mvTypical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, mv (after Carter 1983)Type of clayDescriptionmv(x10-3m2/kN)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageHeavy over-consolidated boulder clays, stiff weathered rocks and hard claysVery low compressibility0.05Boulder clays, marls, very stiff tropical red claysLow compressibility0.050.10.075Firm clays, glacial outwash clays, lake deposits, weathered marls, firm boulder clays, normally consolidated clays at depth and firm tropical red claysMedium compressibility0.10.30.2Normally consolidated alluvial clays such as estuarine and delta deposits, and sensitive claysHigh compressibility0.31.50.9Highly organic alluvial clays and peatsVery high compressibility1.5Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

CcTypical Values of Compressibility Index, Cc (after Holtz and Kovacs 1981)SoilCcLower LimitUpper LimitAverageNormally consolidated medium sensitive clays0.20.50.35Chicago silty clay (CL)0.150.30.225Boston blue clay (CL)0.30.50.4Vicksburg Buckshot clay (CH)0.50.60.55Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH)132Canadian Leda clays (CL-CH)142.5Mexico City clay (MH)7108.5Organic clays (OH)4Peats (Pt)101512.5Organic silt and clayey silts (ML-MH)1.542.75San Francisco Bay Mud (CL)0.41.10.75San Francisco Old Bay clays (CH)0.70.90.8Bangkok clay (CH)0.4Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

CvTypical Values of the Coefficient of Consolidation, cv (after Carter and Bentley 1991)SoilcvReference(m2/yr)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageBoston blue clay (CL)61812Ladd and Luscher, 1965Organic silt (OH)0.631.8Lowe, Zaccheo, and Feldman, 1964Glacial lake clays (CL)22.72.35Wallace and Otto, 1964Chicago silty clay (CL)2.72.72.7Terzaghi and Peck, 1967Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH)Holtz and Broms, 19721. laboratory0.10.20.152. field0.210.6San Francisco Bay Mud (CL)0.61.20.9Mexico City clay (MH)0.30.50.4Leonards and Girault, 1961Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.Comparison of cv Obtained From Various Methods (after Robinson and Allam, 1996)SoilRange of Pressure 'cvReference(m2/yr)(kPa)Logarithm-of-time methodSquare-root-of-time methodEarly stage log t methodRed earth25-501.461.721.9350-1002.032.522.84100-2002.313.153.60200-4002.573.443.96400-8002.553.784.04Brown soil25-501.201.401.7150-1000.951.191.20100-2000.901.071.11200-4000.660.700.86400-8000.410.460.43Black cotton soil25-501.602.073.0750-1000.971.161.51100-2000.630.791.09200-4000.360.500.64400-8000.180.200.25Illite25-500.520.710.7950-1000.421.001.05100-2000.691.001.15200-4000.991.451.62400-8001.311.842.03Bentonite25-500.020.040.0550-1000.010.030.04100-2000.010.020.03200-4000.010.010.01400-8000.000.010.01Chicago clay12.5-507.9214.3514.51Taylor, 194825-506.347.549.9350-1004.325.496.37100-2001.001.491.57200-4001.441.391.55400-8001.912.032.34800-16002.242.722.87Das, Braja M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Fifth Ed., Thomas Learning, United States, 2002.

CTypical Values of C/Cc (after Carter and Bentley 1991)SoilC/CcLower LimitUpper LimitAverageOrganic silts0.0350.060.0475Amorphous and fibrous peat0.0350.0850.06Canadian muskeg0.090.10.095Leda clay (Canada)0.030.060.045Post-glacial Swedish clay0.050.070.06Soft blue clay (Victoria, B.C.)0.0260.0260.026Organic clays and silts0.040.060.05Sensitive clay, Portland, ME0.0250.0550.04San Francisco Bay Mud0.040.060.05New Liskeard (Canada) varved clay0.030.060.045Mexico City clay0.030.0350.0325Hudson River silt0.030.060.045New Haven organic clay silt0.040.0750.0575Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Typical Values of Unit Weights (sat and dry) (after Carter and Bentley 1991)Soilsatdry(kN/m3)(kN/m3)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageLower LimitUpper LimitAverageSands and gravelsvery loose16.6717.6517.1612.7513.7313.24loose17.6518.6318.1413.7314.7114.22medium dense18.6320.5919.6114.7117.6516.18dense19.6121.5720.5916.6719.6118.14very dense21.5722.5622.0619.6121.5720.59Poorly-graded sands16.6718.6317.6512.7514.7113.73Well-graded sands17.6522.5620.1013.7321.5717.65well-graded sand/gravel mixtures18.6322.5620.5914.7121.5718.14Claysunconsolidated muds15.6916.6716.188.8310.799.81soft, open-structured16.6718.6317.6510.7913.7312.26typical, normally consolidated17.6521.5719.6112.7518.6315.69boulder clays (overconsolidated)19.6123.5421.5716.6721.5719.12Red tropical soils16.6720.5918.6312.7517.6515.20Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

EsRepresentative Values of Modulus of Elasticity of Soil, Es (Das, 2002)SoilEs(kPa)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageSoft clay180035002650Hard clay60001400010000Loose sand100002800019000Dense sand350007000052500Range of Values: Modulus of Elasticity, E (McCarthy, 1998)SoilEs(kPa)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageSand, loose90002500017000Sand, dense450008000062500Sand, silty70002100014000Sand and gravel, loose4500014500095000Sand and gravel, dense90000180000135000Silt24002000011200Loess150005000032500Clay, soft50050002750Clay, medium4000100007000Clay, firm70002000013500Clay, sandy250004000032500

Representative Values of Poisson's Ration, (Das, 2002)SoilLower LimitUpper LimitAverageLoose sand0.20.40.3MediumSand0.250.40.325Dense sand0.30.450.375Silty sand0.20.40.3Soft clay0.150.250.2Medium clay0.20.50.35Range of Values: Poisson's Ratio, (McCarthy, 1998)SoilLower LimitUpper LimitAverageSand, loose0.10.30.2Sand, dense0.30.40.35Silt0.30.40.35Loess0.20.40.3Clay, saturated0.40.50.45Clay, partially saturated0.30.40.35Clay, with sand and silt0.20.40.3

CuTypical Values of Undrained Shear Strength, cu (after Day, 2006)Claycu(kPa)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageVery soft12Soft122518.5Medium255037.5Stiff5010075Very stiff100200150Hard200Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

eTypical Values of Void Ratio, e (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)SoileLower LimitUpper LimitAverageCompacted caliche0.2270.6670.447Silty sand0.2420.3330.2875Sandy clay0.3791.3030.841Beach sand0.6360.8330.7345Compacted Boston blue clay0.4850.6520.5685Vicksburg buckshot clay0.5760.9850.7805Ottawa sand0.5910.6360.6135Sand-Franklin Falls0.750.8480.799Sand-Scituate0.4850.6210.553Sand-Plum Island0.6520.6970.6745Sand-Fort Peck0.5610.6060.5835Silt-Boston0.7423.972.356Loess0.6520.7640.708Lean clay0.3940.530.462Sand-Union Falls0.4390.6450.542Silt-North Carolina0.6360.8790.7575Sand from dike0.6521.1520.902Sodium-Boston blue clay0.472.6971.5835Calcium kaolinite1.2121.6821.447Sodium montmorillonite2.3333.973.1515Sand (dam filter)0.4550.7730.614Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

kTypical Values of Permeability, k (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)Soilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageCompacted caliche5.0E-091.0E-075.3E-08Silty sand7.0E-093.0E-081.9E-08Sandy clay2.5E-102.8E-041.4E-04Beach sand8.0E-022.0E-011.4E-01Compacted Boston blue clay3.5E-093.2E-081.8E-08Vicksburg buckshot clay3.0E-101.2E-097.5E-10Ottawa sand6.0E-107.0E-106.5E-10Sand-Franklin Falls9.0E-041.2E-031.1E-03Sand-Scituate4.0E-039.5E-036.8E-03Sand-Plum Island1.8E-022.8E-022.3E-02Sand-Fort Peck1.8E-032.8E-032.3E-03Silt-Boston1.0E-082.0E-061.0E-06Loess4.0E-095.2E-094.6E-09Lean clay2.0E-092.8E-081.5E-08Sand-Union Falls4.3E-021.0E-017.2E-02Silt-North Carolina5.7E-078.0E-054.0E-05Sand from dike1.4E-041.7E-039.2E-04Sodium-Boston blue clay1.7E-101.0E-075.0E-08Calcium kaolinite2.1E-061.2E-057.1E-06Sodium montmorillonite1.8E-081.8E-081.8E-08Sand (dam filter)1.6E-031.0E-015.1E-02Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.Typical Values of Permeability, kSoilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageClean gravel1.0E+001.0E+00Gravel, clean coarse sand1.0E-011.0E+005.5E-01Graded sand, fine sand1.0E-031.0E-015.1E-02Silty sand, silt1.0E-051.0E-035.1E-04Dense silt, clayey silt1.0E-071.0E-055.1E-06Clay, silty clay1.0E-071.0E-073.2E-02Spangler, Merlin G. and R.L. Handy, Soil Engineering, Fourth Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1982.Typical Values of Permeability, kSoilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageRiver depositsRhone at Genissiat4.00E-01Small streams, eastern Alps2.00E-021.60E-019.00E-02Missouri2.00E-022.00E-011.10E-01Mississippi2.00E-021.20E-017.00E-02Glacial depositsOutwash plains5.00E-022.00E+001.03E+00Esker, Westfiels, Mass.1.00E-021.30E-017.00E-02Delta, Chicopee, Mass.1.00E-041.50E-027.55E-03Till1.00E-04Wind depositsDune sand1.00E-013.00E-012.00E-01Loess1.00E-03Loess loam1.00E-04Lacustrine and marine offshore depositsVery fine uniform sand1.00E-046.40E-033.25E-03Bull's liver, Sixth Ave. N.Y.1.00E-045.00E-032.55E-03Bull's liver, Brooklyn1.00E-051.00E-045.50E-05Clay1.00E-07Lambe, T. William, and Whitman, Robert V., Soil Mechanics, SI version, Wiley, New York, 1969.Typical Values of Permeability, kSoilk(cm/s)Lower LimitUpper LimitAverageClean gravel1.0E+001.0E+015.5E+00Clean sand, sand and gravel mixtures1.0E-031.0E+005.0E-01Fine sands, silts1.0E-051.0E-035.1E-04Sand-silt-clay mistures, glacial tills1.0E-071.0E-045.0E-05Homogeneous clays1.0E-07McCarthy, David F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.