EMP (21 pages)• Kantian Ethics and the Basis of Duty (Lucas), pp. 165-169;

from Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Kant), pp. 171-181; A Simplified Account of Kantian Ethics (O’Neill), pp. 183-187.

CSME (7 pages)• Aviano EA-6B Gondola Mishap (Slyman), pp. 115 -121, 233 -

234.

Today’s Class:Kant & Moral Duty

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Objectives from reading:Comprehend moral basis & standard of Kantian or duty-based ethics:

• What are the strengths & weaknesses of Kantian ethics as a moral standard?

• Kantian concept of good will, reason, intent, & duty• Know and apply the 3 versions of the Categorical Imperative.• How does Kantian moral theory differ from utilitarianism regarding

intent & consequences?• How would you compare Kant’s concept of duty to the concept or

military duty?

“The German Enlightenment philosopher, Immanuel Kant, is regarded as among the greatest and most influential of Western philosophers, and undeniably as one of the most difficult to read and understand.”

- Kantian Ethics and the Basics of Duty – page

143

“The German Enlightenment philosopher, Immanuel Kant, is regarded as among the greatest and most influential of Western philosophers, and undeniably as one of the most difficult to read and understand.”

- Kantian Ethics and the Basics of Duty – page

143

Extreme Measures

…and your rebuttal?

Do what is “correct…”

Do what is “right…”

Do what is “brave…”

Utilitarianism (review)

• The Principle of Utility (GHP) is a good example of most of these provisions…

– Gives clear answers, helps resolve many problems, explains and justifies our intuitions

– But the Extreme Measures story, or “shoot the prisoners” dilemma, illustrate issues (like justice, fairness, and rights) which are not sufficiently addressed

Chapter I….Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

Good Will

Reason

Duty

Rational Beings

Self Discipline

Acting on Universal Principle

Does he ever mention God?

Kant for Fighter Pilots

DesireWhat we want (or are

inclined) to do

DutyWhat we know we should do

Conflict

Indicates we have a

choice

Free Will,Autonomy

What makes us human...not animals

Obligation from reason

Universal Principles

(Categorical Imperative)

How we act

IAW Desires IAW Duty(Moral Law)

- 0 +

Good WillActs solely

out of Reverence for

Moral Law

Kant Brainstorm

Kant Definition

• The morally worthy individual (if such a person exists) does what he or she ought to do, whether he feels like it or not, or whether anyone else notices, rewards, praises or blames or punishes her or not.

• He expects everyone to act, not just Military Officers that are required to act.

Kant’s direct swipes…

• At Utilitarianism– “A good will is not good because of what it effects or

accomplishes…it is good in the willing alone…”

• At Aristotelian Virtues– “Intelligence, courage, resolution, determination…are good in

many respects, but they can be bad or hurtful when the will is not good…” (see Adolph Hitler)

Kant’s Contrasting Strategy

• Morality seems to consist in various law-like principles, obligations, that limit our freedom– “I ought…” (duty) versus I want…” (desire)

• The “Morally Good Will” (person of good character, integrity) – recognizes the moral law as his own self-imposed limitations

on individual freedom for the sake of all

• Human beings have moral dignity because of this power of reason to regulate their behavior – unlike mere animals, we don’t just “have desires” or impulses

and act on them, we also have AUTONOMY (the capacity for self-governance)

• Morality is an expression of that autonomy, it is “self-governance”

Kant: the “Supreme Principle” of Morality

If we ask for the essential characteristic defining moral goodness or worth, we find:

– An action has “moral worth” if • it conforms to the requirements of duty, and • is done for the sake of duty

(…and not for some other motive);

and

– A person is morally good (“good will”) if • he or she can be counted on to do his/her duty,

motivated solely by a respect or reverence for the moral law

(rather than consideration of some other, variable principle).

Kant’s Morality = Duty vs Mill’s Morality = HappinessKant’s Morality = Duty vs Mill’s Morality = Happiness

What is “Duty?”

– Main Entry: • 1du·ty

– Pronunciation: • \ˈdü-tē also ˈdyü-\

– Function: • noun

– Inflected Form(s): • plural duties

– Etymology: • Middle English duete, from Anglo-French deueté, dueté, from deu due

– Date: • 13th century

– 1: conduct due to parents and superiors : respect2 a: obligatory tasks, conduct, service, or functions that arise from one's position (as in life or in a group) b (1): assigned service or business (2): active military service (3): a period of being on duty3 a: a moral or legal obligation b: the force of moral obligation4: tax ; especially : a tax on imports5 a: work

You Make the Call…

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer.

There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered.

The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug.

The sick woman's husband went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it."

So the husband got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife.

Should the husband have done that?Should the husband have done that?

(Kohlberg, 1963, p. 19)

Level I: Pre-Conventional 2. Individualism and exchange 1. Obedience and punishment oreintation

Level I: Pre-Conventional 2. Individualism and exchange 1. Obedience and punishment oreintation

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A SUMMARY OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Copyright 2000 by Robert N. Barger, Ph.D. University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556

1. If I don’t do it I might get in trouble!

2. If I do it, I get something in return…

3. “Good people” would do it…

4. What would happen if we all did this?

5. Does this instance merit transcendence of what society would normally do?

6. Does this meet universal principles of justice

Where would your motives be ranked?...Where would your motives be ranked?...

Level II: Conventional 4. Maintaining the social order 3. Good interpersonal relationships

Level II: Conventional 4. Maintaining the social order 3. Good interpersonal relationships

Level III: Post-Conventional 6. Universal Principles 5. Social contract and individual rights

Level III: Post-Conventional 6. Universal Principles 5. Social contract and individual rights

Some Notes on this Conclusion

This does NOT mean that someone who does the “right” thing for the “wrong” reasons is acting wrongly, only that their action is not praiseworthy.

…It merely means they get no “extra credit.”

Kant allows that this confluence of actions and personal motivations is unusual. He wonders whether, on these criteria, there has ever been a truly “morally good will” in the world!

Our duty presents itself to us in the form of “imperatives” (commands) that are absolute and binding.

…i.e., categorical (no exceptions or excuses)

Terms to Know

• Categorical Imperative (CI)– “Unconditional Obligation”– “No alibi, must comply”

• Maxim– Fundamental principle you act upon– Rule of conduct

• Deontological Ethics– Based on Moral Obligation

Observations about Categorical Imperatives (CIs)

CI’s derive their authority from within – from the rational impulse to obey the dictates of Reason itself

(as an expression of my autonomy)

CI’s command absolutely, unconditionally, “no ifs, ands or buts” (no strings attached)

CI’s are universal, unconditional, NOT subject to variation or change

Duty and the institution of morality are like this(Must comply- no alibi)

“Do this, whether you want to or not, whether you can be made to or not, whether anyone will notice, reward, praise, or blame you (or not).”

Categorical Imperative (CI1):Formula of Universal Law

• CI1 – Formula of Universal Law:

“Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”

Translation:1. Can I universalize my actmy act without contradiction?

Kant’s 4 illustrations:• Do not harm the self (suicide)

• Do not harm or deceive others (lying)

• Do what is good for the self (develop your talents)

• Do what is good for others (beneficence)

Categorical Imperative (CI2)

Formula of the End in Itself

•CI2 – Formula of the End in Itself

“Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.”

Consider Kant’s 4 illustrations, from the perspective of the “agent” (i.e., the person undertaking the action) rather than action:

– Do not harm the self (suicide)

– Do not harm or deceive others (lying)

– Do what is good for the self (develop your talents)

– Do what is good for others (beneficence)

AL ANBAR PROVINCE, Iraq – A member of the 5th Civil Affairs Group, 2nd Marine Division gives a soccer ball to an Iraqi child

The “Categorical Imperative Procedure” (CI3)

• CI3 - “The Kingdom of Ends” – Reason is both the source of moral law (legislator) and subject of the law (citizen).

• Accordingly: “Act always as if you were, through your maxims, a lawmaking member of the moral community, bound to obey the laws you impose upon yourself and others”

Translation:Can this act become a binding moral law for all of us (…including

you)?

No No No

Form aMaxim

Could itbecomeUniversalLaw?

Does ittreatpeopleas an Endnot merely as a Means?

Could the maxim be willed by you and agreed upon by everyone to as moral law for the community?

CI#1 CI#2 CI#3

Fails the Categorical Imperative:Fails the Categorical Imperative:IT IS NOT MORALLY RIGHT!IT IS NOT MORALLY RIGHT!

PPAASSSSEESS

PPAASSSSEESS

Categorical Imperatives

False PromiseFalse Promise: Using Test One: Using Test One

Maxim: I may make a false promise in order to reap financial gain.

Generalized: Anyone may make a false promise to get something they want.

Can I, or Kant I?Can I, or Kant I?

Some potential maxims:• I will always tell the truth.• I will always throw my paper wrappers out

my car window.• I will cure cancer forever by experimenting

with one homeless person’s life.• I will shoot the POW to get the information

to possibly save my troops.• I will provide for my family.• I will steal food for my family if they are

starving.

Would Would youyou do it?do it?

LIE?

If Grandma asked if you liked her terrible cookies?

Protect a classmate from PRB?

Protect a room-mate’s honor offense?

To the Admiral?

KEEP IF FOUND

Dollar bill?

Navy gym shorts?

CD Player ($100)

$1000 cash?Aban-doned car?

STEAL?Govt. ballpoint pen?

Room-mate’s Socks?

Pirate song off internet?

Shirt at mall?

Kidnap person?

CHEAT?Copy someone’s homework?

Copy someone’s lab report?

On term paper?

On final exam?

THE GRAY AREACONSEQUENCES

LOWCONSEQUENCES

HIGH

What would Kant do?

Universal Principle

• Suppose…– IED Victim

• Horrific Burns• Brain damage• Coma• Life support

– $1,000,000 life insurance policy

Observations about Categorical Imperatives (CIs)

CI’s derive their authority from within – from the rational impulse to obey the dictates of Reason itself

(as an expression of my autonomy)

CI’s command absolutely, unconditionally, “no ifs, ands or buts” (no strings attached)

CI’s are universal, unconditional, NOT subject to variation or change

Duty and the institution of morality are like this(Must comply- no alibi)

“Do this, whether you want to or not, whether you can be made to or not, whether anyone will notice, reward, praise, or blame you (or not).”

See any issues here?

Goods and Others…

Kantian EthicsStrengths• Realm of duty, free from utility (Woo-hoo! no math involved!)

• Respect for persons• Golden rule – do unto others, expressed in rational terms• Reason based

Weaknesses• Hyper-rationality and lack of emotion• The irrelevance of inclination• Overly formal and universal

– i.e., most of our duties are in social roles• Inflexibility• Supererogation

Aviano EA-6BGondola Mishap

Crash site near Cavalese, Italy “Four Marines were flying in an EA-6B Prowler when it severed a cable supporting a ski gondola near Cavalese, Italy, on February 3,1998.

The gondola operator and 19 skiers were killed. The cables were from 364 to 370 feet (109 to 111 meters) off the ground in a valley.” (CNN.com)

The Case

• Aircrew• Flight• Immediate Aftermath• Aviano 4-8 Feb• Cherry Point 4-8 Feb• The Tape• The Sequel

Lead in to Virtue Ethics

• How does Kant account for heroism?– Is it our duty to go “beyond the call of

duty?”

• Wouldn’t celibacy be immoral– Couldn’t will it to be a universal law

(…not for long, anyway)

• Which person is more moral?a) A pirate who returns a wallet

b) A priest who returns a wallet

A Few Good Men

One of those cases where law and morality coincide…One of those cases where law and morality coincide…

Recap CI-procedure

CI1 = formula of “universal law”Make it law… without any loopholes

CI2 = “respect for persons principle”People as ends not means

CI3 = “Kingdom of Ends”You are bound to obey the laws you make… for the Good of the Community

Kant portrays the first two as derivations from the third, which attempts to portray the moral situation of a free, rational individual within a democratic society.

The “essence of morality” is the motive (good will) behind the act to produce a “…Systematic union of

rational beings under common objective law.”

Reading for Next ClassAristotle : Character & Virtue Ethics

• EMP (27 pages)– Aristotle and the Ethics of Virtue

and Character (Lucas), 169-172; The Moral Virtues (Aristotle), 173-178; Habit and Virtue (Aristotle), 179-182; Courage (Aristotle), 183-186; Friendship, (Aristotle), 187-190; Warriors: Reflections on Men in Battle (Gray), 191-193.

• CSME (5 pages)– CWO Hugh W. Thompson at My

Lai (Lucas), pp. 95-98; Hugh Thompson; The Sequel (Lucas), pp. 2227.

Objectives from reading:

Comprehend key concepts of Aristotelian Virtue or Character ethics

• What is Aristotle’s basis for human flourishing?

• What is the concept of the “golden mean?”

• Relative importance of mentorship and habituation

• What exactly is character?• 4 cardinal virtues• How does Aristotle’s view of

the virtues of courage and friendship fit w/in the context of our roles as military officers?