emigration immigration

8/3/2019 Emigration Immigration

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Emigration & Immigration

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/lear

ning/learningzone/clips/4353/


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Industry and agriculture attracted men and women to leave their

homes to seek work. In the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries,

Clydeside absorbed huge numbers of Highlanders and rural

Lowlanders to work in mills, mines, factories and shipyards.


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Emigration http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/learningzo

ne/clips/4353/

Push factors and Pull factors?


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In the nineteenth century almost 3/4 of emigrant

Scots (around 900,000 individuals) crossed the

Atlantic.

Although most

were bound for theUnited States, until

1847 more Scots

went to Canada

than to any otherdestination.


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Push-pull factors

Migration is often analysed in terms of the "push-pull model", which looks at the (negative) pushfactors which drive people to leave theircountries and the (positive) pull factors which

attract them to their new countries. Migration can occur as result of push and pull

factors.

Push factors are those which force a person to

move. This can include drought, famine, lack ofwork, & eviction.

Pull factors are those which encourage a personto move. These include work, a better standard ofliving, free land, a chance to start again.


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Highland Clearances

Landowners and crofters came into conflict masses of people left the Highlands forLowland Scotland, America, Canada,

Australia & New Zealand Land could be more profitable from sheep

farming

Crofters evicted In C19th population of Highlands fell

dramatically

New opportunities in textile mills in the south


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Table of events in Highland Clearances

1800-

1801

First clearances in Sutherland. Beginning

of evictions1820s Riots in Sutherland and Ross

1832 Outbreak of cholera

1836-7 Famine1840s More evictions throughout the Highlands

1850s Deer farming becomes popular and a

decline in evictions starts

1852 The Highland and Island Emigration

Society formed, offering ships & assistance.

1886 Crofting Act makes it difficult to evict

Highlanders


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Tenants moved off the land to the

coast to make way for sheep, (and

later deer farming) Ex-farmers expected to become

fishermen

Many people moved off the land starved & froze to

death at the site where their home had been.Starvation was everywhere.

I have been increasing my sheep stock as the removal

of crofters made space. The crofters could not pay

their rents. The population, which was 500 is reduced

to 150. Two of the crofters are in Tobermory; all the

others went to America, Australia or the south of

Scotland.

Estate owner Francis Clark, 1851.

Herring Gutters in

Stornoway


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The actions of the lairds or Scottish landlords were

push factors

Some landlords actively encouraged people to

emigrate.Sir James has offered to provide 1000 free passages for

people and their families as may desire to emigrate, to

cancel all debts due to him and to leave them their stock.

James Matheson, Island of Lewis 1850s

A magazine illustration from 1853

showing the loading of a ship with

emigrants from the Isle of Skye,

northwestern Scotland.


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Irish immigration

Many of the Irish who emigrated to Scotland had worked

on the land. In Scotland there was no land for them. They

did unskilled labour often undercutting the wages of

Scottish workers.

Irish labourers came to work on the land and in the mines,and to help build the canals and railways.


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The rapid growth of the iron and miningindustries in the Central belt attracted ahuge influx of immigrants (mainly Irishand Highlanders) into the area to work

in the mines, ironworks and foundries.

Many of these immigrants were singlemen with no local ties who found itdifficult to get accommodation in the hopelessly overcrowded

towns. In the mid 19th century establishments known asModel Lodging Houses were built in industrial towns.

This at least helped the problem. They usually consisted ofa number of small cubicles in which the men slept, with acommunal dining area.

During the 19th century it was common for Irish labourers towork seasonally on Scottish Lowland farms.

The construction of canals and later the railways employedlarge numbers of Irish labourers, who lived temporarilywherever work took them.

Some were joined by their families and remained in Scotland.


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The first permanent Irish immigrants were handloom weavers. By 1830

around one third of Glasgow's weavers were Irish. Others worked in the

Lanarkshire coal mines. The failure of the Irish potato crop in 1845-9

brought famine to hundreds of thousands, and a large number came toScotland. Ironically, as Scots left, Irish immigration into Scotland was

increasing.

More Irish people came to Scotland after the potato famine than went to

England and Wales. This migration continued for decades, adding to

those who were born in Scotland of Irish parents or grandparents.


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Source C is evidence given to a Parliamentary Enquiry in 1836 by

Alexander Carlisle who ran a spinning mill in Paisley.

Source C

Our mills never would have grown so rapidly if we had not had large

numbers of Irish families. The work of this town requires women and

children as well as men. Without the Irish, a sufficient number of

workers would never have been found. The large immigration of theIrish at the harvest season also proves a great advantage to our

farmers.

3. How useful is Source C for investigating the results of Irish

immigration into Scotland?

3 marks


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Source C is evidence given to a ParliamentaryEnquiry in 1836 by

Alexander Carlisle who ran a spinning mill in Paisley.

Our mills never would have grown so rapidly if we had not had large

numbers of Irish families. The work of this town requires women and

children as well as men. Without the Irish, a sufficient number of workers

would never have been found. The large immigration of the Irish at the

harvest season also proves a great advantage to our farmers.

4. What evidence is there in Source C that the arrival of Irish immigrants

brought benefits?

What evidence is there in Source D that the arrival of Irish immigrantsdid not bring benefits?

Source D is from Changing Life in Scotland and Britain.

Many native Scots resented the Irish. They accused them of draggingdown wages. While this was undoubtedly true, it has to be

counterbalanced by saying that by 1880 they were becoming prominent in

Trade Unions and were helping to push up wages. However, the arrival of

large numbers of desperately poor Irish did nothing to ease the already

overcrowded housing situation. Moreover, their arrival sometimesincreased existing tensions over religious beliefs and practices.

5 marks


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5.How far do you agree that the arrival of Irish

immigrants brought benefits for all Scots?

You must use evidence from the sources and yourown knowledge to come to a conclusion.

4 marks

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