emotion a multidimensional response system. nature of emotions ßmultidimensional, adaptive response...
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Emotion
A Multidimensional Response System
Nature of emotions
Multidimensional, adaptive response system PhysiologicalConscious (subjective feelings)BehavioralCognitive (appraisals)
Synchronized emotional system responds to eventAnger/sadness
Physiological Response
Brain structure activity (RAS, thalamus, amygdala)
Right prefrontal cortex: NALeft prefrontal cortext: PA
ANS, facial expressionHeart rate, blood pressure, countenanceBlood flow to hands greater w/ anger than sadness
Endocrine system/hormonal activityAdrenaline, cortisol
Conscious Response
2 componentsValenceArousal
Positivevalence
Negativevalence
Higharousal
Lowarousal
pleasantrelaxation joy
sadnessfear
anger
Cognitive Response
Evaluate potential consequences of event & your ability to cope
AppraisalDo I care about what is happening here?
Might this prevent (help) me from reaching my goals?
Interpret physiological changesHow upset/excited am I?
Behavioral Response
Adaptive behaviors Reduce negative &
increase positive valence
Express emotionFacial features/body
language/tone of voice Informs others about
current emotional state
Can we determine emotions via faces?
Grab a partner & make a face!
Make A Face
Happy
Make A Face
Angry
Make A Face
HappyAngryCan we R adaptively to faces?Females > Males
Evolution?No difference at 4 yrs old
Socialization?
Emotions
Emotions unites all these diverse responses into a coherent response systemAdaptive response to some event
Expressing Emotion
Gender and expressivenessParticipants watched emotional videos
No difference in self-reported emotionDifference in facial expressions
Expressing Emotion
Men Women
Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Numberof
facial expressions
Expressing Emotion
Culturally universal expressions
Reaction Paper VIII: Emotion
What do you think causes emotions? Provide a novel example of this cause for one specific emotion (e.g., anger, happiness, fear).
PLEASE TURN THIS IN AFTER CLASS!
Causes of EmotionsMANY perspectivesCommonly debated paradigms:Biological vs Cognitive
Emphasize body vs mindChicken & egg (what comes first cog or bio?)
Paradigm
Biological Paradigm - Zajonc
Emphasize evolution/adaptive nature of emotion
Changes in physiology, facial expressions, cortical activity produce emotions
Genetically inherited neural circuits Biology primary
No cognition needed
Biological Paradigm - Zajonc
Stimulate amygdalaEmotional R
Manipulate facial musclesEmotional R
Emotions are often fast/automaticSomeone jumps out and
scares you --> fearNo time for thought
Emotions precede cognition in development Infants emotional?,
cognitive?
Biological Paradigm - Theories James-Lange Theory
Emotion = awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli‘We are sad because we cry, afraid because we tremble.’
Fear(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Criticisms of James/LangeBody changes unneeded for emotion
Spinal cord injuryChristopher Reeve
Same arousal w/ many emotions
Biological Paradigm - Theories
Cannon-Bard TheoryEmotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously trigger:Physiological responses Subjective experience of
emotion
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
Biological Paradigm - Theories
Biological Paradigm - Data
New data is supporting differential arousal for different emotionsBrainAnger & blood to hands
Supports James/Lange
Facial Feedback TheoryFacial muscles influence
emotionStrong - CAUSE
emotionsWeak - enhances
reduces emotions
Making faces impacts emotional R
Biological Paradigm - Theories
Biological Paradigm - Theories
Facial Feedback Theory How?Vascular Theory
Changes brain temperature
U sound
EE/Ah
Hot Brain
Neg Affect
Cool Brain
Pos Affect
Biological Paradigm - Theories
Cognitive Paradigm - Lazarus
Emotion = person-event relationshipCognitive interpretations
establishes nature of that relationship
Depends on whether event potentially impacts one’s goals
Appraisals keyW/o cognitions, no
emotionsFail a geometry test &
major is music?Fail a geometry test &
major is math?
Cognitive Paradigm - Theories
Schachter’s Two Factor TheoryEmotion requires:1) Physical arousal 2 ) Cognitively label arousal
Must not have prior explanation of arousal
Cognitive Paradigm - Theories
Cognitivelabel
“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Cognitive Paradigm - DataSchachter - injected participants with adrenaline
Informed/misinformedEmotional confederate
Cognitive Paradigm - Data
Misinformed experienced the emotion acted out by confederateHappy condition
Biological or Cognitive paradigm? Who is right?
Is cognition primary or is biology primary in emotions?
BOTH!Evolutionarily devised quick response systemSlower cognitive processing system
These probably interact in complex ways
Two-Systems viewSystem 1
Innate automatic system reacts w/o higher processing to emotional SThalamus-> Amygdala
System 2Experience based system
dependent on new learning & cognitive processingCortex
Culture/life experience plays a role in emotions
Display rules Feel like crying OK to do at
Sears?/funeral?
Two-Systems view
Experiencing Emotion
Subjective Well-BeingSelf-perceived happiness or satisfaction with lifeUsed along with measures of objective well-being
Physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life
Love (need to belong) more important than $
Experiencing Emotion
MoneyLove
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importancescores
Happiness is...
Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage
Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Summary: Emotion
Multidimensional response systemExpressionCauses
Biological & Cognitive paradigmsTwo-Sytems View
FunctionSWB