emphasizing landscape elements as important components of a sustainable built environment in nigeria
TRANSCRIPT
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7/31/2019 Emphasizing Landscape Elements as Important Components of a Sustainable Built Environment in Nigeria
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Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Emphasizing Lands
Sustaina
Department of Architecture, Fed
Tel: +234
Abstract
Many residential areas in the buil
generally unattractive and lack ba
artificial features used to create a
cannot be overemphasized. In line
concept in todays urban planning,
depletion and degradation of the n
areas in the built environment in N
elements and their use in the built e
Using a case study approach the stu
extent to which landscaping elemen
not exist in many parts of the estat
landscaping plays a vital role in ach
in the Nigerian built environment.
Keywords: Built Environment, Lan
1. Introduction
It is important at the onset of this
definition of terms used; which inc
of the built environment by variou(2006); McKechnie (2008); Shah (2
environment and surroundings enco
or modified by man. Similarly, Wik
work and recreate; it encompasses
parks and transportation. Summari
having four interrelated characterist
and it is humanly created. Going b
environment created or modified by
From time immemorial, man
amenities as argued by Bartuska (
serving mans needs, Pearce and
negative impacts that may not be iorder to meet the needs of man in t
own needs (WCED, 1987), hence,
towards designing a sustainable bui
environmental impacts. Using the
the present without compromising
achieve sustainability, the social, e
sustainable out comes in the long
physical, social and psychological e
Lombardi (2011), in order to impro
argued that sustainability in the co
environment for the future generati
life span. As such sustainable envir
As noted from the definitions
created through landscaping in ord
nline)
33
ape Elements as Important Co
le Built Environment in Nigeri
Ayeni, Dorcas .A
ral University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Ni
Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
8037006788 E-mail [email protected]
t environment in the developing countries with re
sic landscape elements. Landscape elements enco
befitting visual presentation within the built enviro
with the ethos of sustainable development, sustain
as such landscaping can be used to play a revitalizin
tural environment. This paper examines the poor st
igeria and the impact on the physical outlook. It furt
vironment and the benefits of landscaping to a sustai
dy looks at two residential housing estates in Akure,
ts have been used. The case study established that l
s and where there is, lack adequate maintenance. T
ieving a sustainable built environment and therefore
dscape Elements, Landscaping, Sustainability
study to clarify and acquaint readers with the fun
ludes, the built environment, landscaping and sustain
researchers are acknowledged. However, McMacki012); Dimuna (2011) refers to the built environment
mpassing buildings, spaces, constructed elements of t
ipedia.org (2012) defines it as the human-made spac
places and spaces created or modified by people
sing these definitions, Bartusla (2011) identifies th
ics of being extensive, everywhere, provides context
the above, the built environment can be understood
man satisfy various daily needs.
has always been known to create amenities to mee
2011) are intended to serve human needs, want an
Vanegas (2002) noted that these amenities overti
mediately noticeable and whose collective effects ne present without limiting the ability of the future g
he need to sustainably develop the environment. Fu
lt environment as noted by American Institute Archit
CED (i.e. the Brunndtland) definition of sustainabilit
the ability of future generations to meet their own
vironmental and economic needs must be in balanc
run. A sustainable built environment therefore, mu
nvironment in harmony with the human behaviour as
e and not impact adversely on the present or future g
text of the built environment acknowledges the nee
ns; consequently, what we build today should be su
nment is expected to do less harm.
bove, parks and recreation areas are part of the built
r to improve the visual perceptions, aesthetics and h
www.iiste.org
ponents of a
a
eria, P.O Box 4112,
ference to Nigeria are
pass both natural and
ment; as such its role
ability is an important
g role in the continued
ate of many residential
er discusses landscape
able built environment.
Nigeria to ascertain the
ndscaping elements do
e paper concludes that
eed to be incorporated
damental concepts and
ability. The definitions
n (2005); Curran et al.s a part of the physical
he environment created
e in which people live,
nd includes buildings,
built environment as
for human endeavours
simply as the physical
t various needs. These
d values. However, in
e create positive and
eed to be minimised innerations to meet their
thermore, the first step
ects (2012) is reducing
y meeting the needs of
needs implies that to
e with each other for a
t be able to provide a
argued by Brandon and
enerations. Pohl (2011)
d to protect the natural
tainable throughout its
environment. These are
ealth of the individual.
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Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012
On one hand, landscape is a view
2012); the view or picture in relati
and all features as can be seen in a
built environment. On the other han
and Atolagbe, 2006) is the beauti
supportive roles. It is any activity th
natural elements such as landforms,
elements (Archidude, n.d); This pr
grasses; construction of water fount
As argued by Fadamiro and
within which mans life performan
environment. Although many of th
Mercado (2008) to be part of devel
the effects from the problem. How
quality of the built environment thro
The objective of this paper is t
housing estates in Akure, Nigeria; h
2. Landscaping and the NigerianThe built environment of many
absence of landscaping elements d
infrastructure (Shuaeeb, 2010). Alth
cities, however, a lot still needs to
and Omatsone (2010) majority ar
resulted into slums and blight. Furt
the urban centre which are not aes
changes in order to be consistent wi
be achieved in other aspects of h
(Oduwaye, 2009).
As asserts by Dimuna (2011),
amenities and location is a vital corganism is in direct contact with,
centres in Nigeria were not planne
view of Arigbola (2008) Land use
agency as such cannot result into a
al (2010) opined that for man to f
place requires planning and coordi
adverse consequence on human out
Obong et al (2010) posit that
human welfare and productive life.
feature such as quality landscaping
At the same time it is an essentia
managing the environment as opine
central to human activities. Goin
environment, (Adedeji et al (2010)
design that is functional, cost effecti
3. Landscape Elements and their
As asserts by Beierkuhnlein (2002)
create a non random organisation i
functions of serving as signal to dif
of the sites circulation patterns a
categories of hard and soft material
2012). The hard landscape include
2012); which are structural in natu
sculptures. While the soft landscapArchidude, 2012), such as plants i.e
nline)
34
r picture depicting an expanse of scenery (the free
n to the built environment could depict mountains,
single view of whose interaction has given rise to va
d, landscaping as noted from the web and researcher
ication or modification of the outdoor terrain by
at modifies the visible features of an area of land, in
terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; huma
ocess involves the use of various elements such as
ins, sculptures, kerbs, pavement, drainage, walkways
tolagbe (2006), the environment is an interactive,
e is carried out as such landscape elements are im
problems within urban environments are acknowle
pmental problems of which Nigeria as a developing
ver, there is the need to tackle some of the proble
ugh landscaping in order to create a healthy environm
assess the extent to which landscaping elements hav
ighlighting the uses and benefits landscaping could pl
uilt Environmentigerian urban centres is unattractive, unorganised
e to the rapid rate of urbanisation and inadequate
ough, currently, there is great improvement in the ph
e done in terms of beautification through landscapin
in a state of chaos, characterised with physical d
hermore, Omoera (2012) corroborates the indiscrimi
hetically pleasing; as such there need to be aestheti
th the present and future human needs. This is becau
uman development without the complement of the
he physical environment which comprises the home,
omponent of the environment with which the indiwhose effects are visible and tangible. Unfortunat
d but were products of grown developments (Ahia
ctivity is disjointed and uncoordinated due to the ab
ositive outcome of sustainable city development. In t
nction well, the physical environment within whic
nation in order to avoid poor physical outlook whic
ut.
the quality of the environment help in creating a h
Supporting this, Akingbohungbe (2006) asserts that
and street furniture gives the environment a high stat
l and important contributor to quality of life (Fada
by Obong et al (2010) for fruitful, healthy and prod
g by the above and in improving the aesthetics
uggests that for landscaping to be sustainable, landsc
ve, visually pleasing, environmentally friendly and m
ses in the Built Environment
landscapes are composed of elements of different n
n aggregates and pattern. Furthermore, landscape el
erent areas within a site, contributes to visitor orient
d scale (Mount Annan Botanic Garden, n.d). The
s and water bodies (Adedeji and Fadamiro, 2011; At
inanimate elements also referred to as inorganic (
e such as kerbs, stones, bollards, tiles, walkways, as
e include animate elements, also known as organic. trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses and water such as poo
www.iiste.org
online Dictionary.com,
uildings, water bodies,
rious landscapes in the
(Daves garden, 2012;
an for functional and
luding living elements,
n elements and abstract
trees, flowers, shrubs,
e.t.c.
indispensable medium
ortant within the built
dged by kjellstrom and
nation is not left out of
s by improving on the
ent for man.
e been used within two
ay within these estates
nd overwhelm by the
aintenance of existing
ysical outlook of major
g. As noted by Dimuna
eterioration which has
nate posting of bills in
cally pleasing physical
e; sustainability cannot
physical environment
the structural stability,
idual, community andely, most of the urban
ba et al, 2008). In the
sence of a coordinating
he same vein, Obong et
human activities take
h in the long run have
ealthy environment for
a good environmental
s and urban aesthetics.
iro, 2000). Therefore
ctive living is vital and
of the Nigerian built
ping must begin with a
aintainable.
ture which interacts to
ements have important
tion and understanding
elements fall into two
lagbe and Olorunfemi,
aff, 2006; Archidude,
phalt, paving, planters,
elements (Blake, 1999;ls, pond, and fountains.
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Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Integrating these elements not only
the built environment making it bea
Hard landscape is a landscape
signal and points of reference for
appearance and overall character a
integrating these elements systemat
As a design element, hard landscap
them. Through design imagination,
landscape features that can attract
pleasure to the landscape. Not only
in the landscape, orchestrate the wa
landscape can create very unique lo
Soft landscape as opposed to t
shrubs trees and flower bed and in a
screening and maintaining privacy,
important for biodiversity.
Some hard landscape element
discussed in the works of Schlenger
are summarised below.Collectively, trees, shrubs, flo
landscape elements. Apart from se
control, defines pathway, noise poll
as air purification.
Trees in landscaping are used n
rows to create vistas, used as focal
variety of appearances, some flowe
direct pedestrian traffic flow as well
Flowers and flower beds give
arranged symmetrically or in assym
Hedges can be used to mark prope
can be from trees or shrubs, plantedto add beauty to the landscape and
covers used in private gardens, publ
While the water features which
provide visual satisfaction, focal poi
Street lights, barriers or bollar
etc can be categorised under the ha
movement and direction and come i
provide comfort within the lands
direction.
4. The Benefits of Landscaping to
Although, adding to the beauty an
there are other vital benefits lands
economic, health and psychological
aesthetics reasons are beneficial p
apart from enhancing and complem
sense of well being. As such landsc
(2011), it is important that people r
way to encourage people to invest i
Economically, it has been ac
Frank, 2003; Riggins, 2011) that
landscaping can also increase the pr
also cuts down on maintenance, and
families, clients, employees and frie
At the same time a tree shadinpercent and reduce air conditionin
nline)
35
add to the aesthetics but also aid mans visual attract
tiful and functional.
elements play a number of important functional roles
visitor orientation and circulation, as well as contri
d identity (Mount Annan Botanic Garden, n.d). Lan
ically within the environment to give it aesthetically
e materials can make no contribution until the desig
Ingels (2009) argued that hard landscape materials c
the eye, add mass and weight to the composition,
does it reduce maintenance costs, in addition helps d
y the landscape is viewed and enhance its beauty. Fo
ks and generate lots of interest.
he inanimate hard landscape includes flowers, plants,
ddition animals, Beaulieu (2008). Thus soft landscap
which breaks the monotony of view; provides habit
and soft landscape elements; their usefulness and
(2012); Synor (2001); Beaulieu (2012), Ayeni (2012)
ers, hedges and lawn can be referred to as vegetation
ving the function of visual enhancement, they furth
ution, microclimate modifiers, demarcations, shading
ot only for aesthetic purposes but also create shades,
oints and can be placed in a straight line for effect.
ing and others evergreen. They can be used as barrie
as serve as a barrier for unwanted foot traffic.
olour and attractive effects to the landscape. They c
trical patterns and in different shapes to give a beauti
ty lines, screening views, provide barriers and also
close together in a row. Could be formal or informalcan also be used in fences. Lawns are made from
ic gardens and parks and used to create aesthetics.
are also important landscape elements include ponds
nt, swimming and add to the aesthetics of the environ
s, fences, railings, signage, walkways, rocks, bricks,
rd landscape and street furniture. The walkways or
in different shapes, colours and sizes. The street fur
ape. The signs give effective communication of
a Sustainable Built Environment
aesthetics of the environment is a major benefit o
aping provide. This as corroborated by Frank (200
, and environmental benefits. As opined by Riggin (
rposes that go beyond mere adding architectural d
enting a space, it provides benefits such as health, ec
aping does not serve the purpose of beautifying alone
ecognize that landscaping is not just a way of beauti
it for functional and aesthetics purposes.
nowledge by various researchers (Laverne and Wi
, landscaping apart from increasing the aesthetic
operty value, by adding to the resale value of a buildi
gives home and business owners more time to enjoy
nds (Freeland, 2009)
an outdoor air conditioner unit can increase its efficicost by fifteen percent if used to block the sun fro
www.iiste.org
ion and comfort within
in the garden acting as
ibuting to the gardens
dscape design involves
pleasing visual effects.
ner decides how to use
an be transformed into
create themes and add
ivide and define spaces
r example, rocks in the
groundcovers, hedges,
serves the functions of
at for animals which is
ses in landscaping are
; Archidude (2012) and
and categorised as soft
ermore help in erosion
, wind breakers as well
they can be arranged in
lso, Shrubs come in a
rs, ground cover and to
n be grouped together,
ful design. Futhermore,
s wind breakers. They
l, trimmed and prunnedgrass and other ground
lakes, pools, fountains
ment.
seats, bus shelters, bins
aved paths help define
niture or site amenities
information and show
landscaping, however,
) can be grouped into
011), in addition to the
coration. Furthermore,
onomic and the overall
. As argued by Riggins
ying an area but also a
nson-Geideman, 2003;
s quality of property,
ng and speed its sale. It
their gardens with their
ency by as much as tenm windows and walls.
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Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Furthermore, trees, hedges, grasses
the sun thereby reducing heat ga
mechanical and electrical systems (
Psychologically and health wis
trees and flowers, experienced less j
elements from their windows.
Another psychological and h
community, enhanced communicati
participate in tree planting.
Frank (2003) noted that more v
and at the same time foster infor
activities that come with gardenin
(2003); Freeland (2009) and Riggin
noises, reduces runoff and also filte
pollution. Furthermore, Plants impr
Control odours from livestock opera
Riggins (2011) noted that pla
become spaces that can be used f
seating areas provided can encourathe wildlife attracted to a planted
asserts that, in designing a landscap
plants and hardscape materials in h
(2010) and the Wordpress (2011)
erosion, improved air quality, lo
aesthetic quality, increases the resa
environment. Thus a sustainable bu
will enhance the beauty of the envi
contribute to human well being and
5. Study Area and Methodology
Akure, the Ondo state capital, NigLocated in the South Western part o
state capital in 1976 (Akinbamijo,
Million in 1996 (Aribigbola, 2008)
latitude 70
15 North of the Equato
km2
of land and is about 700 km S
Aribigbola, 2011). It is 350 kilom
forest region of Nigeria (Aribigbol
urbanisation which has led to the cr
Since the objective of the stud
the built environment, the study ut
approach using two residential hous
major housing estates in Akure, ho
Apart from the primary sourc
internet, journal articles, and book
preferred in order to have an in-de
within the selected estates. As noted
the data within a specific context.
estates was carried out to identify
collected using field notes, photo
narrative approach.
6. Selected case studies and Findi
6.1 Case study 1- Ijapo Housing
Ijapo estate is one of the estates in
estate in which residential properti
nline)
36
and shrubs can protect your home from harsh winds
ins inside the building which in turn, reduces t
iggins, 2011).
e, Frank (2003) argued that workers with a view of n
ob pressure, and reported fewer ailments than those
ealth benefit as asserts by Ames (1980) is havin
on with neighbours, and more control over their envi
egetation in a common place within the neighbourho
al social interaction. Health and strength also incr
(Freeland, 2009). Environmentally, as compiled fr
s (2011), plants serves as buffer for noise pollution bl
rs pollutants from rain water preventing it from beco
ove air quality by removing smoke, dust, and other
tions, and provides visual isolation and aesthetic enha
nts in combination with other outdoor landscape el
r organized events, casual meetings or simply ta
e and give the visitor or user a sense of communityabitat sometimes results in pleasant natural sounds.
e, framing vistas, introducing mystery, and creating y
armony, will create a lasting beauty. Thus summariz
affirm that these benefits include water quality p
er summer air temperatures, natural resource con
le value of property, natural attraction for birds and
ilt environment must be able to provide opportunity
ronment, pleasing and functional, attract developmen
at the same time remain viable for the future.
ria is the study area within which the selected estaf the country, as shown in figure 1, is a medium sized
2006; Ogunbodede, 2007) and has a population th
to 3.4 Million in 2006 (Olajuyigbe and Rotowa, 201
and longitude 50
14 East of the Greenwich Meridia
outhwest of Abuja, the federal capital of Nigeria (Ol
tres from Lagos, Nigerias former capital and lies
a, 2011). Peculiar to Akure as with many other citi
ation of both public and private housing estates (Aki
is to assess the extent to which landscaping element
ilised the qualitative method of data collection and
ing estates in Akure, the Ondo State capital, Nigeria.
ever, two were selected using the convenience sampli
of data collection, relevant materials were also sou
s amongst others. The primary source using the ca
pth understanding of the availability and the need o
by Zainal (2007) case study method enables a resear
Prior to the site visit, an intensive reconnaissance as
notable landscape elements used or absent within
raphic evidence and general observation, and anal
gs
Estate
kure managed by the Ondo State Housing Coopera
es were developed by private individuals (Olujimi
www.iiste.org
and absorbs heat from
he demand placed on
tural elements, such as
ho could only see built
g a stronger sense of
onment when residents
d encourages more use
ease with the Physical
m the works of Frank
ocking out surrounding
ming a source of water
pollutants from the air.
ncement
ements and plazas can
ing a break; also, the
cohesion. Furthermore,Also, Freeland (2009)
ar-round interest using
ing the benefits, Fillon
rotection, reduced soil
ervation, Stress relief,
ildlife and helps the
for landscaping which
t in order to be able to
es are situated. Akure,city which became the
at has grown from 2.6
1). Akure is located on
n; It occupies about 35
lujimi and Bello, 2009;
ithin the tropical rain
es are the processes of
bamijo, 2006).
have been used within
adopted the case study
lthough there are four
ing method.
ced from publications,
se study approach was
f landscaping elements
her to closely examine
essment to the selected
the estates. Data was
yzed using the simple
ion. It is a government
and Bello, 2009). The
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Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012
estate is basically a housing estate
include churches, market, schools, h
During the appraisal and obse
May 2012, the following were note
1. The road network was wellHowever, some of the road
2. Natural landscape elemenindividual properties, some
3. The only form of provisionhotels where people spend
4. Very few houses have varideciduous trees to create sh
5. Also noticed was the adequ6. Through the entire estate, n
Lighting features were als
Figures 1 to 6are pictures f
6.2 Case study 2- Federal Housi
Unlike Ijapo estate which is being
popularly called Shagari estate is mwhich residential properties mainly
estate has large expanse of land wh
with specific designs and specifica
facilities provided. The following w
1. Although there is good roa2. The only plants that exist in
for wildlife and few within
3. There is adequate open spa4. Very few residents planted5. There are no other forms o
estate. Figures 7 to 12 sho
7. Discussion of Findings
The study set out to investigate th
Shagari estate Akure, Nigeria and
two selected estates visited. The bu
created or modified by man to ser
beautification (Dimuna, 2011; Bartu
Although the environment is c
consequences within the built envir
of rapid urbanization, leading to
environment which can be tackled
Unfortunately, man, especially in d
landscaping brings not only to the
environment satisfies man socially,
that of the environment and not imp
In Nigeria, there is a gradual
capitals are being transformed in se
investigation within the two selecte
stated in the literature, a healthy hu
time help man to function well. As
Evidence from the two case s
elements within both estates, and s
the unawareness of residents on the
Both estates, though managed
owned by individuals. From investi
in both estates are good, however,element within both estates as othe
nline)
37
and has a general unifying characteristic that serve s
otels and a football field.
vation visits on the use of landscaping elements in t
.
l structured for ease of movement within the estate w
s were in bad state.
ts were used sparingly to landscape the immedia
well managed while others were left bushy.
for recreation is the football field within the estate; ho
time for relaxation in the evenings.
ties of landscaping elements, some used stone fencin
ades.
ate open spaces which can be landscaped to serve rec
o water features were noticed except for the stream tha
o absent, lawns, street furniture were all none existi
om the visit showing areas within the estate.
g Estate Shagari Village
anaged by the Ondo State Housing Cooperation, the
naged by the Federal Housing Authority. It is a federbungalows were developed by the government and
ich is sold to interested private individual, however o
tions. The estate has few religious buildings, scho
ere noted during a visit to the estate in the month of
network, however, most of the roads are in bad state
the estate are natural plants which surrounds the est
the estate
ce within the estate which can be landscaped for resid
flowers within their allocated compounds
f landscape elements such as water, lighting, street f
the state of the estate at the time of visit.
extent to which landscape elements were used wit
indings from the study are discussed based on the e
ilt environment as identified from the literature is th
ve human needs and includes buildings, spaces, co
ska, 2011; Shah, 2012).
reated by man to meet mans daily needs, with tim
onment. These problems as identified in the literatur
uncontrolled development, slum creation, unattra
and a healthy environment created through landsca
eveloping countries with reference to Nigeria are no
nvironment but also to the well being of the individ
environmentally and economically by improving on
act negatively on the present and that of the future.
wareness on the importance of beautification of the
gments. However, a lot of urban centers are still bei
d housing estates. Several benefits were highlighted i
an life can be achieved through a good quality envir
uch good landscaping contributes to quality of life.
tudies; Ijapo estates and Shagari estate visited sho
ows the extent of neglect from the concerned author
several benefits that landscaping brings or not.
by the state and federal government respectively, m
ation, only a few houses have scanty landscape elem
many of the roads are in bad shape. Trees were tlandscape elements were visibly absent. Similar to
www.iiste.org
everal functions. These
e months of April and
ich has four entrances.
e environment of the
wever, there are several
g, others plants. But no
reational needs.
t flows across the estate.
ng at the time of visit.
Federal Housing Estate
al government estate inold to individuals. The
nly allowed bungalows
ls, but no recreational
ay, 2012:
.
te and serves as habitat
ents to benefit
rniture etc. Within the
in the Ijapo estate and
isting situations in the
e physical environment
nstructed elements and
bring with it negative
are created as a result
tive and unorganized
ing and beautification.
t aware of the benefits
ual. A sustainable built
mans well being and
environment; few state
g neglected; hence the
in the literature; also as
nment and at the same
the lack of landscape
ities. And also shows
st of the properties are
ents. The road network
he dominant landscapeoth estates were bushy
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Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012
surroundings and open spaces that c
cohesion.
8. Conclusion and Recommendati
The study established from the cas
small number of properties have v
management, by creating a horticu
shrubs, hedges) and other landscape
Landscaping has so many ben
for attractive environment, there ne
beautification.
Furthermore, many of the ope
could carve out open spaces specifi
unity within the estates.
The paper has elaborated on th
and human well being. In order to
governments input in transforming
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Figure 1
Figures 1 and 2 showing a brick fen
Figure 3
Figures 3 and 4 showing a bushy pr
Figure 5
Figures 5 and 6 showing bad section
nline)
41
Figure 2
ce, drainage, un-tarred road, sparing landscape featur
Figure 4
perties, few trees and worn out tarred road
Figure 6
s of different roads due to erosion and few trees
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s
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Figure 7
Figures 7 and 8 showing the state o
Figure 9
Figures 9 and 10 showing the terrai
Figure11
Figures 11 and 12 showing the natu
nline)
42
Figure 8
the road and the estate setting
Figure 10
, the natural vegetation and state of the estate
Figure 12
al vegetation and spaces that can be landscaped
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