emotion. © kip smith, 2003 topics arousal and autonomic control polygraphs emotional expression and...

Emotion

© Kip Smith, 2003

Topics

Arousal and autonomic control Polygraphs

Emotional expression and experience

Emotion and feelings

© Kip Smith, 2003

Arousal

The physical response that prepares the body and mind to act&

The level of activity summoned in the course of action

© Kip Smith, 2003

Just do it !

High arousal

Muscles tense up, receive more blood (oxygen and sugars)

Metabolic rate up heart, breathing, blood pressure

Endorphins released into bloodstream

Attention becomes narrowly focused

© Kip Smith, 2003

Autonomic System

Arousal is controlled by the two divisions of the autonomic ‘system’

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

The ‘system’ consists of an ancient and complex set of predispositions controlled by limbic structures

Hypothalamus Amygdala

© Kip Smith, 2003

Two divisions of the Autonomic System

The sympathetic division prepares the body to take action

Sympathetic --> same feeling --> behavior becomes more uniform

E.g., heart rate becomes relatively regular

The parasympathetic division allows the body to relax, to conserve energy and effort

Parasympathetic --> behavior is less controlled

E.g., heart rate varies ±20%

© Kip Smith, 2003

Sympatheticdivision (take action)

Pupils dilate

Decreases

Perspires

Increases

Accelerates

Inhibits

Secrete stresshormones

Parasympatheticdivision (conserve effort)

Pupils contract

Increases

Dries

Decreases

Slows

Activates

Decreasessecretion ofstresshormones

EYES

SALIVATION

SKIN

RESPIRATION

HEART

DIGESTION

ADRENALGLANDS

What the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions do

© Kip Smith, 2003

Arousal and Performance

Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

The inverted U of the “Yerkes-Dodson Law”

HighLow

Arousal

Difficult EasyPerformance

level

© Kip Smith, 2003

Polygraph - “lie detectors”

Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying arousal

perspiration heart rate blood pressure breathing changes

‘Interpretation’ = systematic misinterpretation of relative levels of sympathetic activation

© Kip Smith, 2003

Polygraph test protocol

Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm

anyone? Relevant Question

Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way?

IF sympathetic response to Relevant Q > response to Control Q

THEN you are judged to have lied

© Kip Smith, 2003

Polygraph test protocol

Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm

anyone? Relevant Question

Do you still beat your wife?

IF sympathetic response to Relevant Q > response to Control Q

THEN you are judged to have lied

© Kip Smith, 2003

Percentage

Innocentpeople

Guiltypeople

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Judged innocent by polygraphJudged guilty by polygraph

Polygraph tests are specious

50 Innocents 50 Thieves

1/3 of innocent declared guilty

1/4 of guilty declared innocent

(from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

© Kip Smith, 2003

Would you really trust a Polygraph Test?

Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 students actually guilty of

cheating Test all students 285 will be wrongly accused

What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1001 students actually guilty

Test all students (including 1000 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)

© Kip Smith, 2003

Emotion and Feelings

Note:

Much of the material on emotion and feelings in the textbook is not up to date

The material here goes beyond the book

© Kip Smith, 2003

An adaptive physiological response to the status of your interaction with your environment

Emotion is multi-modal physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience

Emotion is NOT mediated by consciousness!

Emotion

© Kip Smith, 2003

Emotion

An adaptive physiological response to the status of your interaction with your environment

You are in the world The world impinges upon you You and the environment are interacting

Emotion is your body’s automatic response to that interaction

© Kip Smith, 2003

The 6 basic emotions

Anger Disgust Fear Joy Sadness Surprise

© Kip Smith, 2003

Positivevalence

Negativevalence

Higharousal

Lowarousal

pleasant

relaxation joy

sadness fear

anger

Two Dimensions of Emotion

© Kip Smith, 2003

Subjective Well-Being

Self-perceived and described happiness or satisfaction with life

Does not necessarily correlate with objective measures of well-being

Physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Poor people can be perfectly happy and satisfied with life

Money don’t buy me love

© Kip Smith, 2003

The economics of well-being Does money buy happiness?

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year

100%90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Averageper-person

after-tax incomein 1995 dollars

($1,000s)

$20,000$19,000$18,000$17,000$16,000$15,000$14,000$13,000$12,000$11,000$10,000$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000

Percentage very happy

Personal income

Percentagedescribing

themselves asvery happy

Researchers have found thatHAPPY people tend to

Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)

Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable

Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage

Have work and leisure that engage their skills

Have a meaningful religious faith

Sleep well and exercise

However, HAPPINESS is NOT strongly related to

Age

Gender

Education levels

Parenthood (having children or not)

Physical attractiveness

Factors of happiness

© Kip Smith, 2003

Emotion is universal

All people everywhere experience and express emotion the same way

The only difference? Some folks are more open about it Some are repressed Men tend to be more repressed than women Some are exhibitionistic Both repression and exhibitionism have

pathological extremes

© Kip Smith, 2003

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Men Women

Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type

Numberof

expressions

Sex and expressiveness

© Kip Smith, 2003

Emotion ≠ Feelings

A physiological response to your interaction with your environment

Is evident to others Your body signals

emotion

Emotions precede feelings

The conscious experience of emotion

Feelings follow emotion

You can exhibit emotion and not know it

© Kip Smith, 2003

Theories of Emotion

Does your heart pound because you are afraid...

Or Are you afraid because you feel your heart

pounding?

© Kip Smith, 2003

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

James - Lange Theory of Emotion

The experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to arousing stimuli

You are afraid because you feel your heart pounding

© Kip Smith, 2003

Cannon - BardTheory of Emotion

Arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:

physiological responses subjective experience

of emotion

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

© Kip Smith, 2003

The problem with Cannon-Bard

Arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion

But emotions exist whether or not you feel them

Emotions precede feelings

© Kip Smith, 2003

Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion

To experience emotion you must:

be physically aroused &

cognitively label the arousal

Fear(emotion)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Feelings

feelings

© Kip Smith, 2003

Subjective experience = Feelings

Consciousness

Emotions & Consciousness

Emotion

Event/Memory


Expressivebehavior

emotion. © kip smith, 2003 topics arousal and autonomic control polygraphs emotional expression and...

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