emperor penguins

Emperor Penguins - R.J. Ribando

Emperor Penguins: Emperor Penguins: Thermal Design & Thermal Design & Family Life IssuesFamily Life Issues

R. J. Ribando R. J. Ribando July 4, 2004July 4, 2004

Version 1.0Version 1.0

(DRAFT!)(DRAFT!)

In some cases the action will In some cases the action will take place automatically. If take place automatically. If

there is no activity after a few there is no activity after a few seconds then hit seconds then hit EnterEnter, , Page Page

DownDown or the Navigation Button or the Navigation Button

This presentation is a This presentation is a dramatization of the article dramatization of the article by Y.L. Maho listed as a by Y.L. Maho listed as a reference on the last slide. reference on the last slide.

This presentation is a This presentation is a dramatization of the article dramatization of the article by Y.L. Maho listed as a by Y.L. Maho listed as a reference on the last slide. reference on the last slide.


EMPEROR – Unique EMPEROR – Unique breed between 66breed between 66ooS S and 77and 77ooS. The S. The biggest of the 16 biggest of the 16 species of penguins. species of penguins.

King – Smaller King – Smaller breed north of breed north of 6060ooS in sub-S in sub-Antarctic islands Antarctic islands

(Still smaller species along (Still smaller species along coasts of South America, coasts of South America, Africa and Australia)Africa and Australia)

[Mayo, 1977][Mayo, 1977]

Unfortunately, the only Unfortunately, the only penguins in the Northern penguins in the Northern hemisphere are in zoos.hemisphere are in zoos.

Unfortunately, the only Unfortunately, the only penguins in the Northern penguins in the Northern hemisphere are in zoos.hemisphere are in zoos.


Feed from January – March (Antarctic Summer) Feed from January – March (Antarctic Summer) in open sea.in open sea.

In March they travel in single file to rookeryIn March they travel in single file to rookeryAs much as 120 km inlandAs much as 120 km inlandAs many as 4000 in straight line.As many as 4000 in straight line.Some toboggan on stomach.Some toboggan on stomach.

Those that toboggan Those that toboggan use their feet and use their feet and flippers for propulsion.flippers for propulsion.

Those that toboggan Those that toboggan use their feet and use their feet and flippers for propulsion.flippers for propulsion.


They meet, socialize, pair off and mate in April.They meet, socialize, pair off and mate in April.

Mom lays egg in May and takes off fishing!Mom lays egg in May and takes off fishing!

As penguins go, As penguins go, you’re so hot!you’re so hot!

Wow, when we get Wow, when we get married, you won’t married, you won’t have to rent a tux!have to rent a tux!


Dad incubates the egg on his feet for 45 days Dad incubates the egg on his feet for 45 days while mom is off fishing.while mom is off fishing. Winter Antarctic temperatures average –48Winter Antarctic temperatures average –48ooC (-50C (-50ooF). F). Wind speed averages 40 m/s (90 mph) in some places!Wind speed averages 40 m/s (90 mph) in some places!

Dads lose 40% of body mass!Dads lose 40% of body mass!


Chicks hatch in mid-July (middle of winter in Chicks hatch in mid-July (middle of winter in Southern hemisphere).Southern hemisphere).

Moms return from fishing, find mate based on Moms return from fishing, find mate based on acoustic signals only, take over child care.acoustic signals only, take over child care.

Guys take off fishing, - at this point they Guys take off fishing, - at this point they haven’t eaten for 115 days!haven’t eaten for 115 days!

Hi, honey, I’m home! I caught my

limit!

What took you so long?

We’re starving!


Brutal conditions leave hundreds Brutal conditions leave hundreds of orphans and dead chicks.of orphans and dead chicks.

NOTE: Penguin chicks NOTE: Penguin chicks really don’t look like really don’t look like miniature adults; they miniature adults; they are covered in down are covered in down and they are cuter than and they are cuter than the adults, just as with the adults, just as with the human species.the human species.

NOTE: Penguin chicks NOTE: Penguin chicks really don’t look like really don’t look like miniature adults; they miniature adults; they are covered in down are covered in down and they are cuter than and they are cuter than the adults, just as with the adults, just as with the human species.the human species.


Want to know Want to know how I stay alivehow I stay alive?

Yes!Yes! NoNo

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

FeedFeed MateMateLay Lay EggEgg HatchHatch Breeding Timeline:Breeding Timeline:Breeding Timeline:Breeding Timeline:


Short Short Extremities

Down Down undershirt with undershirt with adjustable, adjustable, overlapping overlapping feathersfeathers

30% Fat for 30% Fat for maximum energy maximum energy storage and as storage and as insulation layerinsulation layer

Counterflow Hx’s in legs/feet

Minimum Minimum ground contactground contact

Huddles with the guys in really foul weather

Nearly spherical Nearly spherical shape for minimum shape for minimum surface/volume ratio surface/volume ratio and increasing and increasing radius towards South Pole

Two-tone color scheme Two-tone color scheme for for camouflage when swimming

43Watts

ExitExit

Note: The human resting Note: The human resting metabolic heating rate is only metabolic heating rate is only about 100 W – under much about 100 W – under much more comfortable conditions.more comfortable conditions.

Note: The human resting Note: The human resting metabolic heating rate is only metabolic heating rate is only about 100 W – under much about 100 W – under much more comfortable conditions.more comfortable conditions.

USE GREEN NAVIGATION USE GREEN NAVIGATION BUTTONS ON REMAINING BUTTONS ON REMAINING SLIDES TO COME BACK HERE!SLIDES TO COME BACK HERE!

USE GREEN NAVIGATION USE GREEN NAVIGATION BUTTONS ON REMAINING BUTTONS ON REMAINING SLIDES TO COME BACK HERE!SLIDES TO COME BACK HERE!


In Both Natural and Manmade In Both Natural and Manmade Applications Extra Surface Area Is Applications Extra Surface Area Is

Used to Used to EnhanceEnhance Heat Transfer Heat TransferElephants use their ears to dissipate Elephants use their ears to dissipate waste heat. Asian elephants have much waste heat. Asian elephants have much smaller ears than this African elephant. smaller ears than this African elephant. It’s not as hot where they live.It’s not as hot where they live.

Elephants use their ears to dissipate Elephants use their ears to dissipate waste heat. Asian elephants have much waste heat. Asian elephants have much smaller ears than this African elephant. smaller ears than this African elephant. It’s not as hot where they live.It’s not as hot where they live.

In the cooling fins on In the cooling fins on this motorcycle, the heat this motorcycle, the heat travels along the fin by travels along the fin by conduction and then is conduction and then is swept away from the swept away from the exposed fin surface by exposed fin surface by convection to the air. In convection to the air. In the ear of an elephant the ear of an elephant the longitudinal the longitudinal transport of heat is via transport of heat is via blood flow.blood flow.

In the cooling fins on In the cooling fins on this motorcycle, the heat this motorcycle, the heat travels along the fin by travels along the fin by conduction and then is conduction and then is swept away from the swept away from the exposed fin surface by exposed fin surface by convection to the air. In convection to the air. In the ear of an elephant the ear of an elephant the longitudinal the longitudinal transport of heat is via transport of heat is via blood flow.blood flow.


Cool Venous Cool Venous BloodBlood

Arteries and Veins Adjacent to Arteries and Veins Adjacent to Each Other in Legs Act as Each Other in Legs Act as Counterflow Heat Exchangers- Counterflow Heat Exchangers- No Boots Needed!No Boots Needed!

Warm Arterial Warm Arterial BloodBlood

Feet at much lower Feet at much lower temperature than temperature than body core –body core – Don’t Don’t melt into snow and melt into snow and ice (as ours would.)ice (as ours would.)

Indicates Heat Transfer

Counterflow heat Counterflow heat exchange is not limited exchange is not limited to penguins; seals and to penguins; seals and other marine birds use other marine birds use similar arrangements.similar arrangements.

Counterflow heat Counterflow heat exchange is not limited exchange is not limited to penguins; seals and to penguins; seals and other marine birds use other marine birds use similar arrangements.similar arrangements.


Wind

(Top View)

Huddling Huddling with the with the GuysGuys

Huddling behavior cuts heat transfer by factor of Huddling behavior cuts heat transfer by factor of two over individuals each facing the wind alone.two over individuals each facing the wind alone.

5000-6000 birds (10 bird/m5000-6000 birds (10 bird/m2)2), shuffle along with , shuffle along with wind at ~ 100 m/day. Each takes his turn wind at ~ 100 m/day. Each takes his turn “freezing his butt” at the windward edge where “freezing his butt” at the windward edge where convection coefficient is highest, then moves up convection coefficient is highest, then moves up the sides and back into the center of the huddle.the sides and back into the center of the huddle.

Emperor Penguins - R.J. Ribando(Side View)

Remember that each of these guys has an egg perched between his overhanging belly and the tops of his feet!

Remember that each of these guys has an egg perched between his overhanging belly and the tops of his feet!


Less Severe Less Severe Climate Climate Allows Allows King King Penguins to Penguins to Be Be Territorial Territorial During During IncubationIncubation


*)4(areasurface(loss)TransferHeat 2r

*)3

4(volumeStorage Fuel 3r

Emperors range from 20- 40 kg, 1.3 meters standing tall.

MakeMake as big as possible! as big as possible!

Note that we have used the well-Note that we have used the well-known “spherical penguin” known “spherical penguin” approximationapproximation

Note that we have used the well-Note that we have used the well-known “spherical penguin” known “spherical penguin” approximationapproximation


Two-Tone Color Scheme for Two-Tone Color Scheme for Camouflage while SwimmingCamouflage while Swimming

Predators (seals, mostly) looking Predators (seals, mostly) looking down from above barely sees the down from above barely sees the black against dark sea.black against dark sea.

Predator looking up from below barely sees the white against bright sky

The same idea was used The same idea was used in camouflaging this in camouflaging this 1960’s vintage 1960’s vintage reconnaissance aircraft.reconnaissance aircraft.

The same idea was used The same idea was used in camouflaging this in camouflaging this 1960’s vintage 1960’s vintage reconnaissance aircraft.reconnaissance aircraft.


Reference:Reference:

Maho, Y.L., “The Emperor Penguin: A Strategy to Live Maho, Y.L., “The Emperor Penguin: A Strategy to Live and Breed in the Cold,” American Scientist, Vol. 65, and Breed in the Cold,” American Scientist, Vol. 65, Nov. - Dec. 1977. Literally everything, including the Nov. - Dec. 1977. Literally everything, including the ideas for the graphics, come from this great article!ideas for the graphics, come from this great article!

(Photographer Unknown)

Photo Credits:Photo Credits:Harman, A., Endangered! Elephants, Benchmark Books, 1996.

Sport Cycle Center, Norfolk, VA

Pace, S., Lockheed’s Constellation, MBI, 1998. Photo from Dave Menard Collection.

Author’s Note: The computer- Author’s Note: The computer- generated penguins seen in this generated penguins seen in this presentation are of a very rare white-presentation are of a very rare white-headed subspecies of the Emperor headed subspecies of the Emperor that is not found in nature! that is not found in nature!

Author’s Note: The computer- Author’s Note: The computer- generated penguins seen in this generated penguins seen in this presentation are of a very rare white-presentation are of a very rare white-headed subspecies of the Emperor headed subspecies of the Emperor that is not found in nature! that is not found in nature!

emperor penguins - r.j. ribando emperor penguins: thermal design & family life issues r. j....

Documents

ribando emperor penguins

species of penguins

ribando emperor unique

ribando feed

ribando dad

ribando chicks hatch

ribando brutal conditions