Emission to air from ship -

Towards best practice for beyond compliance operations and

management for ships

By

Dr Sulaiman Olanrewaju OladokunCeng CMarEng

Specific Objectives

To discuss

bull The links between air emission efficiency energy conservation and climate problem

bull The source of air pollution from ships

bull Air emission regulation regime

bull Mitigation option for prevention and control

bull Quantification and assessment

bull Environmental Technology- Existing ship and new - built

Presentation Navigationbull Introductionbull Energy efficiency and environmentbull Environmental issues in ship operations bull Regulation built ndash up bull Ships emission to air and issues of global warming bull Energy and fuel quality bull Good practice towards beyond compliancebull Alternative energy and technology bull Environmental technologybull The future of energy and ship

It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty

of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives

planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our

planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the

sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one

bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans

bull Sylvia Earle 1995

Introduction

Man Environment and Technology

bull Man

bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil

bull The techno sphere - The ship The port

Introduction

bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation

bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical

bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up

bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new

enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at

minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional

factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Specific Objectives

To discuss

bull The links between air emission efficiency energy conservation and climate problem

bull The source of air pollution from ships

bull Air emission regulation regime

bull Mitigation option for prevention and control

bull Quantification and assessment

bull Environmental Technology- Existing ship and new - built

Presentation Navigationbull Introductionbull Energy efficiency and environmentbull Environmental issues in ship operations bull Regulation built ndash up bull Ships emission to air and issues of global warming bull Energy and fuel quality bull Good practice towards beyond compliancebull Alternative energy and technology bull Environmental technologybull The future of energy and ship

It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty

of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives

planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our

planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the

sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one

bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans

bull Sylvia Earle 1995

Introduction

Man Environment and Technology

bull Man

bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil

bull The techno sphere - The ship The port

Introduction

bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation

bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical

bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up

bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new

enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at

minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional

factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Presentation Navigationbull Introductionbull Energy efficiency and environmentbull Environmental issues in ship operations bull Regulation built ndash up bull Ships emission to air and issues of global warming bull Energy and fuel quality bull Good practice towards beyond compliancebull Alternative energy and technology bull Environmental technologybull The future of energy and ship

It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty

of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives

planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our

planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the

sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one

bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans

bull Sylvia Earle 1995

Introduction

Man Environment and Technology

bull Man

bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil

bull The techno sphere - The ship The port

Introduction

bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation

bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical

bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up

bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new

enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at

minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional

factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty

of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives

planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our

planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the

sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one

bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans

bull Sylvia Earle 1995

Introduction

Man Environment and Technology

bull Man

bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil

bull The techno sphere - The ship The port

Introduction

bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation

bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical

bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up

bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new

enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at

minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional

factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Introduction

Man Environment and Technology

bull Man

bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil

bull The techno sphere - The ship The port

Introduction

bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation

bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical

bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up

bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new

enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at

minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional

factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Introduction

bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation

bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical

bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up

bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new

enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at

minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional

factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical

bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90

bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency

bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage

bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants

bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants

bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer

bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation

bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer

bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control

bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution

bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency

bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature

bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation

bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Issue of Today

bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules

bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology

bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years

bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join

bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Main Threat

bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of

ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of

fossil fuels and biomass burning

bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)

bull Environmental flashpointssecurity

bull Nuclear waste issues

bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change

bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation

bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts

bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization

bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life

bull Critical environmental zones

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

General Impacts

bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems

bull The effects of sewage on human health

bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

bull The decline of living resources Sediments

bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Impact Categories

High Probability and High-Impact Events

bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Low probability and slow impact events

bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Pollution from Ships

Release

bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism

bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals

bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil

-Intentional -Unintentional

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP (100 Year ITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227ea

HFC-c-23a

CF

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

UN Agencies Get Serious

bull Galvanize the scientific community

- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies

- use existing scientific bodies and research centers

- use global observation systems

bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning

bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries

bull Human capacity

bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Regulation Build-Up

bull UN Agencies

bull Local agencies

bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21

UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies

bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003

bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004

bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and

bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -

IMO

bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973

bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution

bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)

MARPOL cover

bull Annex I- Oil

bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals

bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)

bull Annex IV- Sewage

bull Annex V ndash Ballast water

bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

IMO

New annex to MARPOL focus

bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species

bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008

bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990

bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty

bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)

bull Air emission from ships

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships

bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

NOx

Requirement for control of emission from ship

bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh

Other requirement and standards

bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International

harmonization of regulation and equipment standards

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

IMO Nox Compliance Line

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

IMO NOx Compliance Line

bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem

bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997

bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions

bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions

NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time

bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs

bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006

bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007

bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378

bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)

bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs

bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Baltic Sea SECA

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Current Reduction Potentials

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Emission Release from Prime Movers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GTE DFD SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2100

SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content

A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Mitigation

bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention

(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship

bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally

harmful substances and generate less waste on board

Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board

-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems

bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination

bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Emission Reduction Potentials

bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for

- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest

contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction

in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission

factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)

Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over

There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation

such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )

bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )

bull Cleaning exhaust gas

(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system

bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel

bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion

bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

NOx Reduction Options

For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam

to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Operational Measures

-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse

-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil

consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection

and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air

flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission

-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction

- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost

- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(

15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Mitigation for Existing Ships

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Slide Valve Option

bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design

bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face

bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Slide Valve Option

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Alfa Lubricator System

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Alfa Lubricator System

bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators

bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl

bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph

bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub Oil Consumption

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

PM Measure

bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Scavenge Air Factor

bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

SCR Installation Block Diagram

bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique

bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O

bullThe reactions are in principle the following

bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O

bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

SCR System Layout

The amount of

NH3 injected into

the exhaust gas is

controlled by a

process computer

dosing the NH3 in

proportion to the

NOx produced by

the engine as a

function of the

engine load

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

SCR Performance Reference List

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

SCR Electronic System

bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

SCR Configuration

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both

bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage

bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC

bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

EGR with Water Treatment

bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

EGR and HAM System

bullThe NOx production only

takes place at very high

temperatures (2200degK and

above) and it increases

exponentially with the

temperature

bullThe EGR method is based

on a reduction of the

oxygen content in the

cylinder charge and the

HAM method is partly

based on reducing the

oxygen content of the

cylinder charge and

partly on increasing the

heat capacity of the

cylinder charge by the

addition of water vapor

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Humid Air Motor (HAM)

bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity

bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

NOx Reduction from Emulsification

bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added

bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

EGR

bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR

Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Emission Assessment Quantification

bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation

bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode

bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW

bull LF = load factor relative to registered power

bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh

bull Tmode= time in mode hours

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Emission Factors

bull NOx- 12-17gkwh

bull CO- 16gkwh

bull HC-05gkwh

bull Cox-660gkwh

bull Sox- 42gkwh

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Environmental Risk

bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)

For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Risk Management

bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the

implementation of those that appear cost effective

bull It must be remember that

bull Zero discharge = zero risk but

-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level

-at the same time derive the max benefit

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Energy Source and Fuel Quality

bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry

bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions

bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems

-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy

system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Potential of Natural Gas

bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)

bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide

bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and

more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors

bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations

bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Impact of Using New Fuel

bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance

bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable

bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of

- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as

Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Environmental Technology For

Emission Reduction

bull Alternative energy

bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines

bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines

bull Additional firing chamber

bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle

bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine

bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen

bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Combine Cycle Engine

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Combined Cycle

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter

LNG ship

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Option for LNG Propulsion System

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Prime Movers and Drives

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Comparison of Propulsion Plants

efficiency and System Size

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Environmental Technology Update

bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment

bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx

bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments

Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are

bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation

Monitoring mode could be

-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location

for processing

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Sustainability and Maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY

CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR

NEED

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Advantages of Maintaining

Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining

coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities

bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage

bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened

bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this

Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are

bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials

Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES

bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in

harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications

bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union

bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea

bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel

bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR

bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular

bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future

bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today

bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced

bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment

bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems

bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation

bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry

bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations

bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet

bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment

The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Other Environmental Technology Update

bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL

bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard

bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas

bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Recent Development in Coalition Control

Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are

bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing

bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the

years

bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Measure for Ship Design for Safety

and Environmental Protection

IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability

bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship

crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

General Best Practice for Power Plants

bull General conservation practice for machineries are

bull Fan lubrication

bull Pumps lubrications

bull Compressors lubrications

bull Repair steam and compress air leaks

bull Insulate bare steam lines

bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return

bull Minimize boiler blow down

bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices

bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Best Practice for Operation of

Machineries

bull Recover energy from hot gases

bull Reduce energy from hot liquid

bull Reuse hot wash water

bull Add effects to existing evaporators

bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants

bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam

bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation

bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Management Responsibility

bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space

bull Maintain boiler efficiency

bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts

bull Raise office temperatures in summer

bull Lower office temperature in winter

bull Use shading efficiently

bull Close windows and other air leaks

bull Do not use light necessarily

bull Turn off office equipment that is not use

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities

bull Cooking

bull Heating

bull Hot water

bull Cooking

bull Lighting

bull New equipment application

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis

Personal Responsibility

bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and

safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an

energy efficient basis