emily buck
TRANSCRIPT
Diversity in European Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)
Emily Buck
Talk Overview
• Introduce European Chestnut – Biology
– History
– Economic Value
– Concerns for the Species Future
• Conclusions and Discussion
• Preliminary Results
• CASCADE - EU project
• CASCADE at East Malling
Biology - Castanea sativa Mill.
• Classification – Family: Fagacea
– Genus: Castanea– 13 Castanea species– C. sativa, indigenous to Europe
• Age and height
– 30-35m, 150+ years old
– ‘Tree of 100 Horses’ - 2000-4000 yrs
• Monoecious
• Wind (insects) pollinated
History
Centre of
origin
Spread of C. sativa pre - glaciation
Spread of C. sativa post - glaciation
History
Economic Value
• Castanea sp: Nuts
– World production: 510,702 t/yr
– Asian 64%, Europe 30%
– C.sativa & hybrids Turkey: 70,000 t/yr
• Castanea sativa: Wood
– Mainland Europe:
structural and agricultural
– UK: agricultural use; fences
– 18, 788 ha in UK; 42% coppice
– Coppice: stems cut 3-25 year rotation
Concerns for the Species Future
• Climate change
– water and temperature
– seasonal variation
– disease spread Phytophthora (ink disease)Cryphonectria (chestnut blight)
– selection– management practice
Global Average Temperature
ºC
14.4
13.51860 2000
Year
• Human intervention
• Implication of habitat loss
Dr Romane, CNRS-CEFEDr Robin, INRA
Dr Villani (co-ordinator), CNR-IASDr Vannini, University of TusciaDr Botta, University of Torino
Miss Russell, HRI East MallingDr Garrod, University of Newcastle
Dr Eriksson, University of Agricultural Science
Dr Fernandez-Lopez, CIFL-Lourizan
Dr Aravanoupoulos, Aristotele University of Thessaloniki
Dr Diamandis, NAGREF
CASCADE - Partners
Securing Gene Conservation, Adaptive, Breeding Potential and Utilization of a Model Multipurpose tree species (Castanea sativa Mill.) in a Dynamic Environment
CASCADE
• 5th EU Framework Programme• Work programme 2: Energy, Environment and Sustainable
Development.• Key Action: Global Change, Climate and Biodiversity. • Thematic Priority: Assessing and Preserving Biodiversity.
http://soi.cnr.it/~chestnut/
1 Distribution, ecology and management– plant surveys, site history questionnaire
2 Gene dispersal and genetic make-up– application of molecular markers– East Malling involved
3 Variation in adaptive traits – QTL mapping – drought, frost resistance– field performance – East Malling involved
Main areas of research
CASCADE
5 Socio-economic & environmental impact– questionnaires growers and consumers
6 Strategy for integrated conservation and utilisation– integration research areas 1-5
Main areas of research
CASCADE
4 Variation in disease resistance– incidence of Phytophthora sp.– resistance; inoculate seedlings, shoots
CASCADE
Populations: Natural stand Coppice Orchard
Extreme sites
Other sites
CASCADE - 3 Population Types
Natural stand
Coppice Orchard
Fluorescent primers ABI 3100 prism
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) - Microsatellites
33P labelled primers autoradiography
………..AGAGAGAGAGAGAG………..
• Italy and East Malling - SSR Enriched libraries C. sativa
Primer Repeatmotif
Number ofputative alleles
EMCs2 [CGG]7 3
EMCs4 [GGC]7 3
EMCs10 [CA]8 3
EMCs11 [GGA]7[GGC]6 2
EMCs13 [GCA]8 3
EMCs14 [GAG]7 1
EMCs15 [CAC]9 5
EMCs17 [AGC]4[CCAA]5 4
EMCs22 [GA]19 6
EMCs25 [GA]12 5
EMCs32 [AG]18 8
EMCs38 [AG]31 12
EMCs42 [CA]11 3
Results - SSR primer Development 13 East Malling Castanea sativa (EMCs) SSR primers
1 32 54 6 87 109 1211
Results - CASCADE SSR Mapping
• 12 linkage groups (chromosomes), 829 cM
• 458 markers: RAPDs, ISSR, Isoenzymes, AFLP, STS, SSRs
UK Italian
1 32 54 6 87 109 1211
Results - SSRs for Diversity Screen
• Screening diversity: 8 mapped SSRs, 3 not mapped SSRs
Not mappedUK Italian
• Application of polymorphic SSRs
– Total of 11: 6 East Malling, UK
5 University of Torino, Italy
• Screen CASCADE environmentally extreme sites
– Natural, coppice and orchard populations
– 8 trees and 20 seeds from each population
– Total of 3,864 samples
CASCADE - Diversity Screen
Results - East Malling Diversity Screen
Number of AllelesPrimer
LinkageGroup Initially (20) At present
EMCs4 7 3 5EMCs15 9 5 6EMCs25 - 5 12EMCs38 4 12 25CsCAT4 - 6 11
CsCAT6 1 8 22
• 6 polymorphic SSR loci
• Total of 81 alleles found so far
Results
Preliminary relationships between individuals:
– Natural populations
– UK populations
Spain
Greece
FranceUK
Italy
Central Greece
Results Natural populations & UK
Northern Greece
• Greece populations discrete groups
• Individuals from Central and Northern Greece in separate groups
Spain
Greece
FranceUK
Italy
Southern Italy
Results Spain
Greece
FranceUK
Italy
• Southern Italy group, from Sicily
• UK and French generally dispersed throughout
Spain • Northern and Southern Spain Group
Natural populations & UK
Conclusions and Discussion
• Two distinct groups from Northern and Central Greece
– diversity within Greek populations low
– variation in adaptability experiments:
Greek samples low adaptability
– unique group?, susceptible to climate change?
• Distinct group from Southern Italy, dispersed individuals from Northern Italy
– diversity within Southern Italy population low
– diversity within Northern Italy population higher similarities samples in Spain, France and UK
– Romans spread from this region?
Natural
Conclusions and Discussion
• Group of Spanish individuals
– diversity within Spain populations low?
– some samples dispersed, spread from refugia?
• French samples dispersed
– natural spread / introduced from diverse Italian site, or
Spanish refugia
Natural
Conclusions and Discussion
• Diversity within Orchards and Coppice populations varies– region dependant – may be result of different selection pressure and
history of given population?
Orchard and Coppice
Additional data from other markers
• Diversity in UK populations– unusual diverse for marginal population – multiple imports from different areas at different times?
But very susceptible to Phytophthora (Ink disease)
Acknowledgements
CASCADEProject co-ordinator: Fiorella VillaniItaly: R. Botta, D. Marioni, M. CasasoliGreece: P. Aravanoupoulos, S. DiamandisSpain: J. Fernandez-LopezFrance: F. Romane, C. Robin, A. Grossmann,
T. Barreneche
http://soi.cnr.it/~chestnut/
PhD advisor: Karen RussellPhD supervisors: David Blakesley
Christine CahalanDave Moodley, Suad AlMarrooei, Bruce Sutherland,
Dan Sargent, Bobbie Maxted, everyone in the lab