of toxin in mouse blood by Diagnosis: Demonstration of toxin in mouse blood by
serum inoculation (bioassay)serum inoculation (bioassay) DDx: Lead poisoning, algal poisoning (toxic algal DDx: Lead poisoning, algal poisoning (toxic algal
blooms), OP/carbamate pesticide poisoning, AVMblooms), OP/carbamate pesticide poisoning, AVM Control: Habitat management (aeration); disposal of Control: Habitat management (aeration); disposal of
contaminated carcasses and decaying matter.contaminated carcasses and decaying matter. Public Health Risk: Human cases usually Type A or B Public Health Risk: Human cases usually Type A or B
toxin (home-canned foods); Types C and E rare.toxin (home-canned foods); Types C and E rare.
Sylvatic Plague
Etiology: Yersinia pestis– Gram negative aerobic coccobacillus– Survival briefly in soil; soft tissue (~1 wk); frozen (years)– Produces endotoxins, exotoxins, coagulase, pesticin
Enzootic– Plague maintained at steady level in rodent populations– Low death rates– Mice, voles
Sylvatic Plague Epizootic
– Large die-offs, fleas change hosts – Amplifying hosts: prairie dogs, ground
squirrels, rock squirrels, wood rats, chipmunks– Black footed ferrets – outbreak 2008
Conata Basin, South Dakota Oral bait vaccines used on prairie dogs and BFF
Public Health– Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic forms– Fever, lethargy, swollen LN (bubo), anorexia, death
Animal Sources of Animal Sources of Human Infection in U.S. Human Infection in U.S. (319 cases) 1970 -1993(319 cases) 1970 -1993
109
2423114
110
20 18Undetermined
Carnivores
Rabbits
Antelope
Prairie Dogs
Rock Squirrels
CA Ground Sq.
Other Squirrels
Sylvatic Plague – Animal Reservoirs
Tularemia Tularemia (Rabbit Fever)(Rabbit Fever)
Etiology - Francisella tularensis– tularensis (type A)- rabbits, squirrels– holarctica (type B)- aquatic animals
Survives mud, water, dead animals Vector-borne transmission
– Ticks (Dermacentor, Amblyomma)– Flies (Deer- fly)
TularemiaTularemia
Disease in AnimalsDisease in Animals– Dogs and cats- fever, abscess at site of infectionDogs and cats- fever, abscess at site of infection– Horses- fever, depression, stiffnessHorses- fever, depression, stiffness– Young swine- fever depression, dyspneaYoung swine- fever depression, dyspnea– Wildlife- moribund or deadWildlife- moribund or dead
Public healthPublic health– Ulceroglandular, Typhoidal, PneumonicUlceroglandular, Typhoidal, Pneumonic– Martha’s Vineyard cases (1978, 2000)Martha’s Vineyard cases (1978, 2000)
Tularemia Tularemia
Diagnosis- serology, culture, FADiagnosis- serology, culture, FA Treatment-Treatment-
– Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamicin)Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamicin)– Tetracyclines, cephalosporinsTetracyclines, cephalosporins
Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control– Insect repellents (ticks, flies)Insect repellents (ticks, flies)– PPE for skinning game animalsPPE for skinning game animals– Cook game meat (rabbit, rodent) thoroughlyCook game meat (rabbit, rodent) thoroughly
– Avoid contaminated water (swimming and drinking)Avoid contaminated water (swimming and drinking)
Newcastle DiseaseNewcastle Disease
Etiology: Etiology: Avian Paramyxovirus type 1Avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) (APMV-1)
Transmission: contaminated feed, water, soil; Transmission: contaminated feed, water, soil; aerosol (airborne); importation of exotic birdsaerosol (airborne); importation of exotic birds
DDx: DDx: Avian influenza Avian influenza Other paramyxoviruses Other paramyxoviruses Avian cholera Avian cholera Duck Duck plague plague
BotulismBotulism
Newcastle DiseaseNewcastle Disease
Exotic Newcastle Disease (END, Virulent ND)Exotic Newcastle Disease (END, Virulent ND)– Weakness, respiratory distress, diarrhea, periorbital Weakness, respiratory distress, diarrhea, periorbital
edema, sudden deathedema, sudden death– Southern CA 2003 outbreak in commercial poultrySouthern CA 2003 outbreak in commercial poultry
Neurotropic Virulent Newcastle Disease Neurotropic Virulent Newcastle Disease – Sudden severe respiratory distress, CNS signs, deathSudden severe respiratory distress, CNS signs, death– 1992-2008 sporadic outbreaks in wild Cormorants in 1992-2008 sporadic outbreaks in wild Cormorants in
Great Lakes regionGreat Lakes region
Mesogenic: Severe pneumonia, rare CNS signsMesogenic: Severe pneumonia, rare CNS signs Lentogenic: mild to severe respiratory diseaseLentogenic: mild to severe respiratory disease
Newcastle DiseaseNewcastle Disease
END: Hemorrhage and necrosis END: Hemorrhage and necrosis of GI mucosaof GI mucosa
Meso/Lento: Congestion in Meso/Lento: Congestion in trachea and lungs; air sacculitis; trachea and lungs; air sacculitis; Secondary bacterial respiratory Secondary bacterial respiratory infectioninfection
N.V.N.D: No gross lesionsN.V.N.D: No gross lesions Diagnosis: Diagnosis:
– Serology (HI, ELISA), Serology (HI, ELISA), – VI, PCR VI, PCR – HPHP
Newcastle DiseaseNewcastle Disease
Control: Import quarantine policies for exotic birds; Control: Import quarantine policies for exotic birds; disposal of infected carcasses; depopulation of infected disposal of infected carcasses; depopulation of infected birds; disinfection of equipmentbirds; disinfection of equipment
Public Health Risk: conjunctivitis occasionally reported Public Health Risk: conjunctivitis occasionally reported in people in people
Chronic Wasting Disease/ CWD
Chronic Wasting Disease Etiology: Abnormal prion protein (PrPEtiology: Abnormal prion protein (PrPcwdcwd) )
Induces conformational changes in other Induces conformational changes in other normal prions (PrPnormal prions (PrPcc) over a long incubation ) over a long incubation period (years).period (years).
Clinical Signs: Behavioral changes, Clinical Signs: Behavioral changes, emaciation, weakness, ataxia, salivation, emaciation, weakness, ataxia, salivation, aspiration pneumonia, progressive death.aspiration pneumonia, progressive death.
Transmission: Transmission: Saliva, feces, urineSaliva, feces, urine Environmental contaminationEnvironmental contamination Minimum incubation period 16 months Minimum incubation period 16 months
(experimental 6 mos.)(experimental 6 mos.) No link to human disease thus far.No link to human disease thus far.
Chronic Wasting DiseaseChronic Wasting Disease Index case: Captive mule deer in 1960’s. Index case: Captive mule deer in 1960’s. Affected species: Mule deer, WTD, elk, & Affected species: Mule deer, WTD, elk, & moose!moose! States: CO, WY, SD, NE, WI, NM, KS, IL, NY, WVStates: CO, WY, SD, NE, WI, NM, KS, IL, NY, WV Recently identified in Recently identified in Michigan Michigan (captive WTD herd)(captive WTD herd) Samples: RPLN biopsy (deer only); CNS (obex Samples: RPLN biopsy (deer only); CNS (obex
region): region): rectal biopsy (elk)rectal biopsy (elk) Diagnosis HP and IHC Diagnosis HP and IHC
CWD DiagnosisCWD Diagnosis Immunohistochemistry (IHC)Immunohistochemistry (IHC) HistopathologyHistopathology Rapid ELISARapid ELISA Rectal biopsyRectal biopsy Other tests on the horizon…..Other tests on the horizon…..
CWD Diagnosis
Vacuolation in brain tissue
IHC staining prions in brain
IHC staining in rectal mucosa
The Role of the Wildlife Rehabilitator in The Role of the Wildlife Rehabilitator in Emerging Diseases of WildlifeEmerging Diseases of Wildlife
Sentinels and frontlinesSentinels and frontlines Surveillance, monitoring, reportingSurveillance, monitoring, reporting Identification, treatment, prevention, controlIdentification, treatment, prevention, control Networking and database collectionNetworking and database collection Public education and awarenessPublic education and awareness Think globally, act locallyThink globally, act locally Stay informed (websites, journals, books, media)Stay informed (websites, journals, books, media) Protect yourselves!Protect yourselves! BE VIGILANT!BE VIGILANT!
Additional InformationAdditional Information
USGS National Wildlife Health CenterUSGS National Wildlife Health Center– www.nwhc.usgs.govwww.nwhc.usgs.gov
USFWS - USFWS - www.fws.govwww.fws.gov USDA APHIS Wildlife ServicesUSDA APHIS Wildlife Services
– www.aphis.usda.gov/wswww.aphis.usda.gov/ws State Fish and Game AgenciesState Fish and Game Agencies Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudySoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study
– www.scwds.orgwww.scwds.org CDC - CDC - www.cdc.govwww.cdc.gov OIE, FAO, and WHOOIE, FAO, and WHO
– www.oie.intwww.oie.int, , www.fao.orgwww.fao.org, , www.who.intwww.who.int
