emission monitoring of - environmental … · the main kiln fires ceramic wall tiles and the...

Prepared by

REC

EMISSION MONITORING OFTHE TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

ON 17 - 18 JANUARY & 17 FEBRUARY 2006

For AWN Consulting Ltd

Prepared for:

AWN Consulting LtdTecpro Building

Clonshaugh Industrial EstateDublin 17

Republic of Ireland

Prepared by:

REC LtdUnit 19

Bordesley Trading EstateBirmingham

B81BZTel: 0121 326 7007Fax: 0870051 8783

E-mail: [email protected]

Issued : 20 March 2006Reference : 31696p 1r1

/&vt /lcv~Martin Brown, Environmental Consultant

~/. _AReviewed by : I '£- Y

Paul Furmst6n, Director

REC Ltd 31696p1r1 20 March 2006 of 11

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'11

CONTENTSPage No.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3

1.

INTRODUCTION 4

1.1

Background 4

1.2

Scope of the Survey 4

1.3

Sampling Personnel 4

2.

METHODOLOGY 5

2.1

Species and Techniques 5

"

2.2Sampling & Analytical Methodology 5

-'

3.SAMPLING AND OPERATIONAL DETAILS 8

3.1

Process Description 8

3.2

Sampling Positions 8

3.3

Uncertainty 8

3.4

Emission Monitoring Survey Details 8

4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10

4.1

Initial Velocity and Temperature Traverse 10

4.2

Particulate Matter 10

4.3

Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Fluoride 10

4.4

Combustion Gases 10

4.5

Total vac Emission Data 11

TABLES 1

Flow Data2

Total Particulate, HCI and HF Emission Data Kiln 1 Outlet Run 13

Total Particulate, HCI and HF Emission Data Kiln 1 I Outlet Run 24

Total Particulate, HCI and HF Emission Data Kiln 1 Inlet Run 15



Total Particulate, HCI and HF Emission Data Kiln 1 Inlet t Run 28



Total Particulate, Emission Data Spray Dryer11

Total Particulate, Emission Data Tile Dryer12

Combustion Gas & VOC Emission Data

APPENDICES Ca Iculations

REC Ltd 31696p1r1 20 March 2006

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••

••

••

-

-

-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Resource & Environmental Consultants (REG) Ltd was commissioned by AWN ConsultingLtd to monitor emissions of pollutants from their client's process (VITRA Tiles) at their site inArklow, Co. Wicklow.

In accordance with the requirements of their site authorisation, monitoring has beenundertaken for the following pollutants:-

• Combustion Gases including O2, CO, NOx, and S02• Total Particulate Matter

• Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)• Hydrogen Fluoride• Total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) expressed as Propane (C3)

The following results were obtained from the emission monitoring survey and are comparedwith the current authorisation limit:-

'X" i

..Ayerage Emission Conceht(ation:,(mg/Nm3)

,~"': ' " " • {,<' .'\SpeCies'

" '-......

Kiln 2 "I" ."'.

Kiln 1 . I-Kiln 1 Kilh 2The ....r·';· .....' i'.'. Spray .

EXIT

INLETEXIT.,'INLETDryer: .Dryer

Total VOCs as C

53322178129--

Carbon Monoxide

41<120<1--

Sulphur Dioxide

<110< 1<1--

NOx (as NO)

45392518--

Particulate Matter

1310275787<1

Hydrogen Chloride

113143136--

Hydrogen Fluoride

3812--

NOTE 1: All data are expressed in mg/Nm' at 273K, 101.3kPa, dry gas corrected to 18% Oxygen contentunless otherwise stated.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backqround

AWN Consulting Ltd commissioned REC Ltd to conduct an emission monitoringsurvey on their client's process, at their site in Arklow, Co. Wicklow, to gatheremissions data for VITRA Tiles IPPC permit application.

••

-

1.2 Scope of the Survey

An emission monitoring survey was required to determine the release concentrationsof various pollutants from the kiln process. Concentrations of the following pollutantswere quantified during the survey:

• Combustion Gases including O2, CO, NOx, and S02• Total Particulate Matter

• Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)• Hydrogen Fluoride• Total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) expressed as Carbon (C)

Ancillary measurements of stack dimensions, temperature and velocity were alsomade.

Sampling for combustion gases and VOCs was carried out on a continuous basiswith measured concentrations being logged at 1 minute intervals over the samplingperiod. All other pollutants were sampled in duplicate.

All results were to be reported at 273K, 101.3kPa, dry gas and referenced to 18%Oxygen content.

1.3 Samplinq Personnel

Monitoring was conducted by the following REC Ltd permanent staff:-

-• Jon Connor

• Gary Quirk


MCERTS Level 1MCERTS Level 1

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Species and Techniques

The following table shows the reference methods used for the emission monitoringsurvey:

"

SpeciesMethodUncertai,nty±%

Limit of

..

Detection',' ,

Moisture

In house method MM001020

0.1%based on US EPA Method 4.

ParticulateIn house method MMOO0910

1Matter based on ISO 9096

Hydrogen

In house method MMOO09200.1

Chloride based on USEPA 26A

Hydrogen

In house method MMOO09200.1

Fluoride based on USEPA 26A

Oxides ofIn house method MMOO02Nitrogen (as based on ISO 10849

101NO)

Sulphur

In house method MMOO0210

1Dioxide based on ISO 7935

Carbon


1Monoxide based on ISO 12039

Oxygen


0.1%based on ISO 12039

VolatileIn house method MMOO02

Organicbased on BS EN 12619 &101

Compounds13256

f'-..••

2.2 SamplinQ & Analytical MethodoloQY

Total Particulate Matter

To determine the concentration of particulate matter in the emissions, isokineticstack sampling equipment satisfying the BS ISO 9096 was utilised. In house methodMM0009 was followed.

The Standard describes the methodology for measuring particulate matter underdefined conditions and at discrete locations in the duct. Sampling is carried outunder isokinetic sampling conditions i.e. the flowrate through the sampling nozzle isadjusted to equal the flowrate in the duct at the sampling positions. Velocitypressures were recorded throughout the monitoring period by means of an'S' typepitot integral to the sampling probe and nozzle assembly.

A sample of the exhaust stream was removed from the stack via a titanium nozzleand titanium lined heated probe. It was then passed through a quartz fibre filtercontained in a heated oven compartment.


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r:~

r,•..

•..

\

..•

•..

The temperature of the probe and filter box were maintained at 160°C i.e. above thedew point of the stack gases, to ensure moisture did not condense on the filter

The impinger train was seated in a water bath to cool the gas stream and condenseout less volatile gases and water vapour.

The first two impingers encountered by the gas stream contained deionised water.The third impinger was left empty and the fourth contained anhydrous silica gelwhich was used to dry the gas stream before passing it through a dry gas meter(DGM) to measure the volume of gas sampled.

All the impingers were weighed before and after the sampling run in order todetermine the mass of water condensed by the impinger train (in house MethodMM00010).

Upon completion of sampling, the filter was removed to a clean petri dish, labelledand sealed. The probe and filter housing were rinsed with acetone and water. Thewashings were collected in a container and submitted for analysis along with thefilter .

HCI & HF

To determine the concentration of HCI and HF in the emissions, isokinetic stack

sampling equipment satisfying the requirements of United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (US EPA) Method 26A. In house method MM0009 was followed.

A sample of the exhaust stream was removed from the stack via a titanium nozzleand titanium lined heated probe. It was then passed through a quartz fibre filtercontained in a heated oven compartment. The temperature of the probe and filterbox were maintained above 160°C in accordance with MM0009.

On leaving the filter, the sampled exhaust gas was passed into a series of impingers.The first two impingers encountered by the gas stream contained dilute suphuric acid(O.05M H2S04) to capture and absorb the volatile chloride (Cr) and fluoride (F-) ions.The third and fourth impingers contained dilute sodium hydroxide (0.1 M NaOH). Thefifth impinger contained anhydrous silica gel which was used to dry the gas streambefore passing it through a dry gas meter (DGM) to measure the volume of gassampled .

Upon completion of sampling, the contents of the first two impingers weretransferred to a sealed, labelled container, which was subsequently analysed for crand F via an ion chromatographic technique.

Combustion Gases

To determine the concentration of combustion gases (NOx• S02, CO, CO2 and O2) inemissions, a Testotherm Model 350XL multigas analyser was used. The analyserincorporates a gas conditioner to enable the gas stream to be presented to theelectrochemical cells on a dry gas basis. In house method MM0002 was followed.

The analyser satisfies the requirements of the following Standards:-NOx - ISO 10849S02 - ISO 7935CO & O2 - ISO 12039


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-

For each parameter the measured value (m.v.) and accuracy associated with thistype of measurement using the Testo 350XL is:

O2 ±0.8% of full scale deflectionNO

±5ppm (0-99.9ppm), ± 5% of m.v. (100-1,999.9ppm), ± 10%of m.v.(2,000-3,000ppm)N02

±5ppm (0 - 99.9ppm), ± 5% of m.v. (100 - 500ppm)S02

±5ppm (0-99ppm), ± 5% of m.v. (100-2,000ppm), ± 10% ofm.v.(2,001-5,000ppm)CO

±2ppm (0-39.9ppm), ± 5% of m.v. (40 - 500ppm).

The analyser would be calibrated against traceable test gases prior to the survey.

The Standards describe the methodology for measuring the combustion gases listedabove under defined conditions in the duct. Sampling is carried out underanisokinetic sampling conditions as it is assumed that the gas is homogenous acrossthe sample plane.

Total VOCs

To determine the concentration of VOCs in emissions, a Bernath portable flameionisation detector (FID) was employed. the analyser consists of a sintered filter, toremove particulate matter, a heated sampling line and heated FID block. Thisequipment satisfies the requirements of US EPA Method 25A and BS ENs 13526and 12619 (in house method MM0002).

The instrument is calibrated over a number of ranges against a traceable propane(C3H8) standard prior to and on completion of each test.

VOCs are detected by the FID with the output being proportional to the number ofcarbon atoms present in the sample. The readout displays a VOC figure expressedin ppm as propane which is converted to mg/Nm3 as propane.

Stack Temperature and Velocity

To determine the stack temperature, a calibrated thermocouple and digital indicatorwere employed. The exhaust gas velocity was investigated using a pitot static probe(to MM0009) and digital manometer.


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3. SAMPLING AND OPERATIONAL DETAILS

3.1 Process Description

The main kiln fires ceramic wall tiles and the secondary (decoration) kiln is used tofire tiles after additional decoration/colouring has been added to the surface of thetile. The main kiln is used 24 hours 7 days a week.

However, the secondary decoration kiln is only used when additional decoration orcolour is required on a particular batch of tiles or for border tiles. Soth the main kilnand the secondary (decoration) kiln are powered by natural gas.

Whilst monitoring Kiln 2 exit the louvre had to be fully opened. Normally it is usedwith the louvre almost closed and the flow in the stack is less than 5 Pascals (pa).

3.2 Samplina Positions

On all four stacks only one sampling port was provided. This was a 4" SSP. Onlyone stack complies with the Guidance note M1 in respect of the port being 5hydraulic diameters away from exit. This stack is the Kiln 1 inlet. Kiln 1 exit'ssampling port is approximately 3 - 4 hydraulic diameters from the exit but on Kiln 2inlet and exit the ports are only a few cm away from the exit.

3.3 Uncertainty

The sample planes do not meet the requirements stated in UK Environment AgencyTechnical Guidance Note M1 due to there only being one sample port on all stacksand the distance from the sampling port to the stack exit being less than thespecifications in TGN M1.

~.JQ~;i9g!:Jr~¥~!,,~,\p:~I,,~~~i~h!I;~te~ori~e.ntr~tio~s ~ill be degraded'from the ~ta.n.dardi·~j;.1±10%to,,~i.~~,r~l1ia~al'~Sl%~ThiS limItation IS likely to have a much less Significanteffect on the hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and the gaseous concentrationsmeasured, as these constituents are considered to be homogeneous across theplane of the duct.

3.4 Emission Monitorina Survey Details

The emission monitoring survey was carried out on the process over the period 1718 January and 17 February, 2006. The table below summarises the actual samplingperiods.

tI'"

Ir.·

ti[,[I .I

tIi


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,Stack ParameterSample Time & Date

Kiln1 Exit

Total Particulates, HF & HCI Run 117/01/06 10:50-11 :20Total Particulates, HF & HCI Run 2

17/01/0611:43-12:12Combustion Gases & VOCs

17/01/0611:04-11:50

Kiln1 Inlet

Total Particulates, HF & HCI Run 117/01/0613:12-13:42Total Particulates, HF & HCI Run 2

17/01/06 13:53-14:23Combustion Gases & VOCs

17/01/06 13:31-14:32

Kiln2 Inlet


18/01/06 10:25-10:55Combustion Gases & VOCs

18/01/0609:54-10:30

Kiln2 Exit


18/01/06 13:40-14: 10Combustion Gases & VOCs

18/01/0613:05-13:45

Spray Dryer

Total Particulates Run 117/02/06 12:15 - 12:45Total Particulates Run 2

17/02/06 12:50 - 13:20

Tile Dryer

Total Particulates Run 117/02/06 15:15 - 15:45Total Particulates Run 2

17/02/06 15:50 - 16:20


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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Initial Velocity and Temperature Traverse

An initial pitot-static pressure and temperature traverse was carried out. From thesedata stack velocity, expressed in metres per second (m/s), and volumetric flowratesexpressed in cubic metre per hour (m3/hr) have been calculated.

The results are reported at actual stack conditions and the volumetric flowrate isfurther expressed at the standard reference conditions of 273K, 101.3kPa i.e.standard temperature and pressure (STP). The results are summarised in Table 1.

4.2

4.3

Particulate Matter

The results of the particulate sampling runs are summarised in Tables 2 to 12. Fromthe mass of particulate matter on the filter and in the acetone/water wash residueand volume sampled an emission concentration was calculated.

The results are expressed in mg/m3 at 273K, 101.3kPa, on a dry gas basis at 18%O2 content.

Hydroaen Chloride and Hydroaen Fluoride

The results of the volatile chloride and fluoride sampling runs are summarised inTables 2 to 9. From the concentration of cr and F and the measured volume of

absorbing solution a total mass of HCI and HF in microgram (J..lg)was determined.From their respective molecular weights, equivalent weights of HCI and HF werethen calculated. From the measured sample volume, an emission concentration andmass emission was calculated.

The results are expressed in mg/m3 at 273K, 101.3kPa, on a dry gas basis at 18%O2 content.

4.4 Combustion Gases

The results of the combustion gas monitoring tests are summarised in Table 13.This table presents the average concentrations collected throughout the sampleperiods.

Concentrations are expressed in mg/m3 at the standard reference conditions of273K, 101.3kPa on a dry gas basis at 18%_oxygen content.


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4.5 Total VOC Emission Data

The results of the vac monitoring tests are also summarised in Table 3. This tablepresents the average concentration measured during the sample periods.

Concentrations are expressed in mg/m3 as propane at the standard referenceconditions of 273K, 101.3kPa on a dry gas basis at 18% oxygen content.

----------End of Report Text---------


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[

,;~r


TABLES

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i::. TABLE 1

FLOW DATA

••~tackR:ef

'llIo

/I

Kiln 1 Exit

214891323,38713,110Kiln 1 Inlet

14250910,7007,000Kiln 2 Exit

4578104,4003,700Kiln 2 Inlet

1202052,4701,700Spray Dryer

8340916,33912,556Tile Dryer

38II

'.

,.•.


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TABLE 2

Hel & HF EMISSION DATA - KILN 1 EXIT RUN 1

Run Time (min)

Total mass H20 collected (g)

Pitot tube constant, Cp

Dry gas meter (DGM) volume (litres)

Temperature DGM (0C)

Temperature stack (0C)

Mean pitot tube pressure drop, delta P (cm H20)

Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)

Barometric Pressure (kpa)X-sectional area of stack (m2)

Nozzle size (mm)

30

6.1

0.82

473.60

9

214

0.92

2.90101.30.5036.90

2.2

6.68.8

93992589

12.9

7.2

23388131100.4550.463

Velocity, actual (m/s)

Velocity, ntp (m/s)

Vol. Flow, actual (m3/hr)

Vol. Flow, ntp (m3/hr)

Volume sampled, ntp, dry gas (m3 )

Volume sampled, ntp, wet gas (m3)

Filter Weight Gain (mg)

Acetone Wash Residue Weight (mg)Total Particulates (mg)

Mass HCI (ug)Mass HF (ug)

[,'i

"..,,

[,

02 (%vol)

H20 (%vol)

Percentage Iso kinetic

Particulates (mg/m3)

HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)

16.5

1.694.9

19.33

20.64

5.69

12.74

13.61

3.75


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13.56

7.65

1.44

30

4.2

0.82

460.00

9

215

0.91

2.84

101.3

0.503

6.90

0.2

8.9

9.1

5134

968.0

12.9

7.2

23274

13031

0.442

0.448

16.5

1.395.4

20.58

11.61

2.19

TABLE 3

Hel & HF EMISSION DATA- KILN 1 EXIT RUN 2

Run Time (min)

Total mass H20 collected (g)Pitot tube constant, Cp



Temperature stack (oC)

Mean pitot tube pressure drop, delta P (em H20)

Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (em H20)

Barometric Pressure (kPa)

X-sectional area of stack (m2)

Nozzle size (mm)


Velocity, ntp (m/s)






Acetone Wash Residue Weight (mg)

Total Particulates (mg)Mass HCI (ug)Mass HF (ug)

O2 (%vol)

H20 (%vol)

Percentage Isokinetic


HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)

~1

I

REC Ltd 31696p1 r1 20 March 2006

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0.6

<0.1

0.65045

181

30

4.2

0.82

423.80

23

142

0.50

1.96

101.3

0.332

6.90

8.9

5.8

10579

6954

0.389

0.394


Velocity, ntp (m/s)





Run Time (min)







Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)Barometric Pressure (kpa)X-sectional area of stack (m2)

Nozzle size (mm)

Hel & HF EMISSION DATA- KILN 1 INLET RUN 1

TABLE 4



Total Particulates (mg)Mass HCI (ug)

Mass HF (ug)

02 (%vol)

H20 (%vol)



HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)

20.8

1.3100.5

1.54

12.98

0.47

40.70

342.19

12.26

rt


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163.00

285.12

4.22

8.4

5.510009

6568

0.356

0.361

0.31.7

2.0

3498

51

30

4.2

0.82

387.60

22

143

0.45

1.90

101.3

0.332

6.90

20.8

1.5

97.7

5.62

9.83

0.15



Total Particulates (mg)



Velocity, ntp (m/s)





TABLE 5

Run Time (min)







Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)

Barometric Pressure (kPa)X-sectional area of stack (m2)

Nozzle size (mm)


02 (%vol)

H20 (% vol)



HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)


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TABLE 6


Run Time (min)







Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)Barometric Pressure (kPa)X-sectional area of stack (m2)

Nozzle size (mm)

Velocity, actual (mts)

Velocity, ntp (mts)

Vol. Flow, actual (m3thr)

Vol. Flow, ntp (m3thr)



30

6.1

0.82

507.80

12

44

0.70

3.89

101.3

0.126

6.80

9.1

7.8

4117

3542

0.483

0.490

Filter Weight Gain (mg)Acetone Wash Residue Weight (mg)


Mass HCI (ug)

Mass HF (ug)

O2 (%vol)

H20 (% vol)Percentage Iso kinetic

Particulates (mgtm3)

HCI (mgtm3)

HF (mgtm3)


20.6

1.595.8

14.92

3.84

0.36

0.1

7.1

7.2

1855174

131.13

33.79

3.17

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TABLE 7

Hel & HF EMISSION DATA - KILN 2 INLET RUN 2

Run Time (min)


Dry gas meter (DGM) volume (Iitres)




Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)Barometric Pressure (kpa)X-sectional area of stack (m2)

Nozzle size (mm)

30

4.2

0.82

549.20

13

50

0.77

3.52

101.3

0.126

6.80


Velocity, ntp (m/s)Vol. Flow, actual (m3/hr)

Vol. Flow, ntp (m3/hr)Volume sampled, ntp, dry gas (m3 )


9.6

8.1

4354.9

3683.1

0.520

0.526

Filter Weight Gain (mg)Acetone Wash Residue Weight (mg)


Mass HCI (ug)

Mass HF (ug)

<1

1.31.3

2057

78.7

02 ("Ioval)

H20 ("10 val)

Percentage Isakinetic


HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)


20.6

1.1

98.8

2.50

3.95

0.15

24.15

38.21

1.46

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20.01

22.35

1.93

<1

1.21.2

1340

116

5.4

3.72464

1690

0.527

0.527

30

21.0

0.82

554.60

12

125

0.20

3.43

101.3

0.126

9.90

20.6

4.73

101.8

2.28

2.54

0.22






Run Time (min)







Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)Barometric Pressure (kpa)

X-sectional area of stack (m2)Nozzle size (mm)

Hel & HF EMISSION DATA- KILN 2 EXIT RUN 1



Total Particulates (mg)Mass HCr (ug)

Mass HF (ug)

TABLE 8

O2 (%vol)

H20 (% vol)



HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)


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EPA Export 25-07-2013:22:02:26

TABLE 9

Hel & HF EMISSION DATA - KILN 2 EXIT RUN 2

Run Time (min)




Temperature DGM (oC)

Temperature stack (OC)


Orifice meter pressure drop, delta H (cm H20)Barometric Pressure (kpa)

X-sectional area of stack (m2)Nozzle size (mm)

30

120.82

607.20

12

116

0.21

3.50101.30.1269.90



Vol. Flow, ntp (m3/hr)Volume sampled, ntp, dry gas (m3 )


5.53.9

248517440.5780.578





3.34.57.8

2432.8<29

l[

fI

O2 (%vol)

H20 (%vol)



HCI (mg/m3)

HF (mg/m3)


20.6

2.69108.3

13.49

4.21

<0.05

130.37

40.66

<0.44

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TABLE 10

PARTICULATE MATTER DATA - SPRAY DRYER RUN 1

Run Time (min)


Dry gas meter (DGM) volume (Iitres)





Nozzle size (mm)

30

6.7

0.82

420

12

82

0.53

2.20101.30.1266.80

Velocity, actual (m/s)Velocity, ntp (m/s)Vol. Flow, actual (m3/hr)Vol. Flow, ntp (m3/hr)Volume sampled, ntp, dry gas (m3 )


8.36.4

377129000.3990.407

Filter Weight Gain (mg)Acetone Wash Residue Weight (mg)Total Particulates (mg)Partics Field Blank (mg)

<1

8.5

5.6

3

H20 ("10 vol)Percentage Iso kinetic


REC Ltd 31696p1 r1 20 March 2006

2.0

97.2

14.03

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TABLE 11

PARTICULATE MATTER DATA - SPRAY DRYER RUN 2

Run Time (min)

Total mass H20 collected (g)Pitot tube constant, CpDry gas meter (DGM) volume (Iitres)Temperature DGM (0C)




Nozzle size (mm)

30

0.0

0.82425.60

1382

0.53

2.10101.30.1266.80

Velocity, actual (m/s)Velocity, ntp (m/s)Vol. Flow, actual (m3fhr)Vol. Flow, ntp (m3/hr)Volume sampled, ntp, dry gas (m3 )Volume sampled, ntp, wet gas (m3)

8.4

6.4378929140.4030.403

Filter Weight Gain (mg)Acetone Wash Residue Weight (mg)Total Particulates (mg)Partics Field Blank (mg)

<1

3.2

0.3

2.9




95.8<1

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TABLE 12

PARTICULATE MATTER DATA - TILE DRYER RUNS 1 & 2

Time 15:15 - 15:4515:50 - 16:20

DGM Reading Start (m3)

252.521253.328

DGM Reading End (m3)253.321254.1242

Volume Sampled (m3)

I0.8I0.7962

DGM Temp (DC)

I

14I

14Ambient Press (kPa)

101.3101.3

Volume Sampled, 273K, 101.3kPa(m3)

I0.761I0.757

Filter Weight Gain (mg)Acetone Wash Residue (mg)Total Weight Gain (mg)

< 0.10.60.6

< 0.11.71.7

TABLE 13

COMBUSTION GAS & VOC EMISSION DATA

Kiln 1 ExitKiln 1 InletKiln 2 ExitKiln 2 Inlet

45392519

52322

178129

<110< 1<1

41<120<1

16212020

Concentrations are at the standard reference conditions of 273K, 101.3kPa without correction for water vapour at 18% oxygencontent. NOx is expressed as NO.


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(as total Carbon)

(as N02)

APPENDIX 1

Calculations

Conversion Factors

ppm ® mg/Nm3 (at 273K, 101.3kPa: STP)

CO X 1.25

S02 X 2.86

VOC's X 0.53

NOx X 2.05

Oxygen Correction to Reference Value

Concentration at (STP) -> Concentration at 273K, 101.3kPa, reference O2 and Dry Gas, i.e.

Concentration X ((20.9-02 ref)/(20.9-02 measured)) = Concentration at ref Oxygen state.

Example Calculation

S02 concentration at STP

Oxygen percentage in gas stream

Reference Oxygen

=

=

=

170.7 mg/Nm3

13.8%

11%

S02 concentration at reference O2 conditions =

=

170.7 ((20.9-11 )/(20.9-13.8))

238 mg/Nm3 at 273K, 101.3kPa,

11% O2 and Dry Gas

Moisture Correction (Wet to Dry)

Concentration of Gas Dry =

Concentration of Gas Wet =

Concentration ofx 100/100-Bws Gas Wet

Concentration of x 100-Bws/100 Gas Dry

Where Bws = moisture content of gas stream in percent (VoINol).

Example

VOC concentration

Moisture Content

Concentration of VOC

Carbon (C) to Trichloethylene (TCE)

=

=

=

25 mg/Nm3 (Wet)

27.1%

25 (100/(100-27.1))

I'"

ppm TCE = ppm C x 0.6715

TCE in mg/m3 = TCE ppm x 5.864 (Mol WU22.4)


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