emotion words graham g. scott (supervisor: dr. sara c. sereno)
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Emotion Words Graham G. Scott (supervisor: Dr. Sara C. Sereno). How do we process emotional stimuli?. But What about Words?. Behavioural Evidence: Most studies show that negative stimuli are responded to fastest (e.g., Wurm et al., 2003). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Emotion WordsEmotion Words
Graham G. Scott(supervisor: Dr. Sara C. Sereno)
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How do we processemotional stimuli?
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But What about Words?But What about Words?
Behavioural Evidence:
• Most studies show that negative stimuli are responded to fastest (e.g., Wurm et al., 2003).
• A growing minority of studies demonstrate faster responses to positive stimuli (e.g., Kakolewski et al., 1999).
• But previous research is limited.
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But What about Words?But What about Words?
Electrophysiological Evidence:
• It is well-established that the amygdala is involved in the processing of negative stimuli, including words. Hamann & Mao (2002) suggest it also plays a role in positive processing.
• Tabert et al. (2001) found a correlation between amygdala and occipital cortex activity, indicating that the amygdala might influence early visual processing.
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But What about Words?But What about Words?
Electrophysiological Evidence:
• There is more activity in the RH following the presentation of emotive than neutral stimuli (e.g., Tabert et al., 2001), with different specific areas being cited in different studies.
• Electrophysiological evidence shows an increase in amplitude of early ERP components – in the P1 and N1 for negative compared to positive stimuli, and in N2 for negative compared to neutral stimuli (Bernat et al., 2001; Ortigue et al., 2004).
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But What about Words?But What about Words?
And where does frequency fit in?
3 experiments:• Behavioural Study (lexical decision)
• Eye Movement Study
• ERP Study
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What Are Emotion Words?What Are Emotion Words?
Arousal Valence Example
Positive High High valentineNeutral Low Middle applianceNegative High Low suffocate
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Behavioural StudyBehavioural Study
• Simple LDT.
• 3 x 2 design:
• Frequency (high, low)• Target word (positive, negative, neutral)
• 40 words in each categoryHF-pos, HF-neg, HF-neut
LF-pos, LF-neg, LF-neut
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Reaction Time ResultsReaction Time Results
RT: Frequency x Word Type
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
LF HF
Frequency
RT
(ms) Pos
Neut
Neg
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DiscussionDiscussion
There could be several reasons for these findings:
• Perceptual defence (McGuinness, 1949)
• Positive bias
But Perceptual defence is more likely
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Eye-Tracking StudyEye-Tracking Study
• Never done before.
• More on-line than LDT
• 3 x 2 design:
• Frequency (high, low)
• Target word (positive, negative, neutral)
• 15 sentences of each type:
HF-pos, HF-neg, HF-neut
LF-pos, LF-neg, LF-neut
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Eye-Tracking StudyEye-Tracking Study
kiss bomb news
Phoebe discussed the _____ at great length with her friends.
Michelle dreamt about the _____ every night for weeks.
Tom delivered the _____ with great care and attention.
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Eye Tracking ResultsEye Tracking Results
First Fixation Duration
260
270
280
290
300
LF HF
Frequency
ms
Pos
Neu
Neg
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Eye Tracking ResultsEye Tracking Results
Gaze Duration
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
LF HF
Frequency
ms
Pos
Neu
Neg
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DiscussionDiscussion
• Eye movement study supports results of behavioural study
• Same basic pattern of effects
• Inconsistencies may be due to fewer items per condition in reading study (15 vs 40), or that eye movements are more sensitive to early emotional effects
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ERPsERPs
• Taken during the LDT task
• Carried out in Hartmut’s lab
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ERPsERPs
N1: Frequency x Word Type
-3.1
-2.6
-2.1
-1.6
LF HF
Frequency
Vol
tage
(m
V)
Pos
Neut
Neg
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DiscussionDiscussion
• Frequency effects normally demonstrated in the N1 (notably, using emotionally neutral words) were masked by a reverse frequency effect for negative words
• Results seem to favour a perceptual defence based theory, such as Taylor’s Mobilisation-Minimisation hypothesis:
- For HF negative words, initial processing facilitation is offset by the disruptive effects of highly activated (HF) negative valence
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DiscussionDiscussion
• These data suggest that an early identification of the emotional tone of words leads to differential processing. Specifically, HF negative words seem to attract additional cognitive resources
• This is consistent with a time-line in which emotional quality either accompanies or precedes (but does not follow) lexical access (Taylor & Fragopanogos, 2005)
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Next StepNext Step
• Expand from words in sentences to larger contexts
• Investigate priming
• Investigate subcategories if emotional words
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Next StepNext Step
• The little boy was running down the hill. He was playing with the puppy he got for Christmas. His mother came to pick him up.
• Gordon was in the woods behind his house. He fell, cutting himself badly and breaking his leg. It was hours before he returned home.
• The accountant was taking a long stroll. He was wearing a blue sweatshirt, jeans and trainers. There was no one else for miles around.
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The EndThe End