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What is evolution?

Change in organisms over a long time

What is evolution?

In order for evolution to occur, there must be _____________ __________ present.

In order for evolution to occur, there must be NATURAL VARIATION present.

James Hutton Charles Lyell

Hutton and Lyell were geologists who stated the Earth was _________ years old, not thousands that people thought.

James Hutton Charles Lyell

Hutton and Lyell were geologists who stated the Earth was MILLIONS of years old, not thousands.

Who wrote about human population growth eventually exceeding the Earth’s resources threatening our species survival?

Who wrote about human population growth eventually exceeding the Earth’s resources threatening our species survival? MALTHUS

Most species produce many more offspring than the resources in that area can handle. This leads to a situation called ________?

Most species produce many more offspring than the resources in that area can handle. This leads to a situation called:

Struggle for Existence

Lamark What 3 evolution ideas did Lamark have?

Not all were accurate (Hint: “Lamark missed the mark”)

Lamark Species strive for perfection and complexity“Use it, or lose it” Acquired traits are passed on to offspring

Darwin proposed the theory of __________ _________.

Darwin proposed the theory of NATURAL SELECTION

DarwinHe studied the Galapagos finches and examined how they evolved. He used the term: _______________________

DarwinStudied the Galapagos finches and examined how they evolved. He used the term: “Survival of the Fittest”

What is the type of adaptation that new species originate from one ancestor like Darwin’s finches?

“Tweak the Beak”

Adaptive Radiation

Darwin said that the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment is called its ______________.

Darwin said that the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment is called its FITNESS!

Name the type of evolutionary change where there is a long period of steady evolution and then a sudden event such as a volcano eruption?

A man by the name of Gould came up with this idea.

Punctuated Equilibrium

A man by the name of Gould came up with this idea.

Structures from same ancestor, with same bone structure, but with different functions are called _________________structures.

Structures from same ancestor, with same structure, but with different functions are called Homologous (Homo=same) structures.

Structures from different ancestors, but perform similar function are called______________ structures.

Example: wings for flying

Structures from different ancestors, but perform same function are calledAnalogous Ana=“not” structures.

_____organs are ones that are reduced in size and have no known function any longer.

Vestigial organs are ones that are reduced in size and have no known function any longer.

What is a fossil?

What is a fossil?Preserved remains of a living organism

1. Who studies fossils?2. What is it called to date a fossil?3. Where are the oldest fossils found

in soil?

1. Who studies fossils? Paleontologists2. What is it called to date a fossil?

Relative Dating : position of fossil in Earth’s rock layers

3. Where are the oldest fossils found in soil? Lowest rock layers

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle

Name the 5 parts to the Hardy-Weinberg principle to maintain genetic equilibrium?

1. No mutations2. No emigration/immigration3. No natural selection4. Must be a large population5. Random mating must occur

Genetic Equilibrium will occur if ALL of the following 5 conditions must exist (this is highly unlikely to ever happen)

All the combined alleles in a population (species living in an area) is called the ____ ____.

All the combined alleles in a population (species living in an area) is called the gene pool.

What is the gene frequency change in a small population which is due to chance or random event?

Genetic Drift

What is it called when a few organisms leave their original habitat and start a new colony with fewer allele frequency than the original colony?

What is it called when a few organisms leave their original habitat and start a new colony with fewer allele frequency than the original colony?

FOUNDER EFFECT

A species is an organism that can _____________ and produce ____________ __________.

Horse Donkey Mule

A species is an organism that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

Mules are not a species

Horse Donkey

Why do some species evolve faster than others? Example: antibiotic resistant bacteria (don’t respond to an antibiotic)

Why do some species evolve faster than others? Example: antibiotic resistant bacteria (don’t respond to an antibiotic)

Bacteria reproduce so rapidly they can mutate (change/evolve) faster than larger organisms that reproduce slower.

What is natural selection?

What is artificial selection?

Natural Selection: Nature selects the best traits for survival Changes allele frequency

Artificial selection: Man selects best traits to breed.

Name 3 types of “Reproductive Isolation”

Define each one.

1. Behavioral Isolation: Traits or habits preventing reproduction (the mating song or dance of a bird)

2. Geographical Isolation: Land separation of individuals in a species keeping them from reproducing (oceans, rivers, canyons, etc.)

3. Temporal Isolation: Mating season is different such as winter vs. spring or April vs. October or night vs. day.

Types of Reproductive Isolation

Name the following graphs and describe what is happening.

1

3

2

Name the following graphs and describe what is happening.

1

3

2

Stabilizing: The average (middle) individuals of a species are fittest.

Disruptive: The individuals at the outer ends are fittest.

Directional: The individuals at one end are fittest.

What is convergent evolution?

What is divergent evolution?

What is convergent evolution?Two species that had different ancestors but due to living in the same environment, they look alike such as the dolphin and shark.

What is divergent evolution?Two or more species have the same ancestor but have branched off into new species.

What type of evolution is this when one species must evolve along with another for survival?

What type of evolution is this when one species must evolve along with another for survival?

Coevolution

During the Industrial Age, smog caused trees with lichen (white fungi/algae) to die and coated the trees with black soot. This caused a situation called melanism: an increased amount of black or nearly black pigmentation (as of skin, feathers, or hair) of an organism.

White moths became more black to survive being eaten.

Peppered Moth &Melanism

Best environment for white moths to avoid being eaten by birds

Best environment for black mothsto avoid being eaten by birds

Environmental Pressure!

Half-Life Calculations

Calculate the following if the half-life of an element is 200 years…

The starting mass was 500 grams and ending mass is 31.25 grams. How many half-lives?

How old is the element?How much of element is left (fraction)?

Half-Life CalculationsCalculate the following if the half-life of an

element is 200 years…The starting mass was 500 grams and ending

mass is 31.25 grams.

500 g 250g 125g 62.5g 31.25g

1 2 3 4 Half-Lives

(Hint: Divide by 2 until you reach the mass you are looking for.)

200 yrs

1/2 1/161/81/4

400 yrs 600 yrs 800 yrs old

Look at these embryos. Which groups came from the same ancestors?

Look at these embryos. Which groups came from the same ancestors?

Mom Dog Puppy 1 Puppy 2 Puppy 3

DNA Matching: Which puppy came from the mother dog?

Mom Dog Puppy 1 Puppy 2 Puppy 3

DNA Matching: Which puppy came from the mother dog?

What lead to the increase in oxygen on the Earth’s surface millions of years ago?

What lead to the increase in oxygen on the Earth’s surface millions of years ago?

PhotosyntheticBacteria