Spatial Dynamics of Air Quality in the Jiangsu Province of China

空气质量的时空动态江苏省

Emily Summers, MS StudentAdvisor: Dr. ChenAlabama A&M University atNanjing Forestry University

City of Nanjing-June 10, 2012

Contents

Objective ( 目标 )

Background ( 历史 )

Methods ( 方法 )

Results ( 产物 )

Discussion ( 讨论 )

Objective: 目标 To determine possible spatial differences in air

quality within the Jiangsu province.

空间分析 空气污染在江苏

Basic understanding of how land use change may affect air quality.

土地使用变化影响空气质量

Access the ecological service forests provide to produce high air quality.

Air Quality 空气质量

PM2.5 air quality has begun to degrade worldwide to increasing pressures of urbanization, posing serious concerns and implications for health, climate, visibility, and hydrology (Gupta and Christopher 2007).

Air pollution, if in high enough concentrations can directly or indirectly affect plants, animals, ecosystems, structures, human health, and regional climate (Monks et al. 2009).

Current Problems Economic stimulus has lead to emergence of a number of

mega cities since the 1990.

Megacity= city with a population of 10 million or more

This urbanization trend is likely to continue into the future

Air quality in most Chinese cities has improved BUT

Particulate concentrations such as PM2.5 in most Chinese cities are still far above the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines

>70% of energy comes from coal combustion, creating SO2 emmissons

2.55107 tons in 2005

Particulate Matter可吸入颗粒物

Complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets, characterized by size of particulate:

PM2.5 : Fine Particles

PM10 : Coarse Particles

The accumulation of these particles sometimes causes high pollution episodes and low visibility.

Sources

combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes

Negative Ion 负离子

Negative ions in the air indicate fresh, natural, “feel good” air.

Environment Concentration (ions/cc)

Waterfalls 95,000 – 450,000

Mountains, seashores, breezy forest

50,000 – 100,000

Breezy country meadow 5,000 – 50,000

Cities 100 – 2000

Rooms and offices 40 – 100

Rooms with Air Conditioner 0 – 20

Methodology方法

Aerosol (Particulate Matter)o City of Nanjing o NFU

Negative Ion Countso Nanjing Cityo NFU o Urban Forest: Changshuo University Farm: Broadleaf and Bamboo Forest o Poplar Plantation: Coastal o Yixing Bamboo Forest

Daily Dynamics of PM2.5 : Nanjing

Photo Representation of Field Sites照片表示的网站 University Farm:

Bamboo/Broadleaf Forest

Urban Forest: Changshu

Poplar Plantation: Yellow Sea Forest Garden, Dongtai

Yixing: Bamboo Forest

Nanjing Forestry University Campus

Nanjing City

Spatial Arrangement of Sites for Geostatical Analysis

Nanjing City Sites (38) 南京网站

Nanjing Forestry University Sites (12) 南京林业大学

Equipment 具

TKI Model 8520 DustTrak aerosol monitor:

• (PM1.0)

• (PM2.5)

• (PM10)• dust, smokes, fumes, and

mists

Counts negative and positive ions in the air (#/cc)

Statistical Analysis

Regular Statistics o Excel

o Covarianceo Mean

Geostatistics-Spatial Estimationo GS+

o Variograms/Semivarianceo Interpolation by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)

统计分析

Results 结果

0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 0.550 0.6000.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.700

f(x) = 1.03946175641232 x − 0.00354812037512531R² = 0.817680417605245

Covariance

Concentration of PM2.5 mg/m³

Con

cen

trati

on

of

PM

10

m

g/m

³

0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

Negative Ion Concentration (ions/cc)

Site

Neg

ati

ve ion

s (

10

3)

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Ion

con

cent

ratio

n (u

nit)

Time (hour)

Negative air ion concentration

Temporal dynamics of air quality change : NFU

Aerosl daily dynamics

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time (hour)

Conce

ntr

atio

n (unit)

PM1

PM2.5

PM10

Contour Maps: Urban PM

PM1.0 PM2.5

PM10

Interpolation: geostatistical technique used to estimate values at points not directly measured, based on nearby data point values.

Urban Negative Ion Concentration

Discussion讨论

PM2.5 and PM10 were shown to have a positive correlation in occurrence. With a high concentration of PM10, we should also be aware of the presence of fine PM and their associated health concerns.

PM increase dramatically from 10:00-14:00 (mid-day).Possible Causes: traffic, temperature, humidity, agricultural burning summer season

PM1.0 shows uniformity throughout the city and is not correlated to PM2.5 and PM10

PM2.5 and PM10 have show random distribution throughout the city with higher concentrations associated with the center of the city and lower values along the mountain and to the west, but few extreme values.

Negative Ion Mean Concentrations:

Yixing Bamboo Forest>University Farm>NFU>Urban Forest>Poplar Plantation>Nanjing City

Negative Ion Concentrations follow a clear pattern of occurrence from most forested areas to less forested areas.

After interpolation, negative ion concentration seemed to be relatively uniform throughout the city with slightly higher values located in suburban areas west of Nanjing.

We expected more negative ions near the mountainous area, but since it is exposed to pollution from the city due to transport, there was not a significant difference within those sites. (Sampling was performed at base of mountain).

Research科研

Experiences经验

Bamboo Forest Fauna 竹林动物区系

in a glimpse…

Dragon

Boat

Festival

My China ExperienceSHANGHI

Food

Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty and Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum

NANJING

THE

BEAUTIFUL

Beijing

Forbidden City

Temple of Heaven