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Chemistry: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 Empirical Formula vs. Molecular Formula: What’s the difference? Molecular Formula – shows us the number and type of atoms that make up a molecule. Empirical Formula shows the simplest ratio of elements in a molecular compound. Sometimes the empirical formula and molecular formula are the same. Other times they are different. Let’s look at the molecular and empirical formulae for water and hydrogen peroxide: Water Hydrogen Peroxide Molecular Formula H 2 O H 2 O 2 Empirical Formula H 2 O HO For water, the molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, so its molecular formula is H 2 O. This also represents the simplest ratio of atoms in the molecule, so its empirical formula is H 2 O. So water’s molecular and empirical formulae are the same. However, they are different for hydrogen peroxide. A hydrogen peroxide molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, so its molecular formula is H 2 O 2 . The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 1:1, so hydrogen peroxide’s empirical formula is HO. 1. Explain why the molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H 2 O 2 . 2. Explain why the empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO. 3. Write the molecular and empirical formulas for each of the compounds below. Ethene Propene Molecular Formula Empirical Formula 4. Why do these two compounds have different molecular formulas, but the same empirical formula?

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Page 1: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 - Annville-Cleona … Word - Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2.docx Author Good, Brian Created Date 4/28/2014 11:03:57 AM

Chemistry:  Empirical  Formula  Guided  Inquiry  v2  

Empirical  Formula  vs.  Molecular  Formula:    What’s  the  difference?  

Molecular  Formula  –  shows  us  the  number  and  type  of  atoms  that  make  up  a  molecule.      

Empirical  Formula  -­‐  shows  the  simplest  ratio  of  elements  in  a  molecular  compound.      

Sometimes  the  empirical  formula  and  molecular  formula  are  the  same.    Other  times  they  are  different.    Let’s  look  at  the  molecular  and  empirical  formulae  for  water  and  hydrogen  peroxide:    

  Water   Hydrogen  Peroxide    

   

Molecular  Formula   H2O   H2O2  

Empirical  Formula   H2O   HO  

For  water,  the  molecule  is  made  up  of  two  hydrogen  atoms  and  one  oxygen  atom,  so  its  molecular  formula  is  H2O.    This  also  represents  the  simplest  ratio  of  atoms  in  the  molecule,  so  its  empirical  formula  is  H2O.    So  water’s  molecular  and  empirical  formulae  are  the  same.    However,  they  are  different  for  hydrogen  peroxide.    A  hydrogen  peroxide  molecule  is  made  of  two  hydrogen  atoms  and  two  oxygen  atoms,  so  its  molecular  formula  is  H2O2.    The  ratio  of  hydrogen  atoms  to  oxygen  atoms  is  1:1,  so  hydrogen  peroxide’s  empirical  formula  is  HO.  

1. Explain  why  the  molecular  formula  for  hydrogen  peroxide  is  H2O2.  

2. Explain  why  the  empirical  formula  for  hydrogen  peroxide  is  HO.  

3. Write  the  molecular  and  empirical  formulas  for  each  of  the  compounds  below.  

  Ethene   Propene    

   

Molecular  Formula      

Empirical  Formula      

4. Why  do  these  two  compounds  have  different  molecular  formulas,  but  the  same  empirical  formula?  

Page 2: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 - Annville-Cleona … Word - Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2.docx Author Good, Brian Created Date 4/28/2014 11:03:57 AM

5. Write  the  molecular  and  empirical  formulas  for  each  of  the  compounds  below.  

  Ethane   Propane    

   

Molecular  Formula      

Empirical  Formula      

6. Do  these  two  compounds  have  the  same  or  different  empirical  formulae?    Explain  why.  

7. Write  the  molecular  and  empirical  formulas  for  each  of  the  compounds  below.  

  Formaldehyde   Acetic  Acid   Glucose    

   

 

Molecular  Formula        

Empirical  Formula        

8. Do  these  three  compounds  have  the  same  or  different  empirical  formulae?    Explain  why.  

9. Explain  how  you  can  determine  a  compound’s  empirical  formula  from  its  molecular  formula.  

STOP  –  Take  the  online  Empirical  Quick  Quiz  #1.  When  you  are  finished  see  your  teacher  for  your  quiz  score.    Bring  your  guided  inquiry  with  you.  

Page 3: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 - Annville-Cleona … Word - Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2.docx Author Good, Brian Created Date 4/28/2014 11:03:57 AM

Empirical  Formulae:  Why  do  we  need  to  know?    When  analytical  chemists  analyze  an  unknown  substance,  they  don’t  know  its  molecular  formula.    But  they  can  use  their  laboratory  equipment  to  determine  the  elements  and  how  much  of  each  one  are  in  a  compound.    Determining  the  empirical  formula  of  an  unknown  compound  is  the  first  step  to  determining  its  molecular  formula  and  identity.    

How  to  Determine  Empirical  Formulae  The  subscripts  in  an  empirical  formula  represent  the  ratio  of  atoms  in  a  compound.    For  example,  ethene’s  empirical  formula  of  CH2  means  that  for  every  carbon  atom  there  are  two  hydrogen  atoms.    If  we  know  the  number  of  moles  of  each  atom  in  a  compound  we  can  determine  the  empirical  formula.  

Example  #1:  A  sample  of  an  unknown  compound  was  sent  to  an  analytical  lab  to  determine  its  composition.      The  lab  analysis  shows  that  the  sample’s  percent  composition  by  mass  is  80.0%  carbon  and  20.0%  hydrogen.    What  is  the  compound’s  empirical  formula?  

Step  1  –  Convert  the  percentages  of  each  element  to  grams  by  assuming  we  have  a  100.0  gram  sample:  

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠  𝑜𝑓  𝐶 = 90.0%×100.0  𝑔 = 80.0  𝑔     𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠  𝑜𝑓  𝐻 = 10.0%×100.0  𝑔 = 10.0  𝑔  

Step  2  –  Convert  the  grams  of  each  element  to  moles  using  the  molar  mass  of  each  element:    

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠  𝑜𝑓  𝐶 = 90.0  𝑔× !  !"#!".!  !

= 7.50  𝑚𝑜𝑙     𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠  𝑜𝑓  𝐻 = 10.0  𝑔× !  !"#!.!  !

= 10.0  𝑚𝑜𝑙  

Step  3  –  Convert  the  number  of  moles  of  each  element  to  a  whole  number  ratio  by  dividing  the  smallest  number  into  the  other  numbers:  

𝐻  𝑡𝑜  𝐶  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = !".!  !"#!.!"  !"#

= 1.33       C  𝑡𝑜  𝐶  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = !.!"  !"#!.!"  !"!

= 1.00  

1.33  is  not  a  whole  number  so  we  need  to  multiply  each  ratio  by  3  to  get  whole  numbers  

ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜   = 1.33×3 = 4   𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 1.00×3 = 3  

Step  4  –  Write  the  empirical  formula  using  the  whole  number  ratios  as  the  subscripts:  

  𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙  𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 = 𝐶!𝐻!      

Example  #2:    What  is  the  empirical  formula  of  a  compound  that  is  75.7%  tin  (Sn)  and  24.3%  fluorine  (F)?  To  solve  this  problem  let’s  assume  we  have  a  100.0  gram  sample  of  the  compound.  

10. What  is  the  mass  of  tin  in  the  100.0  g  sample?  

11. What  is  the  mass  of  fluorine  in  the  100.0  g  sample?  

12. How  many  moles  of  tin  are  in  this  sample?  

13. How  many  moles  of  fluorine  are  in  this  sample?  

Page 4: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 - Annville-Cleona … Word - Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2.docx Author Good, Brian Created Date 4/28/2014 11:03:57 AM

14. What  is  the  simplest  whole  number  ratio  of  the  moles  of  the  elements?    

15. Write  the  empirical  formula  using  the  numbers  from  the  mole  ratio  for  the  subscripts.    Remember  that  the  metal  symbol  comes  first  followed  by  the  non-­‐metal  symbol;  and  we  don’t  write  the  subscript  “1”.  

Example  #3:  What  is  the  empirical  formula  of  a  compound  that  is  70.0%  iron  (Fe)  and  30.0%  oxygen  (O)?  Let’s  assume  we  have  a  100.0  gram  sample  of  the  compound.  

16. What  is  the  mass  of  iron  in  the  100.0  g  sample?  

17. What  is  the  mass  of  oxygen  in  the  100.0  g  sample?  

18. How  many  moles  of  iron  are  in  this  sample?  

19. How  many  moles  of  oxygen  are  in  this  sample?  

20. What  is  the  simplest  whole  number  ratio  of  the  moles  of  the  elements?    

21. Write  the  empirical  formula  using  the  numbers  from  the  mole  ratio  for  the  subscripts.      

22. Summarize  the  4-­‐step  process  for  determining  the  empirical  formula  from  the  percent  composition  by  mass.  

STOP  –  Take  the  online  Empirical  Quick  Quiz  #2.  When  you  are  finished  see  your  teacher  for  your  quiz  score.    Bring  your  guided  inquiry  with  you.  

Page 5: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 - Annville-Cleona … Word - Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2.docx Author Good, Brian Created Date 4/28/2014 11:03:57 AM

Determining  Molecular  Formulas  If  we  know  the  molar  mass  of  a  compound  we  can  determine  its  molecular  formula  from  the  empirical  formula.    Remember,  the  empirical  formula  give  us  the  simplest  ratio  of  atoms  in  a  compound.    The  molecular  formula  gives  us  the  actual  number  of  atoms  in  in  the  molecule.  

Example  #4  –  The  analytical  lab  report  shows  that  an  unknown  compound  has  an  empirical  formula  of  CH2O  and  a  molar  mass  of  180.0  grams.    What  is  the  compound’s  molecular  formula?  

Step  1  –  Determine  the  molar  mass  of  the  empirical  formula  

𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙  𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟  𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 12.0𝑔×1 + 1.0𝑔×2 + 16.0𝑔×1 = 30.0  𝑔    

Step  2  –  Divide  the  empirical  molar  mass  into  the  molar  mass  to  get  a  whole  number  ratio:  

  180.0  𝑔 ÷ 30.0  𝑔 = 6  

Step  3  –  Determine  the  molecular  formula  by  multiplying  the  subscripts  in  the  empirical  formula  by  the  whole  number  ratio:  

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟  𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 = 𝐶!×!𝐻!×!𝑂!×! = 𝐶!𝐻!"𝑂!    

Example  #5  –  What  is  the  molecular  formula  of  a  compound  that  has  an  empirical  formula  of  NS  and  a  molar  mass  of  184  grams.  

23. What  is  the  mass  of  one  mole  of  the  empirical  formula?  

24. Is  the  empirical  formula  mass  larger  or  smaller  than  the  molar  mass  of  184  grams?  

25. How  many  times  heavier  is  the  molar  mass  than  the  empirical  formula  mass?  

26. Use  this  multiplier  to  adjust  the  subscripts  of  the  empirical  formula  so  its  mass  is  equal  to  the  molar  mass.    This  is  the  molecular  formula.  

Example  #6  –  What  is  the  molecular  formula  of  a  compound  that  has  an  empirical  formula  of  CH3  and  a  molar  mass  of  30.0  grams.  

27. What  is  the  mass  of  one  mole  of  the  empirical  formula?  

28. Is  the  empirical  formula  mass  larger  or  smaller  than  the  molar  mass  of  30.0  grams?  

Page 6: Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2 - Annville-Cleona … Word - Empirical Formula Guided Inquiry v2.docx Author Good, Brian Created Date 4/28/2014 11:03:57 AM

29. How  many  times  heavier  is  the  molar  mass  than  the  empirical  formula  mass?  

30. Use  this  multiplier  to  adjust  the  subscripts  of  the  empirical  formula  so  its  mass  is  equal  to  the  molar  mass.    This  is  the  molecular  formula.  

31. Summarize  the  3-­‐step  process  for  determining  the  molecular  formula  from  the  compound’s  molar  mass  and  empirical  formula.  

STOP  –  Take  the  online  Empirical  Quick  Quiz  #3.  When  you  are  finished  see  your  teacher  for  your  quiz  score.    Bring  your  guided  inquiry  with  you.