emerging technologies on stored grain monitoring• emerging grain monitoring technologies....
TRANSCRIPT
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EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON STORED GRAIN MONITORING
Clairmont Clementson, PhDResearch Associate
Klein Ileleji, PhD.Professor & Extension Engineer
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
GRAIN POST‐HARVEST & RECERTIFICATION WORKSHOPBeck Agricultural Center, West Lafayette, Indiana
December 5, 2019
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Grain Post‐Harvest Team
Presentation Outline
• Need for Grain Monitoring
• Current Grain Monitoring Approaches
• Emerging Grain Monitoring Technologies
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Maintaining Quality is Job # 1 in Stored Grain Management
Importance of monitoring
An average of 100,000 bu @ $3.68 per bu = $368,000
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Importance of monitoring
• Grain is a biologically active material and therefore it will
deteriorate in storage under favorable conditions
• Stored grain quality cannot be improved but maintained.
• Therefore, knowing the history and initial grain quality is an
important first step in managing grain in storage
Grain Quality after Storage = F(Ini.Quality, Mgt, ?) How can we accurately predict this?
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The Stored Grain Ecosystem
Temperature
Grain moisture & RH
Gases: CO2 & O2
Solar radiation, precipitation, etc.
Mold & Mycotoxins
Insects, mites, rodents, birds
Other plant materials
Contaminants: frass, faeces, etc.
Phy., chem. & biol. controls
Grain
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Molds glue kernels together when grain goes out of condition
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Hotspot caused by fine accumulation, insect and mold activity at the center of the bin
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Poor grain management has been noted as a primary cause of grain entrapment
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Anecdotal evidence suggests that less than 30% of grain bins on U.S. farms have some form of stored grain monitoring technology
Indiana has been one of the leading states for grain entrapment. Indiana led the nation in 2016 and has recorded 162 entrapments since 1962 (Himler, 2017; Issa et al., 2013)
With the increase in grain bin sizes for on‐farm storage, farmers today are trying to use management principles that they successfully used to manage small grain stocks
Importance of monitoring
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Current Monitoring Approaches:
You can’t manage what youdon’t know is there
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Monitor temperature with temperature cables
It takes a while to detect deterioration and hot spots using temperature cables alone
Real-time Insect Detection System
As the insect breaks the Infrared beams, its size is registered. At the same time, the time and temperature is captured inthe memory on the built-in microprocessor.
Available from:www.opisystems.com/Integris USA, LLC.
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Insect monitoring ‐ Pheromone flight trap
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CO2 Monitors – Early Spoilage Detection
CO2 sensors has been demonstrated (Ileleji et al,2006) as a reliable and quick method for detecting grain spoilage but effectiveness is weakened by the lack of rigorous data analytics and interpretation
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Comparative assessment of current monitoring technologies for stored grainCapability/Company
OPI-Integris Tri-state GSI TeleSense Amber Ag AgriDry LLC Skyway Grain ProbeS
Model OPI Blue GrainTrac Grain Viz Grainsafe Bulleye BinSense GrainPatrol
Spatial temperature monitoring
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Headspace
Yes Yes
Spatial moisture monitoring
Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
CO2 monitoring No No No Not specified No No No
Automatic insect monitoring
Yes No Yes No No No No No
Automatic data logging Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Grain conditioning Yes Yes No Yes No UnknownAutomatic aeration control
Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown
Sensors on cables Yes Yes Yes Yes and No No No Yes YesInsect sensors Yes No No No No No No NoAutomatic inventory monitoring
Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Unknown
Remote data access Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesExpert service provider Yes Yes Yes Yes No Unknown
Early spoilage detection
No No No No No Unknown No No
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Most of the current systems lack adequate and easy to use analytics based on fundamental understanding of stored grain ecosystems for informed decision making
Current Monitoring Approaches:
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Emerging Technologies
Plenum
Air vent
Aeration
Treatment Grains
Conditioned Grains
Temperature sensors
CO2 sensors
RH sensors
Fan
Temperature/RH Sensor
Temperature logger
Vents
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Temperature,℉
CO2, ppm X1000
Date/Time
CO2 Top CO2 Bottom Temp Top Temp Bottom Temp_Headspace Temp_Ambient
Bin openedand grain aerated
Normal Moisture Grain (14.57%) in Sealed Bin
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Temperature, ℉
CO2, ppm x1000
Date/ Time
CO2 Top CO2 Bottom Temp Top Temp Mesh Temp Bottom Temp_Headspace Temp_Ambient
Grain Aerated
Grain with hotspot (17.9‐>16.42%) in sealed bin
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Grain at 14.57% mc
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Temperature,℉
; Relative Humidity, %
CO2,ppmx1000
Date
CO2_Top CO2_Bottom Temp _Grain Top Temp_Grain Bottom Temp_Headspace RH_Headspace
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Grain with hotspot (18.86% mc)
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Temperature, ℉; R
elative Humidity,%
CO2, ppmx1000
Date
CO2_Bottom CO2_Top Temp_Grain TopTemp_Grain in Mesh Temp_Grain Bottom Temp_Mesh Side
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Key Observations• Monitoring both headspace and plenum CO2 essential
• CO2 peaked with daily rise of ambient and headspace temperature
• Although there was little daily variation of temperature within the grain, the followed the general trend of atmosphere and headspace
• Temperature within the grain does not reflect the variation of CO2
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CO2 Monitoring at grain facility
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CO2 monitoring pointsCO2
sensors
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0.35
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0.45
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0.55
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CO2,PPM ×1000
DATE
Bin13 Plenum Bin14 Plenum Bin15 Plenum Bin13 Top Bin14 Top Bin15 Top
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Thank You!Questions?