Emerging Logic Devices

An introduction to new computing paradigms (for EEL-4705)

Why change to new logic devices?

Currently all logic gates fabricated using CMOS With the current rate of scaling CMOS technology is set to hit a

roadblock (in next 8-10 years) where it cannot be further scaled down. Scaling enables to pack more and more computing power in each new

generation of ICs. To keep scaling further down we’ll need to adopt other nanotech

devices to perform computation and which can be scaled to a level way beyond what CMOS can.

Each new emerging nanotechnology uses a particular technique to represent and manipulate data (like transistor in CMOS)

Hence each new type of nanotechnology uses different logic devices to design circuits in a way to maximize their performance (Similar to NAND/NOR logic being currently used in CMOS).

Some of the Promising Technologies…

Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Single Electron Transistor (SET)

P = +1 P = - 1

CNT and SET Logic

SET Minority Gate(Uses Minority and Inverter logic)

CNT Transistor(Same logic as CMOS)

Rui Zhang, Pallav Gupta, and Niraj K. Jha. "Synthesis of Majority and Minority Networks and Its Applications to QCA, TPL and SET Based Nanotechnologies," in Proc. Int. Conf. VLSI Design, pp. 229-234, Jan. 2005

QCA Logic

QCA Majority Gate

QCA Inverter

QCA OR Gate QCA AND Gate

QCA NAND Gate

QCA Logic Propagation

Unstable Stable

Stable

Unstable Stable

UnstableStable

QCA Logic Propagation

UnstableStable

Unstable

Unstable

Inverter Chain

1

1

Wire Crossbar

1

1

QCA Inverter Gate Logic

1

QCA Majority Gate Logic

QCA Logic – Single Bit Adder

QCA layout of Adder-1

out ( , , )

S A B C

C MAJ A B C

Next Big Challenge…

Fine… We develop the new technology that will help us keep up with the scaling and hence enhancing our computational capabilities…

What next? What about the millions of logic circuits and designs? How will they be

incorporated in this new technology? In the next slide we give an example of how to synthesize any Boolean

logic function (AND/OR logic) into a Majority logic function. We also need to make sure that the new Majority Logic function is the

best possible solution in terms of number of logic gates (majority gates in case of QCA).

K-map based majority Logic Synthesis is used to derive the best solution.

Multilevel Majority Network Synthesis

All positive unate functions that can be realized by a three-input majority gate and their corresponding admissible patterns on the K-map. There is a library of 38 such three-input functions.

Rui Zhang, Pallav Gupta, and Niraj K. Jha. "Synthesis of Majority and Minority Networks and Its Applications to QCA, TPL and SET Based Nanotechnologies," in Proc. Int. Conf. VLSI Design, pp. 229-234, Jan. 2005

Multilevel Majority Network Synthesis

This method is used to derive a majority-gate based network (circuit) from an algebraically factored, multi output combinational network (circuit)

It goes this way… First, we need to make sure that no function (n) in the network has more than three input variables.

Next, K-map based majority logic synthesis is used on each reduced function (n) to represent that function in terms of three-majority gates.

Using this technique, it has been proven that any three-input node function (AND/OR function) can be represented using a maximum of four majority gates.

AND/OR Mapping

Used for small and simple functions that can be represented by directly mapping AND/OR gates as majority gates.

Example 1

If a node (function n) requires fewer than or equal to four majority gates by AND/OR mapping, there is no need to spend time to represent it using K-map based method.

Example 2

Using a K-map based method would have resulted in four majority gates

x1

_x20

x3

_x20 f2

f1

n1

x3

1

x1 f1

n_x2

0

x20x1

x30

_x1

f1

f2

n1

K-map based Majority Synthesis

Example 1:

Has to be broken into n = M (f1,f2,f3)

Find an admissible pattern for f1

For finding f2, set Ψ1 is obtained as follows: if a minterm of n is not a minterm of f1, add this minterm to Ψ 1.

Similarly, for finding f2, set Ψ 0 is obtained as follows: if a maxterm of n is not a maxterm of f1, add this maxterm to Ψ 0.

A suitable pattern for f2 is then determined using new Ψ1 and Ψ 0.

Furthermore, to determine f3, Ψ1 and Ψ 0 are updated again as follows: if a minterm (maxterm) of node n is not a minterm (maxterm) of both f1 and f2, add this minterm (maxterm) to Ψ1 (Ψ 0 ).

AND/OR mapping would have required eight majority gates.

0

0 0 0

0

0 0

0

000

K-map based Majority Synthesis (Cont…)

Example 2:

Has to be broken into n = M (f1,f2,f3)

Find an admissible pattern for f1

For finding f2, set Ψ1 is obtained as follows: if a minterm of n is not a minterm of f1, add this minterm to Ψ 1.

Similarly, for finding f2, set Ψ 0 is obtained as follows: if a maxterm of n is not a maxterm of f1, add this maxterm to Ψ 0.

A suitable pattern for f2 is then determined using new Ψ1 and Ψ 0.

Furthermore, to determine f3, Ψ1 and Ψ 0 are updated again as follows: if a minterm (maxterm) of node n is not a minterm (maxterm) of both f1 and f2, add this minterm (maxterm) to Ψ1 (Ψ 0 ).

AND/OR mapping would have required eleven majority gates.

0

0

0

0

0

0

000

0 0

0

0

000

Conclusion…

We learnt about the Emerging nanotech devices that might be used in future.

We learnt that different technologies use different logic styles.

We saw how we can relate Majority Logic with present day AND/OR logic.

We also studied an algorithm to convert present day circuits (AND/OR logic) into Majority gate logic circuits using K-map based synthesis method.

Thank You