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Emotion A Multidimensional Response System

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Page 1: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Emotion

A Multidimensional Response System

Page 2: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Nature of emotions

Multidimensional, adaptive response system PhysiologicalConscious (subjective feelings)BehavioralCognitive (appraisals)

Synchronized emotional system responds to eventAnger/sadness

Page 3: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Physiological Response

Brain structure activity (RAS, thalamus, amygdala)

Right prefrontal cortex: NALeft prefrontal cortext: PA

ANS, facial expressionHeart rate, blood pressure, countenanceBlood flow to hands greater w/ anger than sadness

Endocrine system/hormonal activityAdrenaline, cortisol

Page 4: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Conscious Response

2 componentsValenceArousal

Positivevalence

Negativevalence

Higharousal

Lowarousal

pleasantrelaxation joy

sadnessfear

anger

Page 5: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cognitive Response

Evaluate potential consequences of event & your ability to cope

AppraisalDo I care about what is happening here?

Might this prevent (help) me from reaching my goals?

Interpret physiological changesHow upset/excited am I?

Page 6: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Behavioral Response

Adaptive behaviors Reduce negative &

increase positive valence

Express emotionFacial features/body

language/tone of voice Informs others about

current emotional state

Can we determine emotions via faces?

Grab a partner & make a face!

Page 7: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Make A Face

Happy

Page 8: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Make A Face

Angry

Page 9: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Make A Face

HappyAngryCan we R adaptively to faces?Females > Males

Evolution?No difference at 4 yrs old

Socialization?

Page 10: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Emotions

Emotions unites all these diverse responses into a coherent response systemAdaptive response to some event

Page 11: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Expressing Emotion

Gender and expressivenessParticipants watched emotional videos

No difference in self-reported emotionDifference in facial expressions

Page 12: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Expressing Emotion

Men Women

Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Numberof

facial expressions

Page 13: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Expressing Emotion

Culturally universal expressions

Page 14: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Reaction Paper VIII: Emotion

What do you think causes emotions? Provide a novel example of this cause for one specific emotion (e.g., anger, happiness, fear).

PLEASE TURN THIS IN AFTER CLASS!

Page 15: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Causes of EmotionsMANY perspectivesCommonly debated paradigms:Biological vs Cognitive

Emphasize body vs mindChicken & egg (what comes first cog or bio?)

Paradigm

Page 16: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Biological Paradigm - Zajonc

Emphasize evolution/adaptive nature of emotion

Changes in physiology, facial expressions, cortical activity produce emotions

Genetically inherited neural circuits Biology primary

No cognition needed

Page 17: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Biological Paradigm - Zajonc

Stimulate amygdalaEmotional R

Manipulate facial musclesEmotional R

Emotions are often fast/automaticSomeone jumps out and

scares you --> fearNo time for thought

Emotions precede cognition in development Infants emotional?,

cognitive?

Page 18: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Biological Paradigm - Theories James-Lange Theory

Emotion = awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli‘We are sad because we cry, afraid because we tremble.’

Fear(emotion)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Page 19: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Criticisms of James/LangeBody changes unneeded for emotion

Spinal cord injuryChristopher Reeve

Same arousal w/ many emotions

Biological Paradigm - Theories

Page 20: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cannon-Bard TheoryEmotion-arousing

stimuli simultaneously trigger:Physiological responses Subjective experience of

emotion

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

Biological Paradigm - Theories

Page 21: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Biological Paradigm - Data

New data is supporting differential arousal for different emotionsBrainAnger & blood to hands

Supports James/Lange

Page 22: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Facial Feedback TheoryFacial muscles influence

emotionStrong - CAUSE

emotionsWeak - enhances

reduces emotions

Making faces impacts emotional R

Biological Paradigm - Theories

Page 23: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Biological Paradigm - Theories

Facial Feedback Theory How?Vascular Theory

Changes brain temperature

Page 24: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

U sound

EE/Ah

Hot Brain

Neg Affect

Cool Brain

Pos Affect

Biological Paradigm - Theories

Page 25: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cognitive Paradigm - Lazarus

Emotion = person-event relationshipCognitive interpretations

establishes nature of that relationship

Depends on whether event potentially impacts one’s goals

Appraisals keyW/o cognitions, no

emotionsFail a geometry test &

major is music?Fail a geometry test &

major is math?

Page 26: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cognitive Paradigm - Theories

Schachter’s Two Factor TheoryEmotion requires:1) Physical arousal 2 ) Cognitively label arousal

Must not have prior explanation of arousal

Page 27: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cognitive Paradigm - Theories

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Page 28: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cognitive Paradigm - DataSchachter - injected participants with adrenaline

Informed/misinformedEmotional confederate

Page 29: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Cognitive Paradigm - Data

Misinformed experienced the emotion acted out by confederateHappy condition

Page 30: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Biological or Cognitive paradigm? Who is right?

Is cognition primary or is biology primary in emotions?

BOTH!Evolutionarily devised quick response systemSlower cognitive processing system

These probably interact in complex ways

Page 31: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Two-Systems viewSystem 1

Innate automatic system reacts w/o higher processing to emotional SThalamus-> Amygdala

System 2Experience based system

dependent on new learning & cognitive processingCortex

Culture/life experience plays a role in emotions

Display rules Feel like crying OK to do at

Sears?/funeral?

Page 32: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Two-Systems view

Page 33: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Experiencing Emotion

Subjective Well-BeingSelf-perceived happiness or satisfaction with lifeUsed along with measures of objective well-being

Physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Love (need to belong) more important than $

Page 34: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Experiencing Emotion

MoneyLove

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00Life satisfaction

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4

Importancescores

Page 35: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Happiness is...

Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to

Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)

Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable

Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage

Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills

Have a meaningful religious faith

Sleep well and exercise

However, Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, Such as

Age

Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)

Education levels

Parenthood (having children or not)

Physical attractiveness

Page 36: Emotion A Multidimensional Response System. Nature of emotions ßMultidimensional, adaptive response system ßPhysiological ßConscious (subjective feelings)

Summary: Emotion

Multidimensional response systemExpressionCauses

Biological & Cognitive paradigmsTwo-Sytems View

FunctionSWB