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EN 1993-2 (2006) (English): Eurocode 3: Design of steelstructures - Part 2: Steel bridges [Authority: The EuropeanUnion Per Regulation 305/2011, Directive 98/34/EC, Directive2004/18/EC]

EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPEENNE

EUROpAISCHE NORM

EN 1993-2

October 2006

ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.10; 93.040 Supersedes ENV 1993-2: 1997 Incorporating corrigendum July 2009

English Version

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 2: Steel Bridges

Eurocode 3 - Calcul des structures en acier - Partie 2: Ponts metalliques

Eurocode 3 Bemessung und konstruktion von Stahlbauten - Teil 2: Stahlbrucken

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 January 2006.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROpAISCHES KCHvllTEE FOR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 1993-2:2006: E

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Contents Page

1 General ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Scope I .2 N ormati ve references 1.3 Assumptions 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules 1.5 Terms and definitions 1.6 Symbols 1.7 Conventions for member axes

9 9

10 10 10 11 11

2 Basis of design ........................................................................................................................................ 11

2.1 Requirements 2.2 Principles of limit state design 2.3 Basic variables 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method 2.5 Design assisted by

11 12 13 13 13

3 Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 13

3.1 General 3.2 Structural steel 3.3 Connecting devices 3.4 Cables and other tension elements 3.5 Bearings 3.6 Other bridge components

13 13 15 16 16 ]6

4 Durability ............................................................................................................................................... 17

5 Structural 311al,)',sis ...............••...•......•..•••.•••••.•.••.••.............•.•...••.••.••••••.•••...••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••••••••••••• 18

5.1 Structural modelling for analysis 5.2 Global analysis 5.3 Imperfections 5.4 Methods of analysis considering material non-linearities 5.5 Classification of cross sections

18 ]8 19 ]9 19

6 Ultinlate Iinlit states ............................................................................................................................... 20

6.1 General 6.2 Resistance of cross sections 6.3 Buckling resistance of members 6.4 BuiH-up compression members 6.5 Buckling of plates

20 20 23 27 27

7 Serviceal)iIity lill1it states ...................................................................................................................... 28

7. J General 7.2 Calculation models 7.3 Limitations for stress 7.4 Limitation of web breathing 7.5 Limits for clearance gauges 7.6 Limits for visual impression 7.7 Performance criteria for railway bridges 7.8 Performance criteria for road bridges 7.9 Performance criteria for pedestrian bridges 7. 10 Performance criteria for the effect of wind 7.11 Accessibility of joint details and surfaces 7.12 Drainage

28 28 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31

8 Fasteners, ,velds, connectiollS and joints ............................................................................................. 32

8.1 Connections made of bo1ts, rivets and pins 32

2

8.2 Welded connections

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34

9 Fatigue assessment ................................................................................................................................. 36

9.] General 9.2 Fatigue loading 9.3 Partial factors for fatigue verifications 9.4 Fatigue stress range 9.5 Fatigue assessment procedures 9.6 Fatigue strength 9.7 Post weld treatment

36 37 37 38 40 47 48

10 Design assisted by testing .................................................................................................................. 48

10. ) General 10.2 Types of tests lO.3 Verification of aerodynamic effects on bridges by testing

48 48 48

Annex A [informative] - Technical specifications for bearings ................................................................ 50

A.l Scope A.2 Symbols A.3 General A.4 Preparation of the bearing schedule A.5 Supplementary rules for particular types of bearings

50 51 51 54 64

Annex B [infornlative] - Technical specifications for expansion joints for road bridges ....................... 66

B.l Scope B.2 Technical specifications B.3 Imposed loads, displacements and rotations from bridge movements

66 67 69

Annex C [informative] Recomlnendations for the structural detailing of steel bridge decks ............. 70

C.I Highway bJidges C.2 Railway bridges C.3 Tolerances for semi-finished products and fabrication

Annex D [informative] - Buckling lengths of melnbers in bridges and assumptions for geometrical

70 80 83

imperfections .................................................................................................................................................. 91

D.l General D.2 Trusses D.3 Arched Bridges

Annex E [infonnative] - Combination of effects from local wheel and tyre loads and frOl11 global

91 91 96

traffic loads on road bridges ....................................................................................................................... 101

E.1 Combination rule for global and local load effects E.2 Combination factor

10l 102

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Foreword

This European Standard EN ] 993-2, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 2: Steel bridges, has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 « Structural Eurocodes », the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a National Standard, either by publication of an identical

text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2007 and conflicting National Standards shall be withdrawn

at latest by March 2010.

This Eurocode supersedes ENV 1993-2.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the National Standard Organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Background of the Eurocode programme

In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications.

Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them.

For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the EUfocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980' s.

In 1989, the Commission and the .Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement l

between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN), This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council's Directives and/or Commission's Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 891l06/EEC on construction products - CPO - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).

The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:

EN 1990 Eurocode 0:

EN 1991 Eurocode 1:

EN 1992 Eurocode 2:

EN 1993 Eurocode 3:

EN 1994 Eurocode 4:

EN 1995 Eurocode 5:

EN 1996 Eurocode 6:

EN 1997 Eurocode 7:

Basis of structural design

Actions on structures

Design of concrete structures

Design of steel structures

Design of composite steel and concrete structures

Design of timber structures

Design of masonry structures

Geotechnical design

I Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the or huilding and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).

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EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures

Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.

Status and field of application of Eurocodes

The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes:

as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of COLlncil Directive 89/1 06/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°] Mechanical resistance and stability and Essential Requirement N°2 - Safety in case of fire;

as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services;

as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs)

The Eurocodes, as far as they concem the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents2 referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from a harmonised product standard3

• Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achieving a full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes.

The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases.

National Standards implementing Eurocodes

The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National annex (informative).

The National Annex (informative) may only contain information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e. :

values for pal1ial factors and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode,

values to be used where a symbol only is in the Eurocode,

geographical and climatic data specific to the Member State, e.g. snow map,

the procedure to be used where alternati ve procedures are gi ven in the Eurocode,

references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode.

According to Art. 3.3 of the CPO. the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative ciocuments ror the creation of the necessary links between the essential requi remcnts and the mandates for hENs and ET AGs/ET As.

3 According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall: a) concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the and the technical bases and indicating classes

or levels for each requirement where necessary; b) indicate methods of these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications. e.g. methods of

calculation and of proof. technical rules for eLc. : c) serve as a reference for the establishment ofharmonised standards and guidelines for Europeanlechnical approvuls. The Eurocodes, playa similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.

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Links between Eurocodes and product harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs)

There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction products and the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, a]] the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products which refer to Eurocodes should clearly mention which Nationa11y Determined Parameters have been taken into account.

Additional information specific to EN 1993 .. 2

EN 1993-2 is the second part of six pal1s of EN 1993 - Design of Steel Structures - and describes the principles and application rules for the safety and serviceability and durability of steel structures for bridges.

EN 1993-2 gives design rules which are supplementary to the generic rules in EN 1993-1-1.

EN 1993-2 is intended to be used with Eurocodes EN 1990 - Basis of design, EN 1991 Actions on structures and the parts 2 of EN 1992 to EN 1998 when steel structures or steel components for bridges are refened to.

Matters that are already covered in those documents are not repeated.

EN 1993-2 is intended for use by

committees drafting design related produce testing and execution standards,

clients (e.g. for the formulation of their specific requirements),

designers and constructors,

relevant authorities.

Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and quality management applies.

National annex for EN 1993-2

This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. The National Standard implementing EN 1993-2 should have a National Annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of steel structures to be constructed in the relevant country.

National choice is allowed in EN 1993-2 through:

2.1.3.2(1)

2.) .3.3(5)

2.1.3.4( I)

2.1.3.4(2)

2.3.1(1)

3.2.3(2)

3.2.3(3)

3.2.4( 1)

3.4( 1)

3.5(1)

3.6(1)

4 See Ar1.3.3 and Art. I 2 of lhe CPD, well as clause:, 4.2, 4.3.1,4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID J.

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85 EN 1993·2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

3.6(2)

- 4(1)

- 4(4)

5.2.1(4)

- SA.1(1)

6.1(1)P

6.2.2.3(1 )

~ - 6.2.2.S( 1) @l]

6.3.2.3(1 )

6.3A.2(] )

- 6.3A.2(7)

7.1 (3)

7.3(1)

- 7A(1)

8.1.3.2.1 (l)

8.1.6.3(1 )

- 8.2.1A(1 )

8.2.1.S(1 )

8.2.1.6(] )

- 8.2.10(1)

8.2.13(1)

- 8.2.14(1)

- 9.1.2(1 )

9.1.3(1)

9.3(l)P

9.3(2)P

9A.] (6)

9.5.2(2)

9.S.2(3)

9.S.2(S)

- 9.S.2(6)

9.S.2(7)

9.5.3(2) (two places)

- 9.6(1) (two places)

9.7(1)

A.3.3(l)P

- A.3.6(2)

AA.2.1 (2)

AA.2.1 (3)

- AA.2.1(4)

AA.2A(2)

C.1.1(2)

7

8S EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

- C.1 1)

- C.l

- E.2(1)

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1 General

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 3

(1) See 1.1.1(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-1.

1.1.2 Scope of Part 2 of Eurocode 3

(1) EN] 993-2 provides a general basis for the structural design of steel bridges and steel parts of composite bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in the various parts of EN 1993-1.

(2) The design criteria for composite bridges are covered in EN 1994-2.

(3) The design of high strength cables and related parts are included in EN 1993-1 II.

(4) This European Standard is concerned only with the resistance, serviceability and durability of bridge structures. Other aspects of design are not considered.

(5) For the execution of steel bridge structures, EN 1090 should be taken into account.

NOTE: As long as EN 1090 is not yet available a provisional guidance is given in Annex C.

(6) Execlltion is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules.

(7) Special requirements of seismic design are not covered. Reference should be made to the requirements given in EN 1998, which complements and modifies the rules of EN 1993-2 specifically for this purpose.

1.2 Normative references

(1) This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provlslons from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication applies (including amendments).

(2) In addition to the normative references given in EN 1990 and EN 1993-1 the following references should apply:

EN 1090 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures

EN 1337

EN 10029:199]

EN 10164

EN ISO 58]7

EN ISO 12944-3

Structural bearings

Specification for tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above.

Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the product - Technical delivery conditions.

Arc-welded joints in steel - Guidance on quality levels for imperfections.

Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Design considerations.

EN ISO 9013:2002 Thermal cutting - Classification of thermal cuts Geometrical product specification and quality tolerances.

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EN ISO 15613 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials -Qualification based on pre-production welding test

EN ISO 15614- 1 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test - Part I: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys

1.3 Assumptions

( I ) See I 1) of EN 1993- 1 -1.

1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules

( I ) See 1.4( 1) of EN 1993-1-1.

1.5 Terms and definitions

(1) The terms and definitions given in EN 1990, EN 1993-1 and the following apply:

1.5.1 bridges civil engineering construction works mainly intended to carry traffic or pedestlian loads over a natural obstacle or a communication line

NOTE: Railway bridges and bridges which carry also covered.

1.5.2 abutment any end support of a bridge

service pipes or other vehicles such as an aircraft are

NOTE: A distinction is made between rigid abutments and flexible abutments where relevant.

1.5.3 integral abutment abutment that is connected to the deck without any movement joint

1.5.4 pier intermediate suppOtt of a bridge, situated under the deck

1.5.5 bearing structural support located between the superstructure and an abutment or pier of the bridge that transfers loads from the deck to the abutment or pier

1.5.6 cable stay tensioned element which connects the deck of a bridge to the pylon or pylons above the deck

1.5.7 prestress permanent effect due to controlled forces and lor controlled deformations imposed within a structure

NOTE: VarioLls types of prestress are distinguished from each other as relevant (such as prestress by tendons or presLress imposed deformation of supports).

1.5.8 headroolll clear height available for traffic

10

1.5.9 breathing (of plates) out-of-plane deformation of a plate caused by repeated application of in-plane loading

1.5.10 secondary structural elements structural elements that do not form of the main structure of the bridge

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NOTE: The secondary structural clements arc provided for other reasons, such as guard rails, parapets, ladders and access covers.

1.6 Symbols

(1) The symbols in EN 1990 Llnd EN ] 993-1 apply. Further symbols are given as follows:

rJ>2, rJ>glO

~aloc, ~aglO

nominal stresses from the characteristic load combination

Aloe, Agio damage equivalent factors

damage equivalent impact factors

stress ranges from load p

characteristic value of friction coefficient

partial factor for friction

a factor depending on type of bearing and Ilumber of bearings with adverse or relieving forces

temperatures

temperature differences

partial factor for temperature

spring stiffness

slide path

(2) Additional symbols are defined in the text where they first occur.

1.7 Conventions for member axes

(1) See 1.7( I), (3) and (4) oLEN 1993-]-1.

2 Basis of design

2.1 Requirements

2.1.1 Basic requirements

(1) See 2.1.1 (1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

2.1.2 Reliability management

(I) See 2. 1 1) of EN 1993-1-1.

2.1.3 Design working life, durability and robustness

2.1.3.1 General

(I) See 2.1.3.1(1) of EN 1993-1 l.

(2)P Bridges shall be designed for fatigue for the duration of their design working life.

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2.1.3.2 Design working life

(1) The design working life should be taken as the period for which a bridge is required to be used for its intended purpose, taking into account anticipated maintenance but not major repair.

NOTE]: The National Annex may specify the design working life. A design working life of a permanent bridge of 100 years is recommended.

NOTE 2: For temporary bridges the design working life may be stated in the project specifications.

(2) For structural elements that cannot be designed for the total design life of the blidge, see 2.1.3.3.

2.1.3.3 Durability

(I) To ensure durability, bridges and their components may be designed to mmJllllSe damage or be protected from excessive deformation, deterioration, fatigue and accidental actions that are expected during the design working life.

(2) Structural paIlS of a bridge to which guardrails or parapets are connected, should be designed to ensure that plastic deformations of the guardrails or parapets can occur without damaging the structure.

(3) Where a bridge includes components that need to be replaceable, see 4(6), the possibility of their safe replacement should be verified as a transient design situation.

(4) Permanent connections of structural parts of the bridge should be made with preloaded bolts in a Category B or C connection. Alternatively closely fitted bolts, rivets or welding may be used to prevent slipping.

(5) Joints where the transmission of forces is purely by contact may be used where justified by fatigue assessments.

NOTE: The National Annex may give additional recommendations for durahle details.

2.1.3.4 Robustness and structural integrity

(I) The design of the bridge should ensure that when the damage of a component due to accidental actions OCCllrs, the remaining structure can sustain at least the accidental load combination with reasonable means.

NOTE: The National Annex may define components that are subject to accidental design situations and also details for assessments. Examples of such components are hangers, cables, bearings.

(2) The effects of corrosion or fatigue of components and material should be taken into account by appropriate detailing, see also EN 1993-] -9 and EN 1993-] -10.

NOTE 1: EN \993-] -9, section 3 provides assessment methods using the principles of damage tolerance or safe life.

NOTE 2: The National Annex may a choice of the design method to he used for fatigue assessment.

NOTE 3: For guidance on access, maintenance and inspection, see section 4.

2.2 PrinCiples of limit state design

(I) See 2.2( I) and (2) of EN 1993-1 1.

(3) For damage limitation at the ultimate limit state global analysis models should be elastic for transient and persistent design situations, see 5.4.

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(4) The required fatigue life should be achieved through design for fatigue and/or appropriate detailing, see Annex C, and by serviceability checks.

2.3 Basic variables

2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences

(1) Actions for the design of bridges should be taken from EN 1991. For the combination of actions and pm1ial factors for actions see Annex A.2 of EN 1990.

NOTE 1: For actions on steel bridge decks or road see Annex E.

NOTE 2: For actions not specified in EN 1991, see the National Annex.

(2) See 2.3(2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN 1993-1-1.

NOTE: For actions on bearings, see Annex A.

2.3.2 Material and product properties

(1) See 2.3.2(1) of EN 1993-1 1.

2.4 Verification by the partial factor method

(1) See 2.4.1 (I), 2.4.2( 1) and (2), 2.4.3( 1) and 2.4.4( J) of EN 1993-1-1.

2.5 Design assisted by testing

(1) See 2.5(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

3 Materials

3.1 General

(1) See 3.1(1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-1.

3.2 Structural steel

3.2.1 Material properties

(1) See 3.2.1(1) of EN 1993-1-1.

3.2.2 Ductility requirements

(1) See 3.2.2( I) and (2) of EN 1993-1-1.

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3.2.3 Fracture toughness

(1) The material should have the required material toughness to prevent brittle fracture within the intended design working life of the structure.

(2) No further checks against brittle fracture need to be made if the conditions given in EN 1993-1-10 are met for the lowest service temperature.

NOTE 1: The lowest service temperature to be adopted in design may be taken from EN 1991-1-5.

NOTE 2: The Nation,t1 Annex may specify additional requirements depending on the plate thickness. An example is in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Example for additional requirement for toughness of base material

Example Nominal thickness Additional requirement t:; 30 mm T27J = -20°C in accordance with EN 10025

30 < t::; 80 mm Fine grain steel in accordance with EN 10025, e.g.

I S355N/M

t> 80 mm Fine grain steel in accordance with EN 10025, e.g.

S355NL/ML

For bridge components under compression a suitable minimum toughness property should be selected.

NOTE: The National Annex may guidance on the selection of toughness properties for members in compression. The usc of Table 2.1 of EN 1993-1 10 for Oj~d 0,25 f~(t) is recommended.

3.2.4 Through thickness properties

(1) Steel with improved through thickness properties forming to EN 10164 should be used where required, see EN 1993-1 10.

NOTE: \Vhere ZEd values have been determined in accordance with EN 1993-/- J 0, the requircd quality class according to EN 10 \64 may be choscn in the National Annex. The choice in Table 3.2 is recommended.

Table 3.2: Quality class conforming to EN 10164

Target value ZEd Quality class

ZEd ~ 10 10 < ZEd::; 20 ZI5

20 < ZEd ~ 30 Z25

ZEd> 30 Z35

3.2.5 Tolerances

(I) The dimensional and mass tolerances of rolled steel sections, structural hollow sections and plates should conform with the relevant product standard, ETAG or ETA unless more severe tolerances are specified.

(2) For welded components the tolerances in EN 1090 should be applied.

(3) See 3.2.5(3) of EN 1993-1-].

3.2.6 Design values of material coefficients

(1) See 3.2.6( 1) of EN 1993-1-1.

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3.3 Connecting devices

3.3.1 Fasteners

3.3.1.1 Bolts, nuts and washers

(1) Bolts, nuts and washers should conform to the Reference Standards glven III EN 1993- I IRi) 1.2.4: Group 4. 0Ii1

(2) The rules in this part are applicable to bolts of grades given in Table 3.3.

(3) The nominal values of the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strengthf:lb are given in Table 3.3 and they should be adopted as characteristic values in calculations.

Table 3.3: Nominal values of the yield strength tyb and the ultimate tensile strength tub for bolts

Bolt grade 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9

fyb (N/mm2) 240 300 480 640 900

lftlb (N/mm2

) 400 500 600 800 1000

3.3.1.2 Preloaded bo1ts

(I) High strength structural bolts of boh grades 8.8 and 10.9 which conform to the Reference standards

given in EN 1993-1-8, IRi) 1.2.4: Group 4 0Ii1 may be used as pre loaded bohs when controlled tightening

is carried out in accordance with the Reference Standards given in EN 1993- 1-8, 1.2.7: Group 7. 0Ii1

3.3.1.3 Rivets

(1) The material properties, dimensions and tolerances of steel rivets should conform to the Reference

Standards given in EN 1993-1-8, [§) 1.2.6: Group 6.

3.3.1.4 Anchor bolts

(1) The following steel grades may be used for anchor bohs:

Steel grades in accordance with the appropriate Reference Standards given in EN 1993-1-8, [§) 1.2.1 : Group 1; @j]

Steel grades in accordance with the appropriate Reference Standards given in EN 1993-1-8, 1.2.4: Group 4; @j]

Reinforcing bars conforming to EN ] 0080.

The nominal yield strength for anchor bohs should not exceed 640 N/mm2•

3.3.2 Welding consumables

(I) All welding consumables should conform to the Reference Standards given in EN 1993-1-8, [§) 1.2.5: Group 5. @il

(2) The performance of the weld metal should not be less than the corresponding values specified for steel grade being welded. This should take into account:

specified yield strength;

uhimate tensile strength;

elongation at failure;

minimum Charpy V -notch energy value of the filler meta1. 15

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

3.4 Cables and other tension elements

(I) For cables and other tension elements see EN 1993-1-11.

NOTE: The National Annex may specify the types of cables appropriate to the specific bridge types.

3.5 Bearings

(1) Bearings should conform to EN 1337.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the types of bearings applicable to bridges.

3.6 Other bridge components

(I) Expansion joints, guardrails, parapets and other ancillary items should conform to the relevant technical specifications.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the types of expansion joint, guardrail, parapet and other ancillary items applicable to bridges.

(2) The bridge deck surfacing system, the products used and the method of application should meet with the relevant technical specification.

16

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the bridge deck surfacing system, the products used and the method of application applicable to bridges.

4 Durability

(1) See 4(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1 1.

8S EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

NOTE: The National Annex may maintenance.

guidance on requirements for access to allO\\/ for inspection and

(4) For elements that cannot be inspected fatigue checks should be calTied out EN ] 993- ] -9) and appropriate corrosion allowances should be provided.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on sealing against corrosion, measures to ensure air tightness of box or the provisions of extra steel thickness for inaccessible surfaces.

(5) The required fatigue life of the structure and its components should be attained by the:

fatigue design of details in accordance with (1), (4) and EN 1993-1-9 and with serviceability checks carried out in accordance with section 7;

structural detailing for 011hotropic steel decks;

material chosen in accordance with section 3;

fabrication conforming to EN 1090.

(6) Components that cannot be designed with sufficient reliability to achieve the total design working life of the bridge should be replaceable. These may include:

stays, cables, hangers;

bearings;

expansion joints;

drainage devices;

guardrails, parapets;

asphalt layer and other surface protection;

wind shields;

noise balTiers.

17

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

5 Structural analysis

5.1 Structural modelling for analysis

5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions

(1) See 5.1.1(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-]-1.

(4) For the structural modelling and basic assumptions for components of bridges see EN 1993-1-1.

NOTE: For the design of plated components and cables see also EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-] I J.

5.1.2 Joint modelling

(1) See 5.1.2(1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8.

(5) For bridges, the type of joint and its model1ing should be chosen to ensure that the required fatigue life can be attained.

NOTE: Rigid joints appropriate to the fatigue categories given in EN 1993- J -9 are suitable to be employed bet ween members of bridges except for bearings or pinned connections or cables.

5.1.3 Ground structure interaction

(]) See 5.1.3( 1) of EN ] 993-1 I.

NOTE 2: The stiffness of the supports may be based on the deformation characteristics of the bearings, piers and foundation.

5.2 Global analysis

5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure

(1) See 5.2.1 (1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

lEi) (4) Bridges may be checked with first order theory if the following criterion is satisfied: @j]

(5.1)

where tkr is defined in 5.2. ] (3) of EN 1993-1-1

NOTE: The National Annex may further guidance for the definition and calculation of lkTit.

(5) See 5.2.1(5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.2.2 Structural stability of 'frames

(l) See 5.2.2( 1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1-1.

(5) Where the behaviour of a bridge or its components is governed by the first buckling mode (single degree of freedom) the second order effects MIl may be ca1culated by applying a factor to the bending moments M j as follows:

1 1.4// = M, (5.2)

1

where lkr> 3.

18

(6) See 5.2.2(7) and (8) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.3 Imperfections

5.3.1 Basis

(1) See 5.3.1 (1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.3.2 Imperfections for global analysis of frames

(1) See 5.3.2( 1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

NOTE 1: For riers am would be aprlicable, if cumulative effects from contributions of various piers occur (e.g. for piers forming a frame with the surerstructure).

NOTE 2: For the use of member imperfections see also Annex D.

(4) See 5.3.2(6), (7), (8), (10) and (11) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.3.3 Imperfection for analysis of bracing systems

(1) See 5.3.3(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.3.4 Member imperfections

(1) See 5.3A( I), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.4 Methods of analysis considering material non-linearities

5.4.1 General

(I) Elastic analysis should be used to determine the internal forces and moments for all persistent and transient design situations.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance to enable the user to determine when a plastic global analysis may be used for accidental design situations. For plastic global analysis see 5.4 and 5.5 of EN 1993-1-1.

5.4.2 Elastic global analysis

(1) See 5A.2( 1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

(4) If all sections are class 1 the effects of differential temperature, shrinkage and settlement at the ultimate limit state may be ignored.

5.5 Classification of cross sections

5.5.1 Basis

(1) See 5.5.1(1) of EN 1993-1-1.

5.5.2 Classification

(1) See 5.5.2(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10) of EN 1993-1-l.

19

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

6 U Iti mate Ii "1 it states

6.1 General

(I)P The partial factors nil as defined in 2.4.3 of EN 1993-1 1 shall be applied to the various characteristic values of resistance in this section. see Table 6.1:

Table 6.1: Partial factors

a) resistance of members and cross section:

resistance of cross sections to excessive yielding induding local buckling n10

resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks n11

- resistance of cross sections in tension to fracture /i12

b) resistance of joints

resistance of bolts

resistance of rivets

resistance of pins

- resistance of welds

resistance of plates in bearing n1?

slip resistance

at ultimate limit state (Category C) /i13

- at serviceability limit state )1.13.se~

- bearing resistance of an injection bolt 1&14

- resistance of joints in hollow section lattice girders /i1s

resistance of pins at serviceability limit state n16.ser

- preload of high strength bolts 1&17

NOTE]: For the partial factor Yc for the resistance of concrete see EN 1992.

NOTE 2: The partial facLOrs Xli for bridges may be defined in the National Annex. The following numerical valucs are recommcnded:

J<vlO = 1,00

n11 I, 1 ()

X12= 1,25

X,n

Y'ek3.,,'! = I, 1 0

/1,,14 = I, I 0

f\l5 1,10

nl(,.,cr 1,00

X17 1,10

6.2 Resistance of cross sections

6.2.1 General

(l) See 6.2.] (I), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10) of EN 1993-1-].

20

6.2.2 Section properties

6.2.2.1 Gross cross section

(1) See 6.2.1.1(1) of EN ]993-1 1.

6.2.2.2 Net area

(1) See 6.2.2.2(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.2.2.3 Shear lag effects

(1) See 6.2.2.3(1) and (2) of EN 1993-1 1 and 3.2 and 3.3 of EN ]993-1-5.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the treatment of shear lag effects at the ultimate limit state.

6.2.2.4 Effective properties of cross section with class 3 webs and Class 1 or 2 flanges

(1) See 6.2.2.4( 1) of EN 1993-]-1

6.2.2.5 Effects of local buckling for class 4 cross sections

(I) The effects of local buckling should be considered llsing one of the following two methods specified in EN 1993-]-5:

1. effective cross section properties of class 4 sections in accordance with EN 1993-1-5, section 4

2. limiting the stress levels to achieve cross section properties in accordance with EN 1993- J section J 0

NOTE: The National Annex may recomrnend which method is to be used. In case of the use of the method 2 the National Annex may give further guidance.

6.2.2.6 Effective cross section properties of class 4 sections

(1) See 6.2.2.5( I), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN 1993-1-1.

(2) For stress limits of circular hollow sections to conform to ~ class 4 section @1] properties, see EN 1993-1-6.

6.2.3 Tension

(J) See 6.2.3(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.2.4 Compression

(1) See 6.2.4(1 ) of EN 1993-1-1.

(2) The design resistance of cross sections for uniform compression Nc,Rd should be determined as follows:

a) without local buckling:

AI, N c .Rd for class 1, 2 and 3 cross sections

rMO

b) with local buckling:

Aeft II Yo/fO

N = A O"limil c,Rd

rMO

for class 4 cross sections or

for stress limits

(6.1 )

(6.2)

(6.3)

21

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

where Oiimi! = Px.f~ is the limiting stress of the weakest part of the cross section in compression (see 10(5) of EN 1993-1-5)

(3) See 6.2.4(3) and (4) of EN 1993-1 1.

6.2.5 Bending moment

(I) See I) of EN 1993-1-1.

(2) The design resistance for bending about the major axis should be determined as follows:

a) without local buckling:

for class I and 2 cross sections (6.4)

W l M = d,lllill < r for class 3 cross sections

(",lid rAJ 0

(6.5)

b) with local buckling:

MdM for class 4 cross sections or (6.6)

M =~"'ll1ill e.lM ----- for stress limits (6.7)

~uo

where ~V<.:Lll1in and WelT.mill are the elastic moduli which correspond to the fibre with the maximum elastic stress

Oiim!! is the limiting stress of the weakest part of the cross section in compression (see 2.4 of EN 1993-1-5)

(3) See 6.2.5(3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.2.6 Shear

(I) See 6.2.6( I), (2), (5), (6), (7) and (8) of EN 1993-1-1 and section 5 of EN 1993-1-5.

6.2.7 Torsion

6.2.7.1 General

(I) Torsional and distortional effects should be taken into account for members subject to torsion.

(2) The effects of transverse stiffness in the cross section, EIi), and/or of diaphragms that are built in to reduce distortional deformations, may be taken i11to account by considering an appropriate elastic model which is subject to the combined effect of bending, torsion and distortion.

(3) Distortional effects in the members may be disregarded where the effects from distortion, due to the transverse bending stiffness in the cross section and/or diaphragm action, do not exceed 10 % of the bending effects.

(4) Diaphragms ShOll ld be designed to take into account the action effects resulting from their load distributing effect.

6.2.7.2 Torsion for which distortional effects may be neglected

(]) See 6.2.7( 1), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (9) of EN 1993-1-1.

22

6.2.8 Bending, axial load, shear and transverse loads

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(1) The interaction between bending, axial load, shear and transverse loads may be determined using one of the following two methods:

1. Interaction methods given in 6.2.8 to 6.2.10.

NOTE: For local buckling effects see EN 1993-1-5, section 4 to 7.

2. Interaction of stresses using the yielding criterion given in 6.2.1

NOTE: For local buckling effccts EN 1993-1-5, see section 10.

6.2.9 Bending and shear

(1) See 6.2.8( I), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.2.10 Bending and axial force

6.2.10.1 Class 1 and class 2 cross sections

(1) See 6.2.9.1(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.2.10.2 Class 3 cross sections

(I) See 6.2.9.2(1) of EN 1993-1-1.

(2) The following shou1d be met for local buckling consideration, when the limit stress method is used:

< O"limil < fl' 0". -- --.\./:11 - - (6.8)

rMO rMO

where Oiilllit should be determined from section 10 of EN 1993-1-5.

6.2.10.3 Oass 4 cross sections

(1) See 6.2.9.3(1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.2.11 Bending, shear and axial force

(1) See 6.2.10(1), (2) and of EN 1993-1-1.

6.3 Buckling resistance of members

6.3.1 Uniform n1embers in compression

6.3.1.1 Buckling resistance

(1) See 6.3.1.1(1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.3.1.2 Buckling curves

(1) See 6.3.1.2(1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1 1.

6.3.1.3 Slenderness for flexural buckling

(I) See 6.3. 1.3(1) and (2) of EN 1993-] 1.

6.3.1.4 Slenderness for torsional and torsional flexural buckling

(1) See 6.3.1.4(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

23

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

6.3.1.5 Use of class 3 section properties with stress limits

(J) As an alternative to using class 4 section properties given in equations (6.48), (6.49), (6.5 J) and (6.53) of EN 1993-1-1, class 3 section properties given in equations (6.47), (6.49), (6.50) and (6.52) of EN I I I, with stress limits in accordance with section 10 of EN 1993-1-5, may be used, see 6.2.2.5.

6.3.2 Uniform members in bending

6.3.2.1 Buckling resistance

(J) See 6.3.2.1(1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1-1.

6.3.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling curves - General case

(I)

(4)

M,:d

Mllil

See 6.3.2.2( J), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-1.

Lateral torsional buckling effects may be ignored if the slenderness parameter ALT S 0,2 or

0,04.

6.3.2.3 Lateral torsional buckJing curves for rolled sections or equivalent welded sections

(1) See 6.3 .2.3( I) and (2) of EN 1993-1-1.

NOTE: The National Annex may give further information

6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression

(1) Unless second order analysis is carried out using the imperfections given in 5.3.2, the stability of uniform members subject to axial compression and bending in the plane of buckling should be checked in accordance with section 6.3.3 or 6.3.4 of EN ] 993-1-1.

NOTE: As a simplification to equation (6.61) in 6.3.3 of EN 1993-1-1 the following condition may be used:

No (M + LW ) N + M sO,9 (6.9) Uk

where is the design value of the compression force;

My,Ed is the design value of the maximum moment about the y-y axis of the member obtained from first order analysis without considering imperfections;

AMy,Ed is the moment due to the shift of the centroidal axis according to 6.2.10.3;

Cmi,o is the equivalent moment factor, see Table A.2 of EN 1993-1 1;

X:, is the reduction factors due to Ilexural buckling from 6.3,1.

6.3.4 General method for lateral and lateral torsional buckling of structural components

6.3.4.1 Generallnethod

(I) See 6.3.4(1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1 1.

6.3.4.2 Simplified Inethod

(I) See 6.3.2.4( I) of EN 1993-1-1.

24

NOTE: The National Annex may the limit of application. The values Aco 6.3.2.4(2) of EN-1993-J 1) are recommended.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

0 2 and k' ~ ./1 1,0 (see

(2) Truss chords and flanges in compression that are subject to lateral buckling may be verified by modelling the elements as a column subject to the compression force NEd and supported by conti nuous or discrete elastic restraint modelled as springs.

NOTE 1: Guidance for determining the stiffness of the restraint in the form of U-frames is given in Annex 0.2.4.

NOTE 2: Where truss ~ flanges and/or chords (:gj] are restrained by U-frames, the U-frame members are subjected to forces induced by the restraint and the interaction of the U-frame and the flanges ~and/or chords(:gj].

(3) The buckling mode and the elastic critical buckling load Ncr may be determined hom an elastic critical buckling analysis. If continuous springs are used to represent the restraints which are basically discrete, the critical buckling load should not be taken as being larger than that corresponding to the buckling with nodes at the locations of the restraints.

(4) verification may be carried out in accordance with 6.3.2 using

(6. ]0)

where Aeff is the effective area of the chord;

Ncrit is the e]ast1c critical10ad determined with Agmw

(5) For chords in compression or the bottom flanges of continuous girders between rigid supports, the effect of initial imperfections and second order effects on a Supp0l1ing spring may be taken into account by applying an additional lateral force at the connection of the chord to the spring sLlch that:

F _Nptl

I:'i/ - 100

F/:'d

where R k = 71'~ EI Ncril

if S 1,2 e

if > 1,2 e

f is the distance between the springs.

(6.11)

25

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(6) If the ~ design value of the compression force NEd is ~ constant over the length of the chord, the critical axial load Nerit may be calculated from

where N/~,

In

c= e

, EJ 1C~

but not less than 1,0.

where L is the span length between the rigid supports;

e is the distance between the springs

Cd is the spring stiffness, see (2), NOTE 1.

A lateral support to a compressed t1ange may be assumed to be rigid if its stiffness

4Nj" C >--'

d L

satisfies:

where NE is the elastic critical10ad~ which is determined assuming hinged ends.

(6.12)

(6.13)

(7) The procedure given in (2) to (6) may also be applied to the flanges of girders in compression when in (4) is substituted by

+ 3

where Awe is the area of the compression zone of the web. In the case of a class 4 section the areas should be taken as the effective areas.

26

NOTE: The National Annex may further guidance for the case where the compressive force is not constant over the length of the chord. The following method is recommended.

For the bottom flange of a continuous girder with lateral supports at a distance L (see Figure 6.1) m in equation 12) may be taken as the minimum value obtained from the two following values:

m 1+

111=1+

where J.l

(I + p) <1>1.5 + (3 + 2 c[J) {'/(350 - 50j1)

(I + 1')

see

+ (0,195 + (0,05 + 1'/1 00) <1»

6.1

(6.14)

Where the bending moment changes Mz=O.

equation (6.14) may be used as a conservative estimate by inserting

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

v; t

L design section

Figure 6.1: Segment of beam between rigid lateral supports with bending moment varying as a parabola

The verification of resistance to lateral torsional buckling in accordance \vith 6.3.2.2 may be carried out at a distance 0,25 Lk from the support with the largest moment as shown in Figure 6.), provided that the cross-

sectional resistance is also checked at the section with the largcst moment, where Lk = L/ j;;; .

6.4 Built-up compression members

(1) See section 6.4 of EN 1993-1-1.

6.5 Buckling of plates

(1) For buck1ing of plates in a fabricated girder the rules given in EN 1993-1-5 should be applied.

(2) The plate buckling verification of members at the ultimate limit state should be carried out using either a) or b) as follows:

a) Direct stresses, shear stresses and transverse forces should be verified according to section 4, 5 or 6 of EN 1993-] -5. Additionally, the interaction criteria in section 7 of EN 1993-1-5 should also be met.

b) Reduced stress method on the basis of stress limits governed by local buckling according to section 10 of EN 1993-1-5.

NOTE: See also 6.2.2.5.

(3) For web stiffeners or stiffened deck plates which are subjected to compression and additional bending moments from loads transverse to the plane of the stiffened plate, the stability may be verified in accordance with 6.3.2.3.

27

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993·2: 2006 (E)

7 Serviceability limit states

7.1 General

(1) See 7.1(1), (2) and (3) oLEN 1993-1-1.

(4) The following serviceability criteria should be met:

a) Restriction to elastic behaviour in order to limit:

excessive yielding, see 7 .3( 1);

deviations from the intended geometry by residual detlections, see 7 .3( I);

excessive deformations, see 7.3(4).

b) Limitation of deflections and curvature in order to prevent:

unwanted dynamic impacts due to traffic (combination of det1ection and natural frequency limitations), see 7.7 and 7.8;

infringement of required clearances, see 7.5 or 7.6;

cracking of surfacing layers, see 7.8;

damage of drainage, see 7.12.

c) Limitation of natural frequencies, see 7.8 and 7.9, in order to:

exclude vibrations due to traffic or wind which are unacceptable to pedestrians or passengers in cars using the bridge;

limit fatigue damages caused by resonance;

limit excessive noise emission.

d) Restriction of plate slenderness, see 7.4, in order to limit:

excessive rippling of plates;

breathing of plates;

reduction of stiffness due to plate buckling, resulting in an increase of detlection, see EN J 993-1-5.

e) Improved durability by appropriate detailing to reduce corrosion and excessive wear, see 7. J J.

f) Ease of maintenance and repair, see 7.1 I, to ensure:

accessibility of structural parts for maintenance and inspection, renewal of corrosion protection and asphaltic pavements;

replacement of bearings, anchors, cables, expansion joints with minimum disruption to the use of the structure.

(5) In most situations serviceability aspects should be dealt with in the conceptual design of the bridge, or by suitable detailing. However in appropriate cases, serviceability limit states may be verified by numerical assessment, e.g. for calculating deflections or eigen frequencies.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on serviceability requirements for specific types of bridges.

7.2 Calculation models

(l) Stresses at serviceability limit states should be determined from a linear elastic analysis, using the appropriate section properties, see EN ] 993-1-5.

(2) In modelling the structure, the non-uniform distribution of loads and stiffness resulting from the changes in plate thickness, stiffening etc. should be taken into account.

28

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) Deflections should be determined by linear elastic analysis using the appropriate section properties, see EN 1993-1-5.

NOTE: Simplified calculation models may be used for stress calculations provided that the effects of the simplification are conservative.

7.3 Limitations for stress

(I) The nominal stresses O"E(ber and TEd.ser resulting from the characteristic load combinations calculated making due allowance for the effects of shear lag in flanges and the secondary effects caused by deflections (e.g. secondary moments in trusses), should be limited as follows:

(j' F.iI .. \(,1' ::; (7.1 ) YM"II!r

::; ----'--- (7.2)

(7.3)

NOTE 1: \Vhere relevant the above checks should include stresses (l'z from transverse loads, see EN 1993-1-5.

NOTE 2: The National Annex may the value for /1vher. X.lser 1,00 is recommended.

NOTE 3: Plate buckling effects may be ignored as specified in EN 1993-1 2.2(5).

(2) The nominal stress range L1O"fn;, due to the frequent load combination should be limited to ],5 f/)'M.ser,

see EN 1993-1-9.

(3) For non-preloaded bolted connections subject to shear, the bolt forces due to the characteristic load combination should be limited to:

Fb.Rd.ser 0,7 Fb.Rd (7.4)

where Fb,Rd is the bearing resistance for ultimate limit states velifications.

(4) For shp-resistant preloaded bolted connections category B (slip resistant at serviceability, see EN 1993-] -8), the assessment for serviceability should be carried out using the characteristic load combination.

7.4 Limitation of web breathing

(1) The slenderness of web plates should be limited to avoid excessive breathing that might result in fatigue at or adjacent to the web-to-flange connections.

NOTE: The National Annex may define cases where web hreathing checks are not necessary.

(2) Web breathing may be neglected for web panels without longitudinal stiffeners or for subpanels of stiffened webs, where the following criteria are met:

blt~ 30 + 4,0 L ~ 300 for road bridges (7.5)

hit ~ 55 + 3,3 L :::; 250 for railway bridges (7.6)

where L is the span length in m, but not less than 20 m.

29

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) If the provision in (2) is not satisfied web breathing should be checked as follows:

S 1,1 (7.7)

where o-x.Ed.ser,Z"Cd.ser are the stresses for the frequent load combination. If the stresses are not uniform along the length of the panel, see section 4.6(3) of EN 1993-]

are the linear elastic buckling coefficients assuming hinged edges of the panel, see EN ] 993-1-5;

190000(-' Y [N / mm2J@i] l bp j is the smaller of a and h.

NOTE: For stresses along the panel see EN 1993-1-5,

7.5 Limits for clearance gauges

(1) Specified clearance gauges should be maintained without encroachment by any palt of the structure under the effects of the characteristic load combination.

7.6 Limits for visual impression

(1) To achieve a satisfactory appearance of the bridge consideration should be given to precambering.

(2) Tn calculating camber the effects of shear deformation and slip in riveted or bolted connections should be considered.

(3) For connections with rivets or fitted bolts, a fastener slip of 0,2 mm should be assumed. For preloaded boHs, slip does not need to be considered.

7.7 Performance criteria for railway bridges

(]) Specific criteria for deflection and vibrations for railway bridges should be obtained from EN 1991-2.

(2) Any requirements for the limitation of noise emission may be given in the project specification.

7.8 Performance criteria for road bridges

7.8.1 General

(1) Excessive deformations should be avoided where it could:

endanger traffic by excessive transverse slope when the surface is iced;

affect the dynamic load on the bridge by impact from wheels;

affect the dynamic behaviour causing discomfort to users:

lead to cracks in asphaltic surfacings;

adversely affect the drainage of water from the bridge deck.

NOTE: For durability requirements see Annex C.

(2) Deformations should be calculated the frequent load combination.

(3) The natural frequency of vibrations and deflections of the bridge should be limited to avoid discomfort to users.

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

7.8.2 Deflection limits to avoid excessive impact from traffic

(1) The deck structure should be designed to ensure that its deflection along the length is uniform and that there is no abrupt change in cross section giving rise to impact. Sudden changes in the slope of the deck and changes of level at the expansion joints should be eliminated. Any transverse girders at the end of the bridge should be designed to ensure that the deflection does not exceed:

the limit specified for the proper functioning of the expansion joint;

5 mm under frequent loads unless other limits are specified for the particular type of expansion joint.

NOTE: Guidance on the deflection limit of expansion joints is ill Annex B.

(2) Where the deck structure is irregularly supported by additional bracings at intermediate bridge piers), the deck area adjacent to these additional deck SLlPPOl1s should be designed for the enhanced impact factors given in EN 1991-2 for the area close to the expansion joints.

7.8.3 Resonance effects

(I) Mechanical resonance should be taken into account when relevant. Where I1ght bracing members, cable stays or similar components have natural frequencies that are close to the frequency of any mechanical excitation due to regular passage of vehicles over deck joints, consideration should be given to either increasing the stiffness or providing artificial dampers, i.e. oscillation dampers.

NOTE: Guidance on members supporting expansion joints is given in Annex B.

7.9 Performance criteria for pedestrian bridges

(1) For footbridges and cycle bridges with excessive vibrations could cause discomfort to users 7 measures should be taken to minimise such vibrations by designing the bridge with appropriate natural frequency or by providing suitable damping devices.

7.10 Performance criteria for the effect of wind

(1) Vibrations of slender members induced by v0l1ex excitation should be minimised to prevent repetitive stresses of sufficient magnitude that could calise fatigue.

NOTE: Guidance on the determination of fatigue loads from vortex excitation is given ill EN 1991-1-4.

7.11 Accessibility of joint details and surfaces

(I) All steelwork should be designed and detailed to minimise the risk of cOITosion and to permit inspection and maintenance, see ISO 12944-3.

(2) A11 parts should normally be designed to be accessible for inspection, cleaning and painting. Where such access is not possible, al1 inaccessible paI1S should either be effectively sealed against corrosion the interior of boxes or hollow pOl1ions) or they should be constructed in steel with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance. Where the environment or access provisions are such that corrosion can occur during the life of the bridge, a suitable allowance for this should be made in the proportioning of the parts see 4(4).

7.12 Drainage

(1) All decks should be waterproofed and the surfaces of catTiageways and footpaths should be sealed to prevent the ingress of water.

(2) The layout of the drainage should take into account the slope of the bridge deck as we]] as the location, diameter and slope of the pipes.

(3) Free fall drains should carry water to a point clear of the underside of the structure to prevent water entering into the structure.

31

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(4) Drainage pipes should be designed so that they can be cleaned easily. The distance between centres of the cleaning openings should be shown on drawings.

(5) Where drainage pipes are used inside box girder bridges, provisions should be made to prevent accumulation of water during leaks or breakage of pipes.

(6) For road bridges, drains should be provided at expansion joints on both sides where is appropriate.

(7) For rai Iway bridges up to 40 m long carrying ballasted tracks, the deck may be assumed to be selfdraining to abutment drainage systems and no further drainage provisions need to be provided along the length of the deck.

(8) Provision should be made for the drainage of all closed cross sections, unless these are ful1y sealed by welding.

8 Fasteners, welds, connections and joints

8.1 Connections made of bolts, rivets and pins

8.1.1 Categories of bolted connections

8.1.1.1 Shear connections

(I) See 3.4.1(1) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.1.2 Tension connections

(I) See 3.4.2( 1) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.2 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets

(I) See 3.5( I) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.3 Design resistance of individual fasteners

8.1.3.1 Bolts and rivets

(1) See 3.6.1(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15) and (16) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.3.2 Injection bolts

8.1.3.2.] General

(I) See 3.6.2.1 (I) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the use of injection bolts.

8.1.3.2.2 Design resistance

(1) See 3.6.2.2(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-]-8.

8.1.4 Groups of fasteners

(I) See 3.7(1) of EN 1993-1-8.

32

8.1.5 Long joints

(I) See 3.8( I) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.6 Slip resistant connections using 8.8 and 10.9 bolts

8.1.6.1 Slip resistance

(1) See 3.9.1 (1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.6.2 Conlbined tension and shear

(1) See 3.9.2(1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.6.3 Hybrid connections

(I) See 3.9.3(1) of EN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may guidance on the use of hybrid connections.

8.1.7 Deductions for fastener holes

8.1.7.1 General

(I) See 3.10.1(1) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.7.2 Design for block tearing

(1) See 3.1 0.2( I), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-8.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

8.1.7.3 Angles connected by one leg and other unsymnletrically connected members in tension

(1) See 3.1 0.3( 1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.7.4 Lug angles

(1) See 3.10.4(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.8 Prying forces

(1) See 3.11(1) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.9 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimate limit state

(1) If a moment is applied to a joint, the distribution of internal forces should be linearly proportional to the distance from the centre of rotation.

(2) See 3.12(3) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.1.10 Connections made with pins

8.1.10.1 General

(1) See 3.13.1(1), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1-8,

8.1.10.2 Design of pins

(1) See 3,]3.2(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-8,

33

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

8.2 Welded connections

8.2.1 Geometry and dimensions

8.2.1.1 Type of weld

(1) See 4.3.1 (1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.1.2 Fillet welds

8.2.1.2.1 General

(I) See 4.3.2.1 (I), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN ] 993-1-8.

8.2.1.2.2 Intermittent fillet welds

(I) Intermittent fillet weld should not be used at locations, where they could result in the possibJe formation of rust pockets.

NOTE: Where the connection is protected from weather, e.g. in the interior of box sections, intermittent fillet welds are permiued.

8.2.1.3 Fillet welds all round

(1) See 4.3.3(1), (2), (3) and of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.1.4 Butt welds

(l) See 4.3.4(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may guidance on the use of partial penetration butt welds.

8.2.1.5 Plug welds

(I) See l)ofEN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may give further guidance on the use of plug welds.

(2) See 4.3.5(2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN ] 993-1-8.

8.2.1.6 Flare groove welds

(I) See 4.3.6(1) of EN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may further guidance on the use of flare groove welds.

8.2.2 Welds with packings

(I) See 4.4(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.3 Design resistance of a fillet weld

(1) For the design resistance of a fillet weld see 4.5 of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.4 Design resistance of fillet welds all round

(1) See 4.6( I) of EN 1993-1-8.

34

8.2.5 Design resistance of butt welds

8.2.5.1 Full penetration butt welds

(I) See4.7.1(I)ofEN 1993-1-8.

8.2.5.2 Partial penetration butt welds

(1) See ~ 4.7 .2(]) and (2) of EN ] 993-1-8.@1]

8.2.5.3 T-butt joints

(l) See 4.7.3(1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.6 Design resistance of plug welds

(1) See4.8(I)and(2)ofEN 1993-]-8.

8.2.7 Distribution of forces

(1) See 4.9(]), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.8 Connections to unstiffened flanges

(1) See ~ 4.1 O( 1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.9 Long joints

(1) See 4.11 (]), (2), (3) and (4) of EN 1993-1-8.

BS EN 1993·2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

8.2.10 Eccentrically loaded single fillet or single-sided partial penetration butt welds

(I) See 4.12(1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may give further guidance on the use of eccentrically loaded single fillet or single sided partial penetration butt welds.

8.2.11 Angles connected by one leg

(1) See4.13(1), (2) and (3) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.12 Welding in cold-formed zones

(1) See 4.14( 1) of EN 1993-1-8.

8.2.13 Analysis of structural joints connecting H- and I-sections

(1) For the analysis of structural joints connecting H- and I-sections at the ultimate limit state see sections 5 and 6 of EN ]993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may give further guidance on the use of structural joints connecting H- and Isections.

8.2.14 Hollow section joints

(1) For the analysis of structural joints connecting hollow sections at the ultimate limit state see section 7 of EN 1993-1-8.

NOTE: The National Annex may give further guidance on the use of structural joints connecting hollow sections.

35

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

9 Fatigue assessment

9.1 General

9.1.1 Requirements for fatigue assessment

(1) assessments should be carried out for all critical areas in accordance with EN 1993-1-9.

(2) Fatigue assessment is not appJicabJe to:

pedestrian bridges, bridges carrying canals or other bridges that are predominantly statically loaded, unless such bridges or parts of them are likely to be excited by wind loads or pedestrians;

parts of railway or road bridges that are neither stressed by traffic loads nor likely to be excited by wind loads.

9.1.2 Design of road bridges for fatigue

(I) Fatigue assessments should be carried out for all components unless the structural detailing comp] ies with standard requirements for durable structures established through testing.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the conditions where no fatigue assessment is necessary.

(2) Fatigue assessment should be carried out using the procedure given in this section and EN 1993-1-9.

9.1.3 Design of railway bridges for fatigue

(I) Fatigue assessments should be carried OLlt for all structural elements including the components listed in (2).

NOTE: Elements for which no assessment is needed may be given in the National Annex.

(2) For the bridge deck the following components should be checked:

1. for bridge decks with longitudinal stiffeners and crossbeams

deckplate

stiffeners

crossbeams

stiffener to crossbeam connections

2. for bridge decks with transverse stiffeners only

deckp]ate

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) For critical areas for fatigue checks see Figure 9.1 and Figure 9.2 and Table 9.8.

2 1 1

2 region 2

3 region 3

4 region 4 (splice)

'---- 4 5 region 5

Figure 9.1: Critical regions for fatigue, see also Table 9.8

1---~r'

'1-1'---+--- 2 I b II tt we lel

2 tack weld continuous along thef[llf length of backing strip

Figure 9.2: Stiffeners with splice plates and metallic backing strips

9.2 Fatigue loading

9.2.1 General

(1) The fatigue loading from traffic should be obtained from EN 1991-2.

(2) The fatigue loads on slender elements due to wind excitations should be obtained from EN 1991 1-4.

9.2.2 Simplified fatigue load model for road bridges

(1) For the fatigue assessment of road bridges the fatigue load model 3 (single vehicle model) in conjunction with the traffic data specified for the blidge location in accordance with EN 1991-2 should be applied.

NOTE: See also 9.4.1 (6).

9.2.3 Simplified fatigue load model for railway bridges

(1) For the fatigue assessment of railway bridges the characteristic values for load model 7] should be used, including the dynamic factor QJ2 given in EN 1991-2.

9.3 Partial factors for fatigue verifications

( 1 )P The partial factor for fatigue loads shall be taken as )IFf.

NOTE: The National Annex may give Lhe value for YFf. The use of )IFf 1,0 is recommended.

(2)P The partial factor for fatigue resistance shal1 be taken as Yr.'If .

NOTE: The National Annex may recommended.

values for )\1r. The values given in Table 3.1 of EN 1993-1-9 are

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BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

9.4 Fatigue stress range

9.4.1 General

(1) For the simplified fatigue loading specified in 9.2.2 or 9.2.3, the following procedure may be used to determine the design stress range.

(2) The maximum stress O"P.max and the minimum stress O"P.l1lin should be determined by evaluating intluence areas.

(3) The reference stress range L1O"p for determining the damage effects of the stress range spectrum should be obtained from:

I O"p.nlax - O"p.mill I (9.1 )

The damage effects of the stress range spectrum may be represented by the damage equivalent stress range related to 2 x I 06 cycles:

where Il is the damage equivalence factor as defined in 9.5;

<1>2 is the damage equivalent impact factor.

For railway bridges the value of W2 should be obtained from EN 1991 taken as equal to 1,0, as it is included in the fatigue load model.

(9.2)

For road bridges W2 may be

(6) As an alternative to the procedure given above, stress -range spectra @1] may be obtained from the evaluation of stress history from the fatigue load vehicles as specified in EN ] 991-2, see EN ] 993-1-9.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the use of EN 1991-2.

9.4.2 Analysis for fatigue

9.4.2.1 Longitudinal stiffeners

(I) Longitudinal stiffeners should be analysed using a model for the integral structure or for simplicity, as continuous beams on elastic supports.

NOTE: For railway bridges longitudinal stiffeners may be analysed as continuous beams on elastic supports.

9.4.2.2 Crossbeams

(I) The influence of the cut outs should be taken into account in the analysis for crossbeams.

38

NOTE: Where crossbeams are provided with cut outs as in Figure 9.3, the action effects may be determined with a Vierendcel-model (where the deckplate and a part of the crossbeam below the cut outs are the Jlanges and the areas between the cut outs are the posts).

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

1.. 7T,

t~ t F2 t F2 t ~ LS r r I I :6. 7T, 7T,

~ I I I I ~ 7T,

Fi action orl web hel1veen cut Ollts

Figure 9.3: Vierendeel .. model for a crossbeam

(2) In the analysis of the model for a crossbeam the following should be taken into account:

1. the connections of the crossbeam to the transverse stiffeners of the webs of main should form a continuous transverse frame;

2. the contl;butions of the deformations of components of the Vierendeel-beams due to bending moments, axial forces and shear forces to the overall deformation;

3. the effects of shear between the deckplate and the web of the crossbeam on the direct stresses and shear stresses at the critical section in Figure 9.4;

4. the effects of local introduction of loads from the stiffeners into the web;

5. the shear stresses from the horizontal and vertical shem in the critical section in Figure 9.4 .

... 1 ...

Nt, I N/j c •

I I

rb

b ! at I. Lc I be

Figure 9.4: Stress distribution at cope hole

39

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) The direct stresses in the critical section in Figure 9.4 may be determined as follows:

0"1 0"1/) + O"lc

where M I-,Ii are the stresses due to bending ~V

(9.3)

(9.4)

(9.5)

and 0"2c 2A2c

are the compressive stresses due to local load from stiffeners (9.6)

W 1 -t 6

Ale h]c

Vrd is the horizontal shear force

M 1:(/ - V/:'i/ h is the bending moment in the critical section

Fi' Fi+1 are the loads introduced from the stiffeners

t is the plate thickness of the web

(4) Where no cope holes are provided the stresses at the critical section may be determined using flanges

from the webs of the stiffeners with an effective width het! 5 tH,.SI ' where tw,st is the plate thickness of the

stiffeners.

9.5 Fatigue assessment procedures

9.5.1 Fatigue assessment

(1) The fatigue assessment should be carried out as follows:

and

< ilO"c YI} il 0" f:'2 ---

Y41/

9.5.2 Damage equivalence factors A for road bridges

(1) The damage equivalence factor )c for road bridges up to 80m span should be obtained from:

but) :;

(9.7)

(9.8)

(9.9)

where /.J is the factor for the damage effect of traffic and depends on the length of the critical influence Ii ne or area;

40

is the factor for the traffic volume;

is the factor for the design life of the bridge;

is the factor for the traffic on other lanes;

is the maximum A-value taking account of the fatigue limit, see IRi) (7) @l].

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(2) In determilli ng )ll the critical length of the influence line or area may be taken as follows:

a) for moments:

for a simply supported span, the span length Li~

for continuous spans in midspan sections, see Figure 9.7, the span length Li of the span under consideration;

for continuous spans in SUpp0l1 sections, see Figure 9.7, the mean of the two spans Li and Lj adjacent to

that SUpp0l1~

for cross girders Supp0l1ing stringers, the SLIm of the two adjacent spans of the stiffeners carried by the cross girder.

b) for shear for a simply supported span and a continuous span:

for the support section, see Figure 9.7, the span under consideration L j ;

for the midspan section, see Figure 9.7,0,4 x the span under consideration L i •

c) for reactions:

for end support, the span under consideration

for intermediate supports, the sum of the two adjacent spans Li + L.j. d) for arch bridges:

for hangers, twice the distance between hangers; @j]

for arch, half the span of the arch.

NOTE: The National Annex may give the relevant values for AI. The use of the factors AI in Figure 9.5 is recommended.

AI ;'1

3,4

3,2

3,0

2,8

2.6 2,55

2,4

2,2

2,0

1,8

1.6

1,4

1.2

1.0 10

--- 2,55 _

--- -------

20 30 40 50 60

span length L [ m 1

span length L [m]

at midspan

---- 1,85

70 80

AI

3.4

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.4

2,2 <'0,

2.0 2.00

1.8 ----..... 1.6

1.4

1.0 10 20

\ .30 o,s~ _____

'\,10

30 40 50

span length L [m]

at support

60

Figure 9.5: 1\1 for moments for road bridges

2.20

70 80

41

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) ;''- should be calculated as follows: !)

where QlIll is the average gross weight (kN) of the 10lTies in the slow lane obtained from:

Qo = 480 kN

No = 0,5 x 106

NOhs is the total number of lorries per year in the slow lane, see 9.2.2(2);

(9.10)

Qi is the gross weight in kN of the lorry i in the slow lane as specified by the competent authority;

/Ii is the number of lorries of gross weight Qj in the slow lane as specified by the competent authority.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on

(4) For given values of Qml and Nobs, X2 may be obtained from Table 9.1.

Table 9.1: 1\2

Qllll NObs

0,25x106 0,50xl06 I 0,75xl06 1,00xl06 1,25xl06 1 ,50x 106 1 ,75x 1 06 2,00xl06

200 0.362 0,417 I 0,452 0,479 0,500 0,519 0,535 0,550 300 0,544 0,625 0,678 0,712 0,751 0,779 0,803 0,825 400 0,725 0,833 0,904 0,957 1,001 1,038 1,071 1,100 500 0,907 1,042 ],130 1,]97 1';5 ] 1 ';98 I

1 0"'>0 ],374 600 ],088 1,250 1,356 1,436 1,501 1,557 1,606 1,649

(5) }3 should be calculated as follows:

(9.11 )

where tLd is the design life of the bridge in years.

Table 9.2: 1\3

Design life in years 50 60 70 80 90 100 120

Factor 13 0,871 0,903 0,931 0,956 0,979 ] ,00 1,037

NOTE: The life of the bridge fLC\ may be specified in the National Annex. The choice of fUI 100 years is recommended.

(6) should be calculated as follows:

(9.12)

where k is the number of lanes with heavy traffic;

N j is the number of lorries per year in lane j;

Qmj is the average gross weight of the lorries in lane j;

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

77j is the value of the iniluence line for the internal force that prodnces the stress range in the middle of lane j to be insel1ed in equation (9.12) with positive sign.

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on A-+.

(7) The factor }max should be obtained from the relevant [gl) stress -range spectn.1l11. @il

Amax

3,4

3.2

3.0

2,8

2,6

2.4

2,2

2.0

1.8

1,6

1,4

1,2

NOTE: The National Annex may give the relevant factors ~lIaX" The use of Lhe factors AI1l:l x in Figure 9.6 is recommended.

Amax ~--~----~--~----~--~----~--~

3,4

3.2

3.0

2.8 2,70

~$ 2.50 '0

,$1

" ~o

2.6

2.4

~ 200 " '

2,00

2.2

2,0

1,8 1,80 ___ 1~~

1,6

1,4

1.2

1,0 ---'-____ -'--__ ----'-____ -'--__ ----'-____ -'--__ ----'-__ -1 1.0 ---'------'---------'------'---------'------'--------'---------' 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50

span length L [m]

at midspan

60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50

span length L [m]

at snppol1

Figure 9.6: Amax for moments for road bridges

9.5.3 Damage equivalence factors A for railway bridges

(l) The damage equivalence factor ), for railway bridges with a span up to 100 m should be determined as follows:

(9.13)

where )'1 is the factor for the damage effect of traffic and depends on the length of the influence line;

)'2 is the factor for the traffic volume;

)'3 is the factor for the design life of the bridge;

A4 is the factor for the structural element is loaded by more than one track;

)'max is the maximum A value taking account of the fatigue limit, see (9).

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BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(2) )'1 may be obtained from Table 9.3 and Table 9.4.

44

NOTE 1: The National Annex may give further guidance for the use of Table 9.3 or Table 9.4.

NOTE 2: The values given in Table 9.3 and Table 9.4 for mixed traffic correspond to the combination of train types given in Annex F of EN 1991-2.

NOTE 3: For lines with train lype combinations other than those taken into consideration (specialised lines for example), the National Annex may specify values of

Table 9.3: A1 for standard rail traffic

L ECMix 0,5 1,60 1,0 1,60 1,5 ],60 2,0 1,46 2,5 ],38 3,0 ],35 3,5 1,17 4,0 1,07 4,5 1,02 5,0 1,03 6,0 1,03 7,0 0,97 8,0 0,92 9,0 0,88 ]0,0 0,85 12,5 0,82 15,0 0,76 ]7,5 0,70 20,0 0,67 25,0 0,66 30,0 0,65 35,0 0,64 40,0 0,64 45,0 0,64 50,0 0,63 60,0 0,63 70,0 0,62 80,0 0,61 90,0 0,61 100 0,60

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Table 9.4: A1 for express mUltiple units and underground and for rail traffic with 25 taxies

Express multiple units Rail traffic and underground with 25 taxIes

L Type 9 Type 10 25 t Mix

0,5 0,97 1,00 1,65 1,0 0,97 1,00 1,65 1,5 0,97 1,00 1.65 2,0 0,97 0,99 1,64 2,5 0,95 0,97 1,55 3,0 0,85 0,94 LSI 3,5 0,76 0,85 1,31 4,0 0,65 0,71 1,16 4,5 0,59 0,65 1,08 5,0 0,55 0,62 1,07 6,0 0,58 0,63 1,04 7,0 0,58 0,60 1,02 8,0 0,56 0,60 0,99 9,0 0,56 0,55 0,96 10,0 0,56 0,51 0,93 12,5 0,55 0,47 0,90 15,0 0,50 0,44 0,92 17,5 0,46 0,44 0,73 20,0 0,44 OA3 0,68 25,0 0,40 0,41 0,65 30,0 0,37 OA2 0,64 35,0 0,36 0,44 0,65 40,0 0,35 0,46 0,65 45,0 0,35 0,47 0,65 50,0 0,36 0,48 0,66 60,0 0,39 0,48 0,66 70,0 0,40 0,49 0,66 80,0 0,39 0,49 0,66 90,0 0,39 0,48 0,66 100,0 0,40 OA8 0,66

(4) In determining )~I the critical length of the influence line should be taken as follows:

a) for moments:

for a simply supp0l1ed span, the span length, Lj ;

for continuous spans in midspan sections, see Figure 9.7, the span length Li of the span under consideration;

for continuous spans in suppOt1 sections, see Figure 9.7, the mean of the two spans Li and Lj adjacent to that sUpp0l1;

for cross-girders Supp0l1ing rail bearers (or stringers), the sum of the two adjacent spans of the rai 1-bearers (or stringers) immediately adjacent to the cross-girder;

for a deck plate supp0l1ed only by cross-girders or cross-ribs (no longitudinal members) and for those supporting cross-members, the length of the influence line for deflection (ignoring any part indicating upward deflection) taking due account of the stiffness of the rails in load distribution. For cross-members spaced not more than 750 mm apart, this may be taken as 2 x cross-member-spacing + 3 111.

45

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

b) for shear for both a simply-supported span and a continuous span:

for the support section, see Figure 9.7, the span under consideration Li;

for the midspan section, see Figure 9.7,0,4 x the span under consideration L i •

LS

I.

midspan section Mid span section

support section sIJppor section

zs

midspan section Mid span section

Figure 9.7: Location of midspan or support section

(5) A2 should be obtained from Table 9.5.

Table 9.5: 1\2

Traffic per year [l06 t / track] 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

A2 0,72 0,83 0,90 0,96 1,00 1,04 1,07 1,10

(6) A:, should be obtained from Table 9.6.

Table 9.6: 1\3

Design life ,"years] 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 A~

.1 0,87 0,90 0,93 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,04

(7) A4 should be obtained from Table 9.7.

Table 9.7: 1\4

/j,ad /j, OJ +2 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50

A4 1,00 0,91 0,84 0,77 0,72 0,71

/j,(j'j is the stress range at the section to be checked due to load model 71 on one track;

/j,(j'1+2 is the stress range at the same section due to load model 71 according to EN 1991-2 on any two tracks.

NOTE: Table 9.7 is only valid if ~O"I and ~0"1+2 have the same sign.

46

zs

50

1,15

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(8) The values of in Table 9.7 assume that 12 % of the total traffic crosses the bridge whilst there is traffic on the other track. If the percentage of traffic crossing the bridge is different, should be taken as follows:

(9.14)

where ({ = /j,(JI/ /j,(JI+:2

J1 is the percentage of traffic.

(9) The val ue of A should not exceed given by:

1,4 (9.15)

9.5.4 Combination of damage from local and global stress ranges

(1) Where the stress verification ina member is due to the combined effects of flexure of the bridge (global effects) and flexure of the internal elements (local effects), the combined effects should be as fo]]ows:

+ X C/Jglo X /j,(Jglo (9. J 6)

where the suffix "loc" refers to local effects and "gIo" refers to global effects.

9.6 Fatigue strength

(1) EN] 993-1-9 should be used for the fatigue strength assessment of bridges.

NOTE 1: The National Annex may exclude particular details in EN 1993-1-9 from the design or bridges.

NOTE 2: The National Annex may give supplementary guidance for the fatigue or deck plates.

(2) For the critical regions of steel decks, the fatigue categories given in Table 9.8 may be used.

Table 9.8: Detail categories for fatigue assessments

Critical Detail

Detail to Detail region EN 1993-1-9 category

1 DeckpJate stressed longitudinally at transverse fiJlet welds, see Table 8.4 71 Figure 9.1 detail 8

I

2 Deckplate stressed longitudinally at welded stringer-to-deckplate Table 8.2 100 connection, see Figure 9.1 detail 6

Table 8.3 80 detail 9

3 Hollow section stiffener at stiffener-crossbeam connection, see Table 8.8 80 Figure 9.1 detail 1

4 Splice of stiffeners with splice plates and metallic backing strips, see Table 8.8 71 Figure 9.2 detail 4

5 ~ Free edges of cope holes in webs of crossbeams,

I

Table 8.8 1]2 see Figure 9.4 @il detail 6

47

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

9.7 Post weld treatment

(I) Where appropriate, weld improvement techniques such as weld toe grinding, TIG remelting of weld toe region, hammer peening, shot peening, may be used to improve the fatigue life of connections.

NOTE: The National Annex may give provisions for post weld treatment.

10 Design assisted by testing

10.1 General

(I) Design assisted by testing should be in accordance with EN 1990, supplemented by the additional provisions given in 10.2 and 10.3.

10.2 Types of tests

(I) Tests may be carried out as follows:

a) to determine the ultimate resistance or serviceability properties of structural parts, e.g. tests to develop standardised temporary bridge systems;

b) to obtain specific material properties, e.g. soil testing in situ or in the laboratory, testing of new materials for coating;

c) to reduce uncertainties in parameters in load or resistance models, e.g. wind tunnel testing, testing of full size prototypes, testing of small scale models;

d) to check the quality of the delivered products or the consistency of the production characteristics, e.g. tests of cables or sockets;

e) to take account of actual conditions expeIienced, e.g. for measurements of frequencies or damping;

f) to check the behaviour of the actual structure or of structural elements after completion, e.g. proof load tests at the ultimate or serviceability limit states.

(2) For test types a), b) and c), the design values should be obtained from the test results, if these are available at the time of design.

(3) For test types d), e) and f) or situations where the test results are not available at the time of design, the design values should be taken as those that are expected to satisfy the acceptance criteria at a later stage.

10.3 Verification of aerodynamic effects on bridges by testing

(1) Testing should be used to verify the design of a bridge under the effects of wind where the calculation or the use of established results do not to provide sufficient assurance of the structural safety during either the erection stage or the service 1ife.

(2) Testing should be used to determine:

a) the overall wind environment at the bridge site and at the local wind recording station;

b) the quasi-static drag and lift forces and twisting moments on a bridge or its components resulting from the tlow of wind past them;

c) the amplitude of oscillation of the bridge or its components due to vortex shedding from alternate sides of the bridge or its components in the wind flow (limited amplitude response);

d) the wind speed at which the bridge or its components may be liable to a divergent amplitude response due to galloping, stall flutter, classical flutter, rain-wind-induced vibration, non-oscillatory divergence, etc;

e) the response of the bridge or its element due to the turbulence in the natural wind;

f) the inherent damping of the structure.

48

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) 10.3(2)a) to e) above should be calTied out in a wind tunnel. Where a bridge is subject to wind tunnel testing, the models should accurately simulate the external cross-sectional details including non-structural fittings, such as parapets. A representative range of natural frequencies and damping, appropriate to the predicted modes of vibration of the bridge, should also be simulated. Due consideration should be given to the influence of turbulence and to the effect of wind which is inclined to the horizontal.

(4) Any potential changes in cross section (including icing or rivulets of water on a cable) should be taken into account when testing.

NOTE: The structural damping may be determined by mechanically exciting the bridge (using reciprocating machinery, out of balance rotating machinery, rockers or similar devices). The value of damping required can be determined from the energy required to generate a particular amplitUde of oscillation or the decay of oscillation after the excitation has ceased.

49

85 EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Annex A [informative] - Technical specifications for bearings

A.1 Scope

(]) This annex gives guidance for preparation of technical specifications for bearings, that comply with EN ] 337. The following bearings are not covered:

a) bearings that transmit moments as a primary function;

b) bearings that resist uplift;

c) bearings for moving bridges;

d) concrete hinges;

e) seismic devices.

50

NOTE 1: This annex is intended to be transferred to EN 1990 Basis of structural design.

NOTE 2: Fixed hearings prevent movements but other bearings such as guided bearings allow movements in one direction while free bearings allow movemenls in all directions.

NOTE 3: Detailed information on hearings may he obtained from the following parts of EN 1337:

Part [:

Part 2:

Part 3:

Part 4:

Part 5:

General

General design rules

Sliding elements

~ Vertical bearing resistance @J]

Reaction forces due to tj"iction

Translation capability

Eccentricity

Elaslomeric hearings

Vertical bearing resistance @J]

Reaction forces due to horizontal deformations

Reaction moments due to rotation about the horizontal axes

Eccentricity

Roller hearings

~ Vertical hearing resistance

Reaction forces due to "rolling" friction

Reaction moment in vertical plane with roller axis

Horizontal bearing capacity due to friction in direction of roller axis

Rotation about roller axis

Eccentricity of roller with respect to top plate and bottom plate 0,5 times the relative eccentricity bet ween the main structures

Pot bearings

Vertical bearing resistance @J]

Reaction moment in vertical plane

Wear of seal

Rotation capacity

Part 6: Rocker t'\{"<:l.'.n,'TC

Vertical resistance @1]

Horizontal bearing capacity due to friction

Rotation capacity about one axis

Parl7: Spherical and cylindrical PTFE

~ Vertical hearing resistance @1]

Reaction momel1l(s) due to friction

Rotation capacity about all (spherical) axes or one (cylindrical) axis

Part 8: Guided and restraint bearings

Restraint of movements in one or more directions

Part 9: Protection

Parr 10: Inspection and maintenance

Part [ I: Transport, Storage and installation

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(2) For technical specifications for bearings including vertical and horizontal forces, translational and rotational movements and other geometrical and performance characteristics, see A.3.1 (3).

A.2 Symbols

(1) Symbols for the most common types of bearings may be taken from EN 1337-], Table 1.

A.3 General

A.3.1 Bearing layout

(1) The bearing layout should be designed to permit the specified movement of a structure with the minimum possible resistance to such movements.

(2) The arrangement of bearings for a structure should be considered in conjunction with the design of the structure as a whole. The forces and movements in bearings should be given to the bearing manufacturer to ensure that the bearings provided meet the requirements.

(3) A drawing showing the bearing layout should include the following:

a) a simplified general arrangement of the bridge showing the bearings in plan;

b) details at the bearing location (e.g. recess and reinforcement) ;

c) a clear indication of the type of bearing at each location;

d) a table giving the detailed requirements for each bearing;

e) bedding and fixing details.

(4) Bearings should not normally be expected to resist moments due to rotational movement. \\There such rotational movement is present provision should be made to accommodate it by using the bearing itself or within the structure. Where bearings are required to resist rotational movement an analysis should be carried to ensure that the bearings will not be affected adversely, see A.3.2.

(5) Uplift may cause excessive wear in if such conditions occur frequently. Where uplift IS

unavoidable prestressing may be used to provide the necessary additional vertical force.

(6) Bearings and supports should be designed in such a way that they can be inspected, maintained and replaced if necessary.

51

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

NOTE 1: I::"or inspection purposes bearings should be provided with movement indicators with markings showing the maximum allowable movements.

NOTE 2: A clearance of not more than 1 0 111m should be provided for resetting or replacement of bearings or parts of bearings during jacking of the structure.

(7) If presetting is required it should be carried out at the factory wherever possible. If adjustment on site is unavoidable it should be carried out in accordance with the manufacturers' detailed instructions.

A.3.2 Effects of continuity of deformation

(1) For line rocker and single rol1er bearings, the full implications of uneven pressure along the length of the roller or rocker should be taken into account in the design of the structure and the bearing. Pat1icular care should be taken in the design of the following:

a) structures curved in plan;

b) structures with slender piers;

c) structures without transverse beams;

d) structures with transverse beams where the line rocker or single roller could effectively act as a built-in support for the transverse beam;

e) structures with a transverse temperature gradient.

A.3.3 Anchorage of bearings

(I)P Anchorages of bridge bearings sha11 be designed at the ultimate limit state. Where the position of a bearing or paI1 of a bearing is retained ehher completely or partially by friction its safety against sliding shall be checked in accordance \vith the following

(A.I)

where VEli is the design value of the shear force acting at the bridge bearing

v = j.1J( N + V 1M 1:'£1 Jhl

Y,ll

NEd is the minimum design force acting normal to the joint in conjunction with VEd ;

Vpd is the design value of shear resistance of any fixing device in accordance with the Eurocodes;

ilK is the characteristic value of the friction coefficient, see Table A.I;

XI is the partial factor for friction.

NOTE: The value for XI may be given in the National Annex. The following values are recommended.

JP 2,0 for steel on steel

JP = 1,2 for steel on concrete

Table A.1: Characteristic values of the friction coefficient f.lt<

SUli'ace treatment of steel components Steel on steel Steel on concrete

Uncoated and free from grease Metal-sprayed 0,4 0,6 Coated with fully hardened linc silicate Other treatment From test From test

(2) For dynamically loaded structures the value of NEd should be determined taking into account any dynamic variations in traffic loads.

52

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) For railway bridges and structures subjected to seismic situations friction should not be taken into account (NEd = 0).

(4) Where holding down bolts or other similar devices are used to provide some of the resistance to horizontal movement, it should be demonstrated that this resistance is provided before any movement can take place. If bolts are provided in holes with normal tolerances, movement will inevitably take place before the full resistance to movement is achieved. This is unacceptable in service conditions.

A.3.4 Conditions of installation

(1) Conditions of installation taking into account the construction sequence and other ti me dependent effects shouJd be determined and agreed with the manufacturer.

NOTE: In view of the difficulties of predicting conditions on site at the tin'lC of installation the design of bearings should be based on a number or alternative assumptions, see A.4.2.

A.3.S Bearing clearances

(I) Where the bearings are designed to resist horizontal forces, some movements will take place before clearances are taken up.

(2) The total clearance between extremes of movements may be up to 2 mm unless otherwise specified or agreed with the manufacturer.

(3) Clearance should not be taken into account when allowing for horizontal movements unless it can be shown that these movements will be permanently available in the correct direction.

(4) If more than one bearing is required to resist horizontal forces, the bearings and their supports should be designed to ensure that an adverse distribution of clearance will not prevent this happening. They should also be designed to accommodate the sharing of the load between the bearings caused by any distribution of clearance.

A.3.6 Resistance of bearings to rolling and sliding

(1) The resistance to movement of the various types of bearings may be calculated in accordance with EN 1337.

NOTE 1: The calculation needs to allow for the most adverse combination or the permitted variation in material properties, environmental conditions and manufacturing and installation tolerances.

NOTE 2: The properties of some materials wear or friction coefficient of PTFE or stress-strain behaviour of elastomers) are only valid for the specified temperature range and the movement speeds that normally occur in structures. They are only valid when the bearings are adequately maintained and protected from harmful substances.

NOTE 3: The actual resistance to movement is likely to bc considerably less than the calculated maximun1. Therefore, it should not be considered in the design when favourable except as in (2) below.

53

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(2) Where a number of bearings of equal type are arranged in such a way that the adverse forces, resulting from the resistance to movement by some bearings are partly relieved by the forces resulting from the resistance to movement by others, the respective coefficients of friction Ji;l and fir should be calculated as fol1ows:

fia = 0,5 fimax (1 + a) (A.2)

J.1r = 0,5 J.1lllax (1 a) (A.3)

where fia is the adverse coefficient of friction;

fir is the relieving coefficient of friction;

fimax is the maximum coefficient of friction for the bearing as given in the relevant Palts of EN 1

a is a factor dependent on the type of bearing and the number of bearings which are exerting either an adverse or relieving force as appropriate.

NOTE: The value for a may be chosen in the National Annex. Recommended values are given in Table A.2.

Table A.2: Factors a n a

::;4 1

16 n 4 < n < 10 ---

12 ~10 0,5

Clause (2) may also be applied to elastomeric bearings which come from different manufacturers. In such a case the coefficients of friction in equation (A.2) and (A.3) may be substituted by the respective shear moduli.

A.4 Preparation of the bearing schedule

A.4.1 General

(I) The bearing schedule should ensure that bearings are designed and constructed in such a way that under the influence of a]] possible actions, unfavourable effects of the bearing on the structure are avoided.

(2) The bearing schedule should contain:

a list of forces on the bearings from each action;

a list of movements of the bearings from each action;

other performance characteristics of the bearings.

NOTE 1: Forces and movemenlS from the various actions during construction are to be appropriate to the construction and inspection scheme including time dependent effects.

NOTE 2: Forces and movements from variable actions are to be given extreme minimum and maximum values corresponding to the relevant load positions

NOTE 3: All forces and movements from actions other than temperature are to be given for a specified temperature To. Thc cfTcClS of tcmperature need to be determined in such a way that the effeets of deviation from the speci fied Lemperature To can be identified.

(3) For structures with elastic behaviour, all forces and movements should be based on characteristic values of actions. The relevant paItial factors and combination rules should be applied at serviceability, ultimate or durability limit states.

54

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

NOTE 1: Guidance for a bearing schedule with characteristic values of bearing reactions and displacements is given in Table A.3. Design values representing the technical specifications for bearing are to be derived from this table.

NOTE 2: Normally the most adverse combination of action effects is sufficient for the design of bearings, sec Table A.3. In special cases greater economy may be achieved by considering the actual coexistent values of action effects.

(4) For structures in which the deformations are significant for action effects second order analysis may be performed in two

a) for the actions during the various construction phases up to the attainment of the final form of the structure that are required after construction for a specified temperature;

b) for all variable actions imposed on the final form of the structure.

NOTE: In general there is a requirement for the final geometrical form of the bridge (including its bearings) to be specified for a particular temperature after completion of construction. This is used as a reference for determining the necessary measures during construction and also for determining forces and movements from variable actions during service taking into account any uncertainties.

55

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

'" ,'~

.. ' " .. '

. " t

"

ac ti ons (characteristi c vatues)

1.1 perma- sell weight nent u--- G. P dead load

1":3 prestressing

~ creep and shrinkage

- ......

2. 1 vari- trallic loads abte

2:2 Q speciat vehicles

2.3 centrifugal force

2A braking and acce leration fo rces

~ nosing fo rces

2T foo tpath loading

2T wind on structure

~ wind on st ructu re and trallic

2.9 tempe rature

2.10 ve rtical temperature gradient

2."i"1 horizontal temperature gradient

2.i2 settlement substructure

~ restraint I frict ion force -

3. 1 seismic non co llapse ruptu re l ULS)

'""3.2 minimisation of

- damage (SLS)

ii'· .• · ••. .. 4.1 acci- derailmen t

dental 4":2 A colli sion

4:3 ru pture 01 overhead line -

' ........ ... · ... · .... · .. ·· .. i· ...... ··. 5.1 combi-

nations 5.2

5.3

--s:4

-----s:s -

Table A.3: Typical bearing schedule

Bearing reactions and displacements

ma.x A min A max H" min H< max H, min H,. max M, min M,

reaction ')

[lIN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm]

max Vol mm w max e, min e, max ey mill ey max I, min fz

displace -men t ')

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mradJ [mrad]

i .......

< ".'. I ···· •••..•.

1 .. , .....

"

>/., ••.•.. ....... " ... ... ' ..... . .... i·.· .. ...•

.... .... .>' ...... ..... , .... I ··· ....•..... ...... , .

> ••..• ....

...... ."'.

•........... > ..... . ...

. .............. ' . , ..... i/ . ...... •......... .'>. ------'-- ...

and/or 2.1 •... 1> .••••......•••• ' ..... .... ...... ....

I ....... ', .. " .....

. '. .'.' .

.... 1 .............. ' ..

.. , ....... ..... , ....

........ ....

< • .••..... ....

wlo 2. 1 to 2.6!or 2.8

...... i··.·· ...... . ...

........ .. . ..

or 2.7 ... ....... . ......

. ' .... .". ..... , .....

..... > .• >< '> 1

. ......

..... ••••••

. .... ................... ...... .....•. . .......

.... ..... .... "',, .. ....

i > .... ..... .....

.'., .....•. . ................. , ... .....

........ ' ....

............. , ........

........ ....

. .. .'.,

........ ....

•••• ........ ........... '., .. I

" . ' ..... '., . .....

, ............ ......................... .. ' ......... , ....

·ii.·· .. ··· I .

.......... I ••• ••• •. · •.••••• '. "." .

....

> ,

....... ...... , ......... ..... . ' .....

, ........ ( >

. '.'.' '.', ............ . ......... , ...... '

..... ... '.' .... .....

< .... ..........

·.··i·,··.·.··.,.· '.··· 1 .'·····,·

•••••••• ...... ... ' .. ",.,

...... ,. ............. ' ........

I,. ••••••••

...... .. i ...... ' ..... , .......... ·····\(i ' .............. ' ......

· .. ,··.·'··.·.ii,·.· ........

......•........ ........ ,',". ', ...... ,.' .. '."., .....

') delete if not applicable liiii

given by Ihe designer of the bridae

Bearing No,

max M, min M, max My min My

[kNmJ [kNmJ [kN mJ [kNm]

max I, min (, max Iy min Iy

[mrad] [mrad] [mrad] [mrad]

.........

..... .....

......

. .......•......•....

. .. , ........... ..... ,'.'

.' .

. ... ...........

.. ' ....

,". ," .

.'.

,,'. ....... . ......

» .•••••. . ... ' ..

.... . ....

.....

'.'

' ..

., ....

---. .....

. ....

.. .>' . ....

".

. .......

. ....... i ....

""

I

, ....... .,

.... ., ......... ' ..

.... , ..... '.'.' ....

",'.',' . .. > . ...

," .......... >

. ........ ., .... , ...

given by the produce r of the bearing

This list comprises a]] reactions and movements in the final stage. When the bearings are in stall ed during erection , they should be readj LI sted after reac hing the fin al stage and reactions and movements exceeding those of th e final stage should be give separately.

56

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

A.4.2 Determination of design values of actions on the bearings and movements of the bearings

A.4.2.1 General

(l) In determining the actions on and their movements the followi ng reference situation should be recorded on the drawings:

a) Fina] geometrical form of the completed bridge for the reference temperature To;

b) The locations of the fixed bearings and the sliding bearings at the time of installation for the reference temperature To:

c) for elastomeric bearings, the position and movements of the bearings at their location should conform to the assumptions made for the reference temperature To;

d) any uncertainty of position of the bearings at the reference temperature that may give rise to enlarged movements or restraints to such movements, is included in the assumptions for the design values of the

reference temperature To and, consequently, for the design values of the temperature differences 111~1 .

(2) The uncertainty of position of the sliding bearings in relation to the position of the fixed beari ngs, or in case of elastomeric bearings in relation to the neutral point of movement for both permanent actions at the time of completion of the bridge, and the given reference temperature To depends on:

a) the method of installing the bearings;

b) the mean temperature of the bridge when the bearing are installed;

c) the accuracy of measurement of the mean temperature of the bridge, see Figure A. 1.

57

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

58

'~------------------I

< I I ).

• o

c-_ ------,

----------------~~

sum of both movements total movement from temperature difference mean temperature of structure as measured esti mated mean temperature of structure

I

Case 1 Position of sliding bearings after final connection to the fixed bearings with accurate measurements of temperature of the structure

Case 2 Position of bearings witbout accurate measurement of the temperature of the structure and without correction of the position when the final connection to the fixed bearings is made

Case 3 As case 2 but with one or more changes of location of the fixed bearings

error in estimation of mean temperature plus uncertainty from 1 or more changes of location of fixed bearing enor in estimation of mean temperature

realistic limits of temperature for the structure

Figure A.1: Determination of d To to take uncertainties of position of bearings into account

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on temperature measurements.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(3) The unceltainty of the posItIOn of sliding bearings should be taken into account by taking an appropriate upper value TOmnx and a lower value T Omin for the installation. These should be taken as:

Tomax = To + IJ.To (AA)

Tomin = To - IJ.To (A.S)

NOTE: I1To may be specified in the National Annex. Numerical values of I1To ror steel hridges as given in Table A.4 are recommended.

Table A.4: Numerical values for l::,. To

Case Installation of bearings IJ.To lOCI 1 I Installation with measured temperature and with 0

correction by resetting 2 Installation with estimated temperature and without 15

correction by resetting with bridge set at To ± 10 °C 3 Installation with estimated temperature and without 30

correction by resetting and also one or more changes in the position of the fixed bearing

(4) The design values of the temperature difference !:1~I' including any uncertainty of the position of the

beatings should be determined from

(A.6)

where IJ.TK is the characteristic value of the temperature difference in the bridge according to EN 1991-1-5 relative to the mid point of the temperature range;

IJ.Ty is the additional safety term to allow for the temperature difference in the bridge;

IJ.To is the safety term to take into account the uncertainty of the position of the bearing at the reference temperature.

NOTE 1: The National Annex may specify I1Ty and I1To-

NOTE 2: A numerical example for determinin u ~T' for case 2 in Table A.4 is: c 11

TKOlin = - 25°C

TKmnx + 45°C

I1TK = ± 35°C

To = + 10 °C

I1To = ± 15°C

I1Ty ± 5°C

!:1~l:' 35 + 5 + 15 ± 55°C

NOTE 3: In using ~~; for bearings with sliding elements or rollers and for elasromeric bearings the design

criteria should be appropriate to ultimate limit states and not to serviceability limit stales.

59

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(5) Where actions on bearings and their movements are obtained from a non linear global analysis of the structure (with the bearings being structural components) and incremental calculations are required~ the

design value of the temperature difference I1T(/' may be expressed in terms of:

where Yr is the partial factor for the temperature difference.

NOTE: In the case of the example given in NOTE 2 of AA.2.1 (4) YT would take the following values:

case I in Table AA Yr = 40 = 1,15 35 55

case 2 in Table AA rT = 1,60 35 70

case 3 in Table AA rr = - = 2,00 35

(A.7)

(6) For determining the design values of actions on bearings and their movements, the relevant loading combination for the persistent~ transient and accidental load combinations should be taken into account.

A.4.2.2 Actions for persistent design situations

(1) Persistent design situations should apply to the bridge after its construction with the required form under permanent actions at the reference temperature To.

NOTE: For construction see AA.2.3.1

(2) Where time dependent actions have to be considered these should be applicable only after construction.

(3) The characteristic values of the actions may be taken from the Eurocodes listed in Table A.5~ see also Table A.3.

Table A.5: Characteristic values of actions

No. Action Eurocode 01 reference temperature To EN 1991-1-5, Annex A 02 temperature difference !:lTo

1.4 creep E K9K for t/JK = 1,35 <An EN 1992-1

I shrinkage GSK 1,6 GSIll EN 1992-1 2.1 traffic loads EN 1991-2 2.2 special vehicles EN 1991-2 2.3 centrifugal forces EN 1991-2 2.4 brake and acceleration forces EN 1991-2 2.5 nosing forces EN 1991-2 2.6 foot path loading EN 1991-2 2.7 wind on structures EN 1991-1-4 2.8 wind on structures and traffic EN 1991-2 2.9 temperature EN 1991-1-5 6.13 and 6.15

2.10 vertical temperature gradient EN 1991-1-5 6.14 and 6.15 2.11 horizontal temperature gradient EN 1991 1-5 6.14 and 6.2 2.12 settlement of substructure . EN 1997-1

I 2.13 restrai nt, frlctlon forces EN 1337

(4) For the combination of actions see A.4.2.7.

60

A.4.2.3 Actions for transient design situations

A.4.2.3.1 Design situations during construction

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(1) Where bearings are installed before the construction is completed, all relevant construction phases after the installation of the bearings including any changes of the boundary conditions of the system and all actions dUling construction should be taken into account in the ca1culatioll of movements.

(2) Time dependent actions that develop during the construction phase should be taken into account.

(3) The form of the bridge required at the time of installation of the bearings may be determined from the form required for the bridge after construction at the reference temperature

(4) The characteristic values of actions may be taken from the Eurocodes listed in Table A.6, see also Table A.3.

Table A.6: Characteristic values of actions

No. Action Eurocode 01 reference temperature To EN 1991-]-5 Annex A 02 temperature difference f1To 1.1 self weight EN 1991-1-7 1.2 dead load EN 1991-]-7 1.3 prestressing ].4 creep EN 1992-1

shrinkage EN 1992-1 2.2 erection loads EN 1991 1-7 2.6 variable loads EN 1991 1-7 2.7 wind on structure EN 1991-1-4 2.8 wind during works EN 1991-1-4 2.9 temperature EN 1 1-1-5

2.10 vertical temperature gradient EN 1991-1-5 2.11 horizontal temperature gradient EN 1991-1-5 2.12 settlement of substructure EN 1997-1 2.13 restraint, friction forces EN 1337

(5) During launching of bridge girders friction forces, effects of the longitudinal slope of the bridge and sway of the piers should be taken into account.

(6) For the combination of actions, see A.4.2.7.

A.4.2.3.2 Replacement of bearings and other transient design situations

(1) For transient design situations, the representative values of actions may be reduced in accordance with the limited duration of the situation.

NOTE: For transienl situations for traffic see also EN 1991-2.

(2) For the combination of actions see AA.2.7.

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A.4.2.4 Actions for accidental design situations

(1) Accidental design situations may be caused by a number of factors including the following:

failure of auxiliary devices during launching of a bridge;

failure of the bearing;

failure of the foundation or pier.

(2) For actions arising from the above failures or for other accidental situations without defined causes, the movements and displacements of the bridge should be limited by suitable stops at the abutments or on the piers in sllch a way that damages are limited and slippages of the bridge or piers are prevented.

NOTE: The Nalional Annex may give further gLlldarlce.

(3) For the design of accidental design situations see EN 1992 to EN 1999.


A.4.2.S Seislnic design situations

(1) For seismic design situations to determine actions and movements of bearings see EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-2.


A.4.2.6 Analysis models for detennining the movements of bearings

(I) Where the deformation of the foundation or the piers or the bearings has a significant influence on the forces on bearings or the movements of bearings, these elements should be included in the analysis model.

(2) For linear behaviour the elastic horizontal stiffness of the foundations, piers and bearings may be modelled as individual springs, which may be combined to a global spring stiffness at the location of a bearing for the ca1culation of the movements and restraints to movements for the varioLls actions, see A.2.

spring model

spring stiffness K [MN/m]

1 1 1 1 ----+ --+ ---K/ola' Kl'iCr

displacements of springs v [m/MN]

Figure A.2: Global spring stiffness of pier

(3) The global spring stiffness from all of the pier stiffness in the longitudinal direction of the bridge may be determined from the sum of all the stiffness of the piers, see Figure A.3.

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c.m. ZSM ZSNIt ZSM l£N¥ ISM ~ ~ K10 K20 KJO K<40 K60 K60 K70 Kao

total spring stiffness K [MN/m]

K/o/a! = K IO + K20 + K30 + KJ,o + Kso + K60 + KIO + K';)()

Figure A.3: Horizontal spring stiffness from the piers

(4) The effects of eccentricity of springs on the distribution of forces should be taken into accou 111.

A.4.2.7 Combinations of actions

(1) For the combination of actions to determine the design values of forces on bearings and movements of bearings in persistent and transient design situations see 6A.3.2 of EN 1990.

(2) For the partial factors )'e;, )Ip and )'Q for permanent and variable actions, see Annex A2 of EN 1090.

(3) The following procedure may be used where bearings are instal1ed before the construction of the bridge is completed and where the movements of the bearings are checked during construction by measurements:

1. Actions on bearings and movements should be determined for all relevant construction phases in accordance with AA.2.3.1. For the characteristic combination of actions 6.5.3(2) of EN 1990 should be used. When second order analysis is used the deformation calculated should be based on the initial form of the structure (form as fabricated without stresses at the reference temperature To). A comparison of the measured values and the values as calculated should be recorded and corrections undertaken where appropriate.

Ultimate limit state verifications for the bearings and the bridge structure at the points of load introduction from the beatings should follow AA.2.7( 1) and AA.2.7(2) with movements of bearings calculated for the characteristic combination of actions.

2. The calculation of forces on bearings and movements for design values of variable actions that occur after the completion of the bridge should be based on the geometrical form of the bridge and the location of the bearings as required and checked after construction of the bridge at the reference temperature To.

When second order analysis is used, the )I-factors for permanent actions in combination with the action effects from permanent actions should be applied to the required final form of the bridge.

(4) Ultimate limit state verifications for the bearings and the bridge support at the points of load introduction from the bearings should be carried out for the combination of actions in accordance with 6A.3.2 of EN 1990. Any eccentricity for loads should be obtained from the calculation in A.4.2.7(3).

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A.4.3 Determination of the position of bearings at the reference temperature To

(I) The installation temperature of the bearing should be such that the temperature expansion and contraction are not markedly different.

(2) Deformation due to creep and shrinkage may be considered to be equivalent to an additional thermal contraction (cooling down).

A.S Supplementary rules for particular types of bearings

A.S.1 Sliding bearings

(I) The load introduction to the bearing should be proportioned in such a way that the deformation limits of the backing plates of sliding elements see EN 1337-2, 6.9 are not exceeded.

A.S.2 Elastomeric bearings

(I) Forces, moments and deformations exerted on the structure from elastomeric bearings can be determined using the stiffness parameters given in EN 1337-3,5.3.3.7.

A.S.3 Roller bearings

(I) The eccentricity due to the relative movement of top and bottom ro]]er plates may be increased by eccentricities due to the [o]]er friction and from rotational elements in case of multiple ro]]ers.

(2) For eccentricity in the transverse direction see A.3.2 and AA.3(2).

A.S.4 Pot bearings

(I) The fonowing procedure may be used to determine the relevant class of accumulated slide path of internal seal systems unless otherwise specified.

NOTE: The class of acculllulated slide path of internal seal is related to testing for durability.

(2) It should be verified that

Sli S Sr

where Sd is the required accumulated slide path due to variable loads

(A.8)

Sr is the accumulated slide path capacjty in accordance with EN 1337-5, 5A or from testing according to Annex E of EN 1337-5.

(3) Sci may be determined from

D - '" 11 /j. At, . 2

L...J I Ir~1 c . I

(A.9)

where I1j is the number of load events associated with the effects ~<I>2j;

64

~th is the range of rotation angles from extreme positions of the characteristic loads;

D is the internal diameter of pot in mm;

c is a factor to correct for the difference between the constant amplitude slide path used in tests and the actual effects of variable amplitude movements.

NOTE: ~ Text Jt'Jrlf'fJ\t"\1.. c may be taken as c = 5, unless otherwise specified.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(4) For restraint moments due to rotation of elastomeric pad and intenull seal friction, see EN 1 6.13.

A.5.5 Rocker bearings

(1) For line and point rocker rotational eccentricities, see EN 1337-6, 6.6.

A.5.6 Spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings

(1) For maximum deformations of backing plates, see A.S.I.

(2) For eccentricities due to friction, rotation and lateral forces, see EN 1337-7, Annex A.

A.5.7 Details of installation

(1) Where structural components for load introduction from the bemings are not cast in situ directly on the bearing subsequent to its installation, e.g. in case of precast concrete or steel members, appropriate measures should be taken:

to ensure their uniform contact with the bearing;

to avoid areas of variable ligidity for compression@il on or underneath the bearing.

(2) Level cOITections should be effected by grouting or suitable packing by plates with machined surfaces.

(3) More details are given in EN 1337-11.

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Annex B [informative] - Technical specifications for expansion joints for road bridges

B.1 Scope

(1) This annex guidance on the preparation of technical specifications for expansion joints of road bridges.

NOTE: This annex is intended to be transferred Lo EN 1990 - Basis of structural design.

(2) The specification should include the following:

movements (translational and rotational) from temperature, creep, shrinkage, traffic, and setting if relevant;

traffic categories, other actions and environmental influences;

the type of expansion joint and the related ETA;

dimensions in sections and plan and categories of use (vehicles, cycles, pedestrians);

particular requirements concerning durability, maintenance, accessibility and replacement, drainage, water tightness, noise emission.

(3) Data needed for the design of the connection between the expansion joint and the supporting structure of the bridge are those given in the relevant ETA and as supplied by the manufacturer for the specific project. They should include:

66

dimensions including tolerances, movement capacities and other requirements for connections, the anchorage and method of installation;

minimum requirements for stiffness of the main structure suppOiting the expansion joint;

recommended detailing of the connection to the bridge;

forces and moments from imposed movements to be taken into account in the bridge design.

NOTE 1: The following types of expansion joints are specified in the "Guideline for European Technical Approval of Expansion Joints for Road Bridges" (ETAG).

ETAG-Part

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Table B.1: Types of expansion jOints

Type

Buried expansion joint:

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

This expansion joint is formed in situ using components such as waterproofing mcmhranes or an elast0l11eric pad, to distrihute the ddormations to a greater width and to support the surJ~lCing which is continuous over the deck joint gap. The components of the expansion jUint are nOll flush with the running surface. Flexible expansion joint: An in situ poured joint comprising a band of specially formulated llcxible material (binder and dggl t,;gau::;:-., which also forms the surl~lcing, supported over the deck joint gap thin metal plates or other suitable components. The joint material is flush \vith the running surface, Nosing expansion joint: This expansion joint has lips or edges prepared with concrete, resin mortar or elastomcric compound. The gap bet ween the edges is filled with a prefabricated /lexible strip, which is non flush with the running surface. Mat expansion joint: This expansion joint uses the elastic properties of a prefabricated elastomeric strip or pad to allow the expected movements of the structure. The strip is fixed by bolts to the structure. The joint element is llush with the running surface. Cantilever expansion joint: This expansion joint consists of cantilever symmetrical and non-symmetrical elements (such as comb or saw tooth which are anchored on one side of the deck joinl gap and frec at the other end bridge the deek joint gap. The elements are flush with the running surface. Supported expansion joint: This expansion joint consists of one element !lush with the running surface, which is fixed by hinges on one side and sliding supports on the other side (by a second clement), and it spans the deck joint gap. The movement takes placc through sliding on the non fixed side of the hinged clement, i.c. on the supporting element, that is anchored to the substructure. l\;lodular expansion joint: This expansion joint consists of a number of watertight elements (in the traffic direction) eomprisi ng movement controlled metal beams supported by moveahle substructures bridging the gap (i.e. crossbeams, cantilevers, pantographs). The metal beams arc /lush with the running surrace.

NOTE 2: The ETAG on expansion joints for road bridges docs not cover movable bridges.

NOTE 3: Expansion joints are normally installed either by the manufacturer or under the supervision or the manufacturer.

B.2 Technical specifications

8.2.1 General

(1) Expansion joints for bridges should be specified in accordance with the "Guideline for the Technical Approval of Expansion Joints for Road Bridges".

(2) The technical specifications for a specific bridge project should be based on the actions on the bridge and the bridge response to these actions.

NOTE: For the actions, combinations of actions and the modelling of the bridge structure to determine bridge responses relevant to expansion joints, see also Annex A.

(3) For drafting technical specifications the guideline for the preparation of the expansion joint schedule in B.2.2 should be used.

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B.2.2 Expansion joint schedule

(I) An expansion joint schedule should give all the relevant information necessary for the design of the expansion joint, including the following:

I. Geometric data for the bridge deck surface and arrangement of the expansion joint in plan and section. The details should include provisions for the final alignment including durability of the load carrying connection between the expansion joint and the bridge structure. The schedule should also include provisions that allow to access to movable pm1s and that protect against corrosion and dirt.

2. User categories can be as follows:

vehicle;

cyclist;

pedestrian.

Pedestrian paths may include maintenance vehicles, snow-ploughs, etc. Gaps and voids should be covered in such a way to prevent accidents from occurring.

3. Arrangement of the expansion joints in relation to the geometry of the bridge, e.g. longitudinal and transverse slope, curvature and the arrangement of bearings and the directions of their displacements.

4. Actions on expansion joints, ~ including persistent actions @il and accidental actions comprising:

imposed displacements and rotations from the bridge movements in all directions corresponding to the installation temperature from the individual characteristic values of any transient, accidental and seismic actions on the bridge. For accidental and seismic actions the limit relating to opening or closing movements should be indicated;

imposed direct loads from user categories, vertical loads, horizontal loads for ultimate, serviceability and fatigue limit states;

environmental conditions that may affect the properties of the constituent materials.

5. Installation plan containing:

information about the prefixing (gap) of the expansion Jomt and its marking (considering the movement of the structure at the time of installation from creep, shrinkage, setting and the temperature assumed, e.g. + 10

requirements for adjustment meaSllres to cope with the differences in assumptions for !1.T I in the form of a diagram;

temporary abutments and final abutments;

time of unfastening;

time of concreting.

movements

6. Other requirements such as

68

assembly for erection, maintenance and repair;

provisions for anchorage and connections;

road restraint systems;

provisions for debris, dust, water;

accessibility to the joint and the drainage system;

design life according to traffic categories given in Table 4.5 of EN 199] -2;

jointing with the waterproofing system of the deck;

noise emISSIon.

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

B.2.3 Actions for the design of the joint anchorage and connections

(1) The information needed from the joint manufacturer for the design of the anchorage or connections of the expansion joint is as follows:

1. Geometric data for the bearing surfaces of the expansion joint components induding tolerances and types of connections for installation.

2. Minimum stiffness of the bearing surfaces.

3. Characteristic values of the forces and moments to be transmitted to the bridge structure.

B.3 Imposed loads, displacements and rotations from bridge movements

(1) The design va]ues of displacements and rotations at the location of the expansion joints should be based on the rules specified in AA.2 of Annex A.

(2) In calculating displacements and rotations the following aspects should be taken into account:

1. Relative displacements and rotations at both ends of the joint.

2. The angles between the longitudinal slope and the transverse slope of bridge surface and direction of movement of the movable bearings.

3. Effects of eccentricities.

4. Allowance for lifting the bridge to replace bearings (e.g. by 10 mm).

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Annex C [informative] - Recommendations for the structural detailing of steel bridge decks

C.1 Highway bridges

C.1.1 General

(J) This annex gives recommendations for the structural detailing and execution for road bridges to achieve a minimum quality standard as assumed in EN 1993-1

NOTE 1: The rules related to execution are intended to be transferred to EN 1090.

NOTE 2: This annex applies to the types of details described in the following figures only.

(2) The recommendations are based on a standard design as given in Figure C.I aiming at both durability of the steel structure and the surfacing. For the surfacing it is assumed that appropriate requirements for bonding, make up of the surfacing (material), plate preparation and waterproofing are met.

NOTE: IEJ) The National Annex may additional technical information.

I heavy trqtJic lane

2 I deck plate

2 lrvelded connection of :.;t(flener to deck plate

3 welded cOlZnection of stiflener to web of crossbeanz

4 cut out in yveh of crossbeam

5 splice (~f stiffener - ----6 splice of crossbeam

7 welded connection crossbeam to Inain

6 girder or transverse frame

7 8 yvelded cOlZnection (~f

the web qf crossbeam to the deck plate

Figure C.1: Examples of structural details in steel decks of highway bridges

NOTE: Annex C does not apply to decks provided with transverse stiffeners.

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(3) The recommendations are based on the lanes in the carriageway carrying heavy traffic and cover:

1. the deck plate,

2. the welded connections of the stiffeners to the deck plate,

3. the welded connections of the stiffeners to the web of the crossbeam,

4. the detail of the cut out in the web of the crossbeam,

5. continuity of the stiffeners,

6. continuity of crossbeams,

7. the connection between crossbeams and main girders.

(4) Details of tolerances, testing methods and test requirements (including test results) are given in Tables C.3, Table CA and Table C.S.

C.1.2 Deck plate

C.l.2.l General

(1) Fatigue actions originate from bending of the deck plate due to wheel loads and tyre pressures, see Figure C.2.

(2) Figure C.2 a) illustrates the bending profile assuming the stiffeners wi1l not deflect. Figure C.2 b) illustrates the effect of differential deflections of stiffeners.

(3) The combination of the deck plate with the surfacing leads to an increase of the stiffness of the plate due to composite actions.

(4) Fatigue cracks may occur in the welds between the stiffeners and the plate, see Figure C.3, and in the surfacing.

a)

b) i t 1 t

\J \J \J a l

I ),vheelload

Figure C.2: Effect of a) local wheel loads and b) differential deflections of stiffeners

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a) crack initiation staI1ing at weld root inside the stiffeners

b) crack initiation starting at weld toe outside the stiffeners

1 crack initiation

Figure C.3: Fatigue cracks in deck plate

(5) The recommendations relate to

I. the minimum thickness of the deck plate and the minimum stiffness of stiffeners

2. the splices of the deck plate

3. the connections between the deck plate and webs of main girders, webs of open section stiffeners and webs of crossbeams.

(6) The connection between the deck plate and the webs of the stiffeners is covered in section C.I.3.

(7) In order to achieve the tolerances for the assembly of the deck plate as specified in Table C.4, the tolerances given in Table C.3 (I) should be met.

C.1.2.2 Thickness of deck plates and mininlum stiffness of stiffeners

(I) The thickness of deck plate should be selected according to the traffic category, the effects of composite action of the deck plate with the surfacing and the spacing of the supp0l1s of the deck plate.

72

NOTE 1: The National Annex may give guidance on the plate thickness to be used. Recommended plate dimensions are as follows, see Figure C.2:

I. Deck plate thickness in the carriage way in the heavy vehicle lane

t;::: 14 mm for asphalt layer;::: 70 mm,

f ~ 16 mm for asphalt layer ~ 40 mm.

2. Spacing of the supports of the deck plate by webs of stiffeners in the carriageway

elf ~ 25, recommended e ~ 300 111m.

Locallye may be increased by 5 % where required, e.g. for adaptation to bridge curvature in plan.

3. Deck plate thickness for pedestrian bridges (with loads hom maintenance vehicles):

f;::: 10 ml11 and elf ~ 40

e ~ 600 111m.

4. Thickness of stiffener:

(slifl;::: 6 mm

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EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

NOTE 2: When the values given in NOTE 1 are satisfied, the bending rnoments in the deck plate do not need to be verified.

(2) The minimum stiffness of stiffeners should be selected in accordance with the traffic category and the location of the stiff bearing from webs of main girders or longitudinal girders in relation to the lane carrying heavy traffic. This is to prevent cracking of the surfacing due to differential deJlections.

\::l C/J I-. <J)

""0 I-.

'Sf.)

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the minimum stiffness of stiffeners. The minimum stiffness values in C.4 are recommended.

5

~ 4 o b

1000 5000 10000 15000 20000 second moment of area In of the stringers including deck plate [cm4]

Condition for curve A

/'~~~----------\ : - ~ \, Ii:!'/

'~_ ... ___ ...... '7I'

2

NOTE a) Curve A applies to all stiffeners, that are not covered by b).

1 trqfllc lane for vehicle,,,'

2 lveb of main girder or longitlldinal girder

b) Curve B applies to stiffeners that are located under the 1110st heavlly loaded traffic lane within 1,20 111 of a web of a main girder

c) The figure applies to all types of stiffeners

Figure C.4: Minimum stiffness of longitudinal stiffeners

C.1.2.3 Deck plate welds

(1) Transverse welds (i.e. weld running across the traffic lane) should be double V -welds or single Vwelds with root run or capping run or single V -welds with ceramic backing strips. Welds with metallic backing strips, see Figure C.6, are not recommended because of the discontinuity at stiffener locations.

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Figure C.S: Deck plate welds transverse to traffic lane without metallic backing strip

/' Figure C.6: Deck plate welds transverse to traffic lane with ceramic backing

strip

(2) For tolerances and inspections of deck plate welds without backing strips see Table CA (1).

LongitudinaJ welds (with welds running along the traffic lane) should be designed as transverse welds.

I no sealing }veld

Figure C.7: Deck plate welds in the direction of traffic lane with metallic backing strip

(4 ) V-welds with metallic backing strips may be used for longitudinal welds with the fo11owing requirements:

l. executlon in accordance with Figure C.7

2. tolerances and inspections given in Table CA (2).

C.l.2.4 Connection between the deck plate and webs of main girders, webs of open section stiffeners and webs of crossbeams

(l) The welds connecting the deck plate with the webs should be designed as fillet weJds in accordance with Figure C.S.

1 deck plate

2 lveb of main girder

Figure C.8: Connection between the deck plate and the web of main girder

For the connection of hollow section stiffeners to the deck plate, see C.I.3.

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C.1.3 Stiffeners

C.l.3.t Fatigue actions

(1) Fatigue actions result from:

I. bending in the webs imposed from the deformations of the deck plate due to rigid welded connections between the stiffener and the deck plate~

2. shear in the welds between stiffeners and deck plate from shear forces in the stiffeners;

3. longitudinal direct stresses in the stiffeners due to bending moments and axial forces in the stiffeners;

4. local bending at the connection between stiffeners and crossbeams in the web of the stiffeners and the webs of the crossbeams.

C.l.3.2 Type of stiffeners

(I) Stiffeners may either be closed section stiffeners, such as trapezoidal, V -shape, round or open stiffeners.

(2) For closed section stiffeners, see Table C.3 (2),

(3) For open stiffeners under traffic lanes, see Table C.3 (3).

(4) In the case of a change in the plate thickness of stiffeners, the misalignment at the surface of plates should not exceed 2 mm.

C.l.3.3 Stiffener to deck plate connection

(I) For closed section stiffeners under the carriageway the weld between the stiffener and the deck plate should be a butt weld.

(2) The throat thickness "a tt should not be less than the thickness "t" of the stiffener, see Table CA (3) and (4).

(3) For stiffener to deck plate connections outside the calTiageway, see Table CA (5).

(4) For tolerances and tests, see Table CA (3), (4) and (5).

C.l.3.4 Stiffener to stiffener connection

(1) The stiffener to stiffener connection should have splice plates in accordance with Table CA (6).

(2) The splice should be located close to the point of contraflexure of the stiffener (at a distance of O,2e from crossbeam, where ,e span of stiffener).

(3) The welding sequence should be such that residual stresses are small and that the bottom flange of the stiffener receives residual compression. The welding sequence specified in Table CA (6) is as follows:

I. First weld between the stiffener and the splice plate.

2. Second weld between the stiffener and the splice plate; at [1] and [2] given in Table CA (6) at the bottom flange then the web should be welded.

3. Deck plate weld.

(4) For the butt welds between the stiffener and the splice plate the tolerances and inspections given in Table CA (7) should apply.

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C.l.3.S Connection of stiffeners to the web of the crossbeam

C.1.3.s.1 General

(1) Fatigue actions at the connection of the stiffeners to the web of the crossbeam result from the following, see Figure C.9:

1. Shear forces, torsional moments and stresses due to distol1ional deformations of the stiffeners induce stresses in the fillet welds between the stiffeners and the web of the crossbeam.

2. Rotations of the stiffeners due to deflections of the stiffeners induce bending stresses in the web. Poisson effects result in transverse deformations of the stiffeners restrained at the web of the crossbeam.

3. In plane stresses and strains in the web of the crossbeam may cause stress concentration at the of the cope holes and deformations on the stiffeners.

rotation of the stiffener at its connection to web of crossbeam, see C. ] .3.5. I (]) 2

imposed deformations to stiffener from strain distribution in the web of the crossbeam, see C.l.3.s.1 (1) 3

Figure C.g: Connection of stiffeners to the web of the crossbeam

(2) The magnitude of these effects depends on whether the:

stiffeners are passing through the web and the shapes of the cut out and cope hole;

stiffeners are fitted between the webs of the crossbeams including the shape and fit up.

(3) Stiffeners should preferably pass through the webs of the crossbeam.

(4) Where it is not possible to pass the stiffeners through the webs, for bridges with extremely sma]] depths of crossbeams or small spacing of crossbeams, stiffeners should be fitted between the webs in accordance with C.1.3.5.3.

(5) For flat stiffeners, see Figure C.IO, the fatigue actions (see C.1.3.s.1 (1» are similar to closed section stiffeners; however the effects of C.1.3.s.1 (1) 3. are smaller.

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Open section stiffeners with longitudinal welds passing through the web of the crossbeam with cope holes without cope holes

I cope hole at bottom off7at to prevent melting of sharp edges

Figure C.1 0: Connections of flat stiffeners with the webs of crossbeams

C.l.3.S.2 Cut outs in the webs of crossbeams

(1) For closed section stiffeners cut outs should be either with or without cope holes follows, see Figure C.II:

1. with cope holes around the soffit of the stiffener, see Figure C.II a, with partial welding of the stiffener to the web;

2. without cope holes, see Figure C.II b, with welding all around.

a) b)

Figure C.11: Cut outs in the webs of crossbeams with or without cope holes

(2) Cope holes in the web of the crossbeam at the stiffener deck plate connections should be avoided, see Figure C.I2.

1

J no cope holes dimension according to Table CA (3), (4) and (5)

Figure C.12: Welded connections of the closed section stiffeners with web of crossbeam with cope holes

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(3) The shape of the cut outs in the web of the crossbeam, see Figure C.13, should be such that:

I. The welds between the stiffeners and the web have adequate strength and the returns are without notches, see Figure C.13 a).

2. The dimensions of the cut out allow for:

stiffener profile tolerances, and

surface preparation, application and inspection of the corrosion protection, see Figure C.] 3 b).

3. The stress ranges ~() at the edge of the cut outs from in plane bending and out of plane bending of the web are within acceptable limits, see Figure C.l3, c).

3

I fillet "tveld.')'

2 detail a)

3 weld arow1d the edge without notches, ground where neceSSCllJ

4 detail b)

5 detail c)

Figure C.13: Critical details for the shape of cope holes

(4) The minimum size of the cut out should conform to ISO 12944-3 and Figure C.14 .

...c

=:t h::!: 0,15 hT 1 plate thickness of web of crossbeam

2 constant value of cleararlce

b ;? 2tH'.CI"OII!J ;? 25 1111n

Figure C.14: Minimum dimensions of cope holes

(5) The requirements for tolerance and inspection are given in Table CA (9).

(6) For the connection of the stiffeners to the end-crossbeam, see C.l.3.5.3.

(7) The requirements for the connection of stiffeners without cope holes are given in Table CA (8).

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C.l.3.5.3 Stiffeners fitted between crossbeams

(1) Stiffeners may only be fitted between crossbeams, where the following conditions apply:

1. the bridge is designed for light traffic only, or the stiffeners are not located under the traffic;

2. the spacing between crossbeams is ::::: 2.75 m;

3. the grade of steel for the webs of the crossbeam conforms to the requirements for Z-quality given in EN 1993-1-10;

4. assembly and welding sequences are such that shrinkage effects are negligible.

(2) The connection of the stiffeners to the web should be made by butt welds with a weld preparation conforming to the requirements given in Table Co4 (10).

C.l.3.5 A Stiffeners made of tlat plates

(1) Flats passing through webs of crossbeams should have continuous fillet welds to the deck plate and should be welded to the web of the crossbeams on either sides, see Figure C.I 0 @J] .

(2) A maximum gap width of I mm is provided to reduce shrinkage.

(3) The requirements for detailing and inspection should be taken from Table Co4 (11).

C.1.4 Crossbeams

C.l.4.l General

(I) Crossbeams should comprise the following:

1. web to stiffeners connection;

2. web to deck plate connection;

3. connection of the web of the crossbeam to the web of the main girder;

4. web to bottom tlange connection of the crossbeam;

5. connection of the bottom tlange of crossbeam to the web of main girder or to the bottom flange of main girder where both flanges are at an equal level;

6. connection of crossbeams to either transverse stiffeners, frames or diaphragms which are positioned in the same plane as the crossbeams.

(2) The radius of any corners of free edges of cut outs or cope holes should be measured.

(3) The detailed requirements given in C.lo4.2, C.Io4.3 and C.Io404 should be met.

C.1.4.2 Connections of the web of crossbeam

(1) The detailing and inspection of the welded connections of webs of crossbeams to the deck plate or to the web of the main girder should be carried out in accordance with Table Co4 (12) and Tab1e Co4 (] 3), respectively.

(2) Splices of the webs in crossbeams should be welded in accordance with Table Co4 (14).

C.1.4.3 Connections of the flange of crossbeanls

(1) The connection of the bottom flange of the crossbeam to the web of the main girder should be a butt weld conforming to Table Co4 (15).

79

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

(2) Where the bottom flanges of the crossbeams and of the main are in the same plane, the connections should conform to Table CA (16).

(3) Flange to welded joints of crossbeams should conform to Table CA (14).

C.1.4.4 Transverse stiffeners, frames or diaphragills

(1) In order to reduce stress concentrations at connections between the crossbeams, transverse stiffeners and diaphragms, local stiffening should be provided at a]] connections and joints.

(2) Connections of components of transverse frames to crossbeams should be detailed in accordance with Figure C.I S. The details should be verified for fatigue.

1

4

1 crossbemJ'l

2 stiffener

3 transverse stUJener oj\veh ql main girder

4 vveb ql main girder

Figure C.15: Typical connection of crossbeams to transverse stiffeners of web of main girders

C.2 Railway bridges

C.2.1 General

(I) C.2 gives recommendations for the design and structural detailing of orthotropic decks of railway bridges. It covers provisions for execution conforming to the quality standard as assumed in EN 1993-1-9.

(2) Bridge decks of railway bridges may consist of the following:

I. longitudinal stiffeners and crossbeams;

2. transverse stiffeners only.

For bridge decks with longitudinal stiffeners, open section stiffeners made of flats or closed section stiffeners with trapezoidal profiles should be used.

(4) Crossbeams should be designed with bottom flanges for bridge decks with longitudinal closed section stiffeners. For bridge decks with longitudinal stiffeners made of flats, crossbeams may be designed without bottom flanges. For bridge decks with only transverse stiffeners, flat stiffeners may be used without bottom flanges.

C.2.2 Plate thickness and dimensions

(I) For bridge decks with longitudinal stiffeners and crossbeams, see Figure C.] 6, the dimensions 1I1

Table C.l apply.

80

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

eLS

hSI i/1

, , til: crossl!.

tlliH

--J 'I'" ./ t .,(IO.IS).

Figure C.16: Typical crossbeam details

Table C.1: Dimensions of bridge deck with longitudinal stiffeners

Dimensions Open section Hollow section stiffeners stiffeners

thickness of deck plate 'D 'L) ~ 14 mm to ~ 14 mm spacing eLS between stiffeners eLS - 400 mm 600 mm ::;; eLS ::;; 900 Illlll

edge distance eE of first stiffener e[ ;?:: eLS el: ;?:: eLS

spacing of crossbeams ecrossb eCI'O'."b::;; 2700 mill 2500 Illlll ::;; ecro.."b ::;; 3500 mm ratio of depth of stiffener to depth of crossbeam hstil/hcro,,",b::;; 0,5 h still/ hCI'(mb ::;; 0,4 h stili hcrossb

plate thickness tSLill t sliff ~ 10mm 6 mm ::;; tslill::;; 10 mm plate thickness of web of crossbeam tw,crossb tw.crossb ~ 10m m 10 mill ::;; tw.cro.s,h ::;; 20 mill plate thickness of flange of crossbeam tf,crossb tLerossb ~ 10 mm tr.em'Sh ~ J 0 mill

(2) For bridge decks with only transverse stiffeners, the dimensions in Table C.2 apply.

Table C.2: Dimensions of bridge deck with only transverse stiffeners only

thickness of deck plate tD tD ~ 14 mm spacing of crossbeams ecros,h ecrossb - 700 mm edge distance of crossbeams eE eE ;?:: 400 mill plate thickness of web crossbeam tw.erossb tw.cros,b ~ 10mm plate thickness of flange of crossbeam tr,CI\w.,h (where flanges are provided)

trcrossb ~ 10 mm

C.2.3 Stiffener to crossbeam connection

(1) Longitudinal stiffeners should normally pass through the webs of crossbeams.

(2) The connections of open section stiffeners to the webs of crossbeams should be detailed as illustrated in Figure C.17.

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BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

R>30

Figure C.17: Connection between the flat stiffener and the web of the crossbeam

(3) The connection of hollow section stiffeners to the webs of crossbeams should be detailed as illustrated in Figure C. J 8.

h

I weld return, without notches, grinding lvhere necessary

Figure C.18: Connection between the closed stiffener and the web of crossbeam

C.2.4 Weld preparation tolerances and inspections

C.2.4.l General

(1) Unless specified otherwise Table C.3 and CA should be used for the structural detailing, weld preparation, tolerances and inspections of the bridge.

C.2.4.2 Stiffener to deck plate connections

C.2A.2.] Weld preparation of stiffeners

( I) For stiffener to deck plate connections, the edges of the formed plates (see Table CA (3) and (4)) should be chamfered, see Figure C.19.

(2) For plate of a thickness t < 8 mm, chamfering may be dispensed with provided that it can be verified (through welding tests) that the requirements for butt welds given in C.2A.2.2 are met.

82

C.2A.2.2 Requirements for butt welds

(I) The requirements for the butt welds should be as below:

seam thickness a ;::: 0,9 (stiff, see Table CA(7);

unwelded gap at root s 0,25 {or S 2 mm whichever is the sma]]est;

where a is the size of the weld;

is the thickness of the plate;

{,(iIT is the thickness of the stiffener.

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Figure C.19: Weld preparation of stiffener - deck plate connection

C.3 Tolerances for semi-finished products and fabrication

C.3.1 Tolerances for semi-'finished products

(I) Irrespective of the fabrication methods employed for the delivery of the deck plate or formed stiffeners, the tolerances for fabrication specified in Table CA should be met.

(2) Table C.3 gives guidance on procurements. This is not necessary where the requirements of Table CA can be met by other measures.

C.3.2 Tolerances for fabrication

(1) The tolerances in Table CA apply for the design, fabrication and execution of bridge decks.

(2) In Table CA, the fo]]owing abbreviations are used:

Requirement I: External test results according to EN ISO 5817;

Requirement 2: Internal test results according to EN ISO 5817;

Requirement 3: See C.3,3;

Requirement 4: Steels conforming to EN 10164 as specified in EN 1993-1-10.

C.3.3 Particular requirements for welded connections

(1) Where required in Table CA, the conditions specified in Table C.5 apply In supplement to EN ISO 5817.

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BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Table C.3: Tolerances of semi finished products Product Thickness Length / depth Width Straightness

I) EN 10029,

~ 0 1

Plale for deck class C j ailcr cUlling and 'II straightening by 1_ 2mm

I' 4----/ rolling b + 0 mm

12 - 2mm

[3

J measllre lenglh 2000 mm 2 plale

! 3 fit lip gap max. 2,0 111m 2) EN 10029, a)

b+ 2mm a) and b) Formed profile class C a) -1 mm I 'MEE ,.f------?(

h/b{ I "1: ~; ,

a) for passing ~~Vjft f· through c"~ 1,"-crossbeams with

~ 'Lr cope holes b) b:tO,5 mm

V HV]I b) b--=--=--=--~l~ b 0.5 mm

~ ..- :::::J

b) for passing

~~Vll r I+ Smm L through ·Omm

crossbeams without cope b:tO,5 mm J max. gap UJOOO holes 2 lIIax widening + J 111111

V J for st~ffe/ler splices wilh splice plates radi/ls r r:1:2111111 rotation J 0 011 4 m lellgrh parollelislII 2 111111

3) EN 10029. I mm

Flat proJi Ie for clas., C

~ -'

welding 011 both 1

side,

~m ht 2 mm h{

,1

T J 1/10X. gop UJOOO

--'

84

Remarks Length and widths inclusive of provisions

0/ for shrinkage and after '1

~ application of the final weld preparation.

Plate thickness 12.': 6 111111

7

For cold forming, only material suitable for cold forming is to be used. Rlt 2.':4 lor welding quality in cold forming region. The ends of the profiles are to be inspected visually for cracks and in case of any doubt by PT.

ad b) If the tolerances are exceeded. the cut outs in the crossbeams are to be adapted to meet maximum gap width. Plate thickne,s t2.': 10 111m

1 Choice of Z-quality 7 conforming 10 EN

10164 from EN 1993-1-10 required.

Structural detail

1 ) Splices of deck plate without backing strip

J misalignmenf mill

2)

Splices of deck plate with backing strip

misalignmelll 52 IIlI/l Weld preparation and weld preparation angle a in dependence of the welding process, Splices of metallic backing strips to be made of butt \velds with grooved root and capping run. All work on splices to be finished before tack welding of deck plate. No sealino welds. 3 ) Stiffener-deckplate connection (fully mechanized welding

4) Stiffener-deck plate connection (manual and partially mechanized welding process), weld preparation angle a in dependence of the welding process and accessibility

Stress level

OJ':d tensile stress OJ,d :::;;

and OJ ,I > O.75J\k

tcn"ile stress Ojd ~ 0.75f yk

and Oid> 0.60J;k

tensile stress Oid ~ 0.60j~k

or compression

stress tensile stress OiJ::;; O,l)O.t;k

and Oi,d > 0,75 Ik

tensile stress

Oid 0.75.t;'k and

0i,,1 > 0,60 f;k

tensile stress

Ojd ::;; 0,6Qt~·k or

compression st ress

independent on stress level in

deck plale

independent on stress level in

deck plate

Table C.4: Fabrication Testing method and amount of

testing

I a Inspection or weld preparation before welding

I b 100 'Ii- visual inspection after welding

::: 100 ultrasonie(UT)or radiographic (RT) testing

! a Inspection of weld preparation before welding

I b 100 % visual inspection after welding 100 ultrasonic (UT) or radiographic (RT) tesling

la Inspection of weld preparation before welding

Ib 100 visual inspection aner welding

I a Inspection of weld preparation before wc1di ng: the melting of tack weld,s by subsequent weld beads to be verified by procedure tests

1 b 100 % visual inspection aftcr welding

:2 100 radiographic (In)

te-;ting

I a Inspection or weld preparation before welding

I b ~ 50 % visual inspection after welding

2 to q" radiographic (RT)

testing

I a inspection of weld preparat ion before weld i ng

) b 100 7r visual inspection after welding

I a Inspection of weld preparation before welding

I b 100 visual inspection after welding

'2 Before fabrication: welding procedure tests conforming to EN [SO 15614-1 or when this is available. conforming to EN ISO 15613 with all

heads. 3 During for each

120 m bridge I production test. however I production test for as a minimum. alJ welding heads. checking by macro section tests

I a Inspection of weld preparation before \wlding

I b 100 % visual inspection aftcr welding

Test results required

ad I a Tolerances for weld preparatioll 10 be mel. maximuill misalignmellt :::;;2mm

adl b Requirement I and ad 2 Requirement::: and 3 ad I a Tolerances for \veld

preparation to be meL maximuill misalignment ~:2 Illill

ad Ib Requircment I and 3 ad 2 Requirement 2 and

i ad I a Tolerances fi)!' weld preparation to be met. maximum misaligllment

2111111

ael I b Requirement I and 3

ad I a Tolerances IlJr weld preparation to be mel. lack welds of backing "trips:

ad Ib

, ad 2 ad I a

Requirement I

Illisalignment 2 I11Ill

Requirement I fit up gaps bet ween pbte and backing strip ~ I Illill

Requiremellt 2 and 3 Tolerances for weld preparation to be Illet. tad: welds 01 bdcking strips: Requirement I

misalignillent 2 111111

ad I b Requirement I and 3 ad 2 Requirement 2 and ad la Tolerances for weld

preparation to be meL IsaJllglllll,cnt ~ 2 mill

ad Ib I and 3

ad I Tolerances for weld preparat ions to be met

ad I b Requirement I ad 2 Fusion ratio to be Illel /

Requirement by

tests (I al start or SlOp and one time at middle of weld)

ad 3 see ad 2: however macro seclion lests only from middle of weld or the welding. te.st

ad I Tolerances ibr weld preparations 10 be met

ad 1 b Requircment I

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Remarks

Testillg requircmcnt. see C.3.3.

Testing requirelllcilt. C.3.3.

Testing requirement. see c.:U,

ad I a Tack weld in (he final btllt weld. tack welds with crack.s to be rcmoved

ad I TaCK weld in the rin~1I bUll weld. tack vvelds with crdck~ to be removcd

Starts and stops to be removed ad2 vVeiding procedure

tesls under supervision 01 a recognized body. cht'cking or welding parameters during fabrication

ael .3 Execution. evaluation and

documenlat ion by rabri eMors production control, supervision by fabricators production control

Stans and ,slOps to be removed This requirement also :Ipplied to local welds. at sti Ilener-slifTener connections wilh splice plates. 16).

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BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Structural detail

5)

---throat thickness or rillet weld J

as required b . analysis 6)

St i iTener-st i IleneI' connect ion with splice platcs

~200 mm ~ 300 mm

u [j]

A site 1I't'ld B shop lveld 7)

Stiffener to stirrcner connection with splice plate..;

a) ror plnte thicknesses I;::: 6 8 111m

01: 6 rnm

;,,40 mm

COl1fil1JIOIIS frick \rcld 2 misoligrllllcnl ::;2 111111

1 COlllilll/OtiS lock ll'ekl

2 misafiglllllclIf ::;2 111111

weld preparation angle a dependant on welding process and gap width depend:lI1t on plate thickness

86

Table C.4 (continued): Fabrication

Stress level 01':£1

pedestrian loading without

loading by \'ehicle~ except errant vehicles

independent on stress level


Testing method and amount of testing


I b 2: 2S C;( visual inspection after welding

2 Measllring of throat thicknes..;

I a Inspection of weld preparat ion before welding

I b ;::: 100 (;Y visual inspection ulier welding


I b ;::: 100 % visual inspection after welding

2 Test of weld by I production test


ad I a Tolerance of gap to be mel

3d I b Requirement I ad 2 of throat

requirement I

ad I a Tolerance or gap to be met, misalignment between stiffener ~lIld splice plate 2 mill

ad I b Requirement I and 3

ad I a Toler::mce of weld preparation to be met, misalignment 111m

ad I b Requirement I ad 2 Requirement I and 2

Remarks

Starts and stops to be removed

The nOll welded length of the scam on site between stiffeners and deck plate may also be provided at one side of the splice only. ad I a For the root gaps

see detail 7), for the site weld see details

4) and 5)

Structural detail

8) Stiffener-crossbeal11 connection with stiffeners passing through the crossbeam without cope holes

/ gap::;3 mill

9) Stiffener-crossbeam connection with stiffeners passing through the crossbeam with cope holes

/ gap::; 3/11/11

welds around edges of cope holes wilhout notches


Stress level

throat thickness ({ = ({'H'III

according to analysis for gap

width s S 211l1ll.

for greater gap widths s:

a = ({II PII I + (s-2)

Illinimum throat thickness {/=41ll1l1

throat lhickness a = {/IlPIII

according to analysis for gap width S 2111111.

ror greater gap widths s:

{/ = ({nom + (.1'-2)

minimum throat thickness ({ =4111l11

Testing method and amount of'testing


I b 100 % visual inspection after welding

I a Inspection of \veld preparation before welding



ad I a Tolerance of weld preparation to be met. required throat thickness a available

ad Ib Requirement I and 3

ad I a Tolerance of weld preparation to be met. required throat thickness a ,wailable


BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Remarks

I. It i:.. assumed. thdt I'irsl the stiffener:.. are welded to the deck plate (with jigs and I'ixturcs) and the crossbeams are subsequenllyassembled and welded. 2. The tolerances ror the cut outs or crossbc<lm.s follow the tolerances of the rOrJnecl profi les for I he slilTeners. see Table C.3. detaiI2)b). 3. The cut edges of the webs or crossbeams should be \vithout notches. in case there are they should be ground. For Ilame culting EN ISO 9013 - Quality I applies. I. It is assumed. lhat firsl the stifreners are welded to the deekplate (with jigs and fixtures) and the crossbeams are subsequently assembled and welded. 2. The lolerances 1'01' lhe ellt Ollts of crossbeams follow the tolerances of the rormed prol'iles It)r the stil'feners. see Table C.3. detail 2)<1). 3. The cut edges or the webs or crossbeams including the copc holes should be without notches. in case there are lhey should be ground. For flame culting EN ISO 9013 - Quality I applies.

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Structural detail

10) StiJlcner-cro.-.;sbcam connection with ~tiITt'Ilt'h filled between crossbeams (1101 pa;,si ng through)

I gop 111111

2 l1Ii.mligI/J1l!!nf 52 11111/

single sidcd fuJi penetration weld (single V-weld) without backing strip

/ sfi/lellel"

2 web o.l'iTos.l/JeOJ1/ -> rock IFI!ld

single sided full penetration weld with backing strip I I) Stiffencr-CI'ossbeam connection with llat'> passing through

I gap 5 JIll/II

12) Connect ion of web of crossbeam to deck plate (with or without cope holes)

J gop I 111111

88

Table C.4 (continued): Fabrication Stress level

throat thicknc;;s

throat thickness or fillet welds according to

analysis

l hroat thickness of fillet welds according to

analysis


I a Inspection of weld preparat ion before weld ing

I b ~ 50 visual inspection after welding



Inspection of weld preparation before welding

I b 100 visual in:-.pection after welding


ad I a Tolerance of weld preparation to be mCL

misalignment 2 111m ad I b Requircment J and 3

ad I a Tolerance of weld preparation to be Illet

ad Ib Requirement I and 2

ad J a Tolerance of weld preparation to be met, requirement I and 2

ad Ib Requirement I

Remarks

I. This solution is only permitted for bridges with light traffic and for crossbeam spacing 2.75 Ill.

2. Webs of crossbeams see requirement 4.

The sequence of assembly and welding of stiffeners und crossbeams should be decided to

Backing strips in one pat1, 7). 5. Tack welds only inside finnl welds.

The cut edges of the cross beam should be prepared without notches and hardening. else they should be ground. For name cutting EN ISO 9013

quality 1 applies.

The flame cut edges should be prepared in accordance with EN ISO 9013 quality I.

Structural detail

13) Connection of webs of crossbeams to web of main girder

a) for continuous crossbeal1l~

4 misalignmenr :;0,5 f""oll/)

b) for nOll continuous cros~beams

3 gap:;2 /11111

14) Splice of lower flange or web or crossbeam

a

1 misalignment 0 111/1/

15)

Connection of crossbeam /langes to web of main girder

1 web o/l11oin girder 2 web of crossbeom 3 fU',cros.\h

4 misriligll!1lel1l :;0,5

5 r2.----~8 2

4

5


Stress level (JEd


throat thickness of fillet weld

to


independent on slress level


J a Inspection of weld preparation before welding

I b 100 'k visual inspection after welding

above



2 ~ 10 7c ultrasonic (UT) or radiographic (RT) te'.ling


ad 1 a Tolerance of weld preparation to be mel. reyuirement I for a).

misalignment 0.5 '\\CI·',TO"'I'c:""

ad I b Requirement I

ad la ad Ib

above above

ad 1 a Tolerance of weld preparation to be mel. requirement 1. misaligrlmi~111 ::; 2 I11ITl

ad Ib I and ~ 2 Requirement 2

1 a Inspection of weld ad 1 a Tolerance of weld preparation before welding preparation 10 be met,

I b 100 % visual inspection misalignment after welding 0,5 ::; I"eh,,,,,,, 1"""1


BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Remarks

Execution with full penetration welds. weld preparation angle a and weld preparation in accordance with welding process and plale thickness.

Execution with fillet welds. see del ail I

I Webs of main girders. requirement 4.

For smaller plale thick nesses also single Vwelds with rool run and capping run may be used, see 13). 3. Only full penetration bUll welds with root run and capping run should be used.

89

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)


Structural detail

16) In plane connection or Jlanges of crossbeams and main girders

1,:\

/l ~, --±-'2

4, I " t min r= 150 mm

!r ---->2

1 main girder 2 crossbc(lJll

Stress level (JEd

minimum radiu-.; al connection

min r 150 111 Ill.

all plate thicknesses are

equal

otherwise a fatigue

a,,,~essJ1lenl i-.; necessary


I

Test results required I Remarks

Tran~ilion~ to be ground.

Table C.5: Conditions supplementary to EN ISO 5817

To No. Discontinuity Supplementary requirement 3 Porosity and gas pores only singular small pores acceptable 4 Localized (c1ustered) porosity maximum sum of pores: 2 % 5 Gas canal, long pores no larger long pores 10 Bad fit up, fillet welds transverse welds to be tested totally, small root reset only

locally acceptable

b :::; 0,3 + 0,10 a, however b:::;lmm b = root gap or root reset respectively

11 Undercut a) butt welds only locally acceptable h:::; 0,5 mm

b) fillet welds not acceptable where transverse to stress direction, undercuts have to be removed by grinding.

18 Linear misalignment of edges maximum 2 mm i sharp edges to be removed

24 Stray flash or arc strike not acceptable outside fusion zone 26 Multiple discontinuities in a cross section not allowed 6 Solid inclusions not allowed

25 Welding spatter spatter and their heat affected zones to be removed

90

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Annex D [informative] - Buckling lengths of members in bridges and assumptions for geometrical imperfections

0.1 General

(l) This annex gives buckling length factors f3 that may be used for the design of compression members in bridges in the expression:

(0.1)

(2) This Annex also gives guidance for the application of imperfections for second order analysis, see 5.3.2 of EN 1993-1-1.

(3) Imperfections may either be determined from the relevant buckling mode, IE1) see 5.3.2(11) of EN 1993-1-1 @j] or from simplified assumptions for member imperfections, see 5.3.2(3) of EN ] 993-1-1.

0.2 Trusses

0.2.1 Vertical and diagonal elements with fixed ends

(I) Unless more accurately verified, the following values with regard to the relative stiffness and the nature of connections may be used:

for in plane buckling: Ii = 0,9

for out of plane buckling: f3 = 1,0

0.2.2 Vertical elements being part of a frame, see Figure 0.1 a) or 0.1 b)

(1) The buckling length factor fJ may be taken from Table 0.1

a) ,/

,/( ,/ I

,/ I

I , ,/

,/

,/ I

I I

,/,/ I ,/ I I

I I I I ,/

\ I I ,/'"

\ 11,/ t V,/ ,/

,/

N

I.

, 'I ,/ Y

,/ ,/

b)

,/'i ,/ I

,/ I ,/'/1 I

I I I J

b

Figure 0.1: Vertical elements being part of a frame

91

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

92

Table 0.1: Buckling length factors f3

4,Or-------.-------.-----<!r-r----".---,------- -.-------.-----,

2,5

=8

~~~3T]=4 '11 17=2 ~-I----__+__' 17:::1 ~~--_4__T]=O,5

..-, ..... ;;:::±-'1 = 0,25 ',5 2 11=0,1

hlh r ---t n 2,OI---------+---+----+--~~~~~~-.....f-----+-----t

1,0

QS

Eib 17 =

Eo 10 h

0,5

2

T]:::CO . ___ l.I rr=8

.~~TJ=4 TJ= 2 1]=1 1)= 0,5

1 1,5 2

17= 0,25 11= 0,1

0~~~~~_4--~~--4-----~----~--~~--~ 0,5 1 1,5 2

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

0.2.3 Out of plane buckling of diagonals

(1) The buckling lengths of diagonals trusses may be taken from Table D.2.

(2) Connections should be effective in both stiffness and strength in bending to achieve continuity of diagonals, as given in Table D.2.

Table 0.2: Buckling lengths

2 3

fJ

but /3~ 0,5

2 N fJ

but /3~ 0,5

continuous compression members hinged compression members

/3] 0,5

3 fJ when

y

4 fJ

but /3:;::: 0,5

y 0,5

NP when .~.:S: 1

5

or when Ell 2:: (Nf, IJ

/3 (0,75 0'251~1) /3, = (0,75 0,25 ~ J but /3:;::: 0,5 NI<N

N Z

93

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

For diagonals which are elastically slIpp0l1ed at midspan, see Figure D.2 and equation (D.2):

f3=~1-.3 C L 16 N

where L is the system length;

N is the maximum of N J or N1;

. . C 4N C IS the latera1 support stIffness but ::; -e

--11f-----1~

Figure 0.2: Diagonal with elastical support at midspan

0.2.4 Compression chords of open bridges

(I) Compression chords may be modelled as columns with latera] supports.

(2) The stiffness of the latera] SUpp0l1S may be determined using Table D.3.

94

(D.2)

la

2

2a

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Table 0.3: Lateral stiffnesses Cd I§) for trusses @J]

2

Example of truss bridges with posts

1 1

IT ..c ..c

.. _ .. _._ ...

c=-----/ 3 1 l+. ____ l .

3

Modelling bg ..

/c

Example of truss bridges without posts 2U-frame in truss bridges without posts

Modelling

I~ .1

*) torsional hinge

Modelling: bottom chord of the U-frame with IEJ)flexural stiffness Ell only, adjacent bottom chords with torsional stiffness Grr ®1

. . C A+B 2D EI 2b spnng stIffness = . '-' AB- 1/

2c

A I 2J d 3J 2 1, /II /I a u --+--+

I'll 3/df 3

B-

1 D=-abu

6

n l

n,.

2 -/ + £If EU I

'1 .:- /.+

I 'II EU r }q

The length dr, dr, (I, b, u and may be reduced in case of ends.

u[ and llr may be reduced in case of end that are torsionally rigid.

EIJ(~ Eldr , E1u = bending stiffness of diagonals and bottom chords for out-of-plane bending

Elqr

GIn, GIrr

bending stiffness of the crossbeam

St. Venant torsional stiffness of the adjacent chords

95

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

0.3 Arched Bridges

0.3.1 General

(]) In D.3.1, buckling length factors fJ are given for in plane and out of plane buckling of arches.

(2) The critical buckling force Ncr in the arch for in plane buckling is expressed by:

N - ~ I r )2

(/' - \j1y E r

where Ncr relates to the force at the supports;

s is the half length of the arch;

Ely is the in plane flexural stiffness of the arch;

/] is the buckling length factor.

(3) The critical buckling force in free standing arches for out of plane buckling is expressed by:

E1.

where Ncr relates to the force at the supports:

£ is the projection length of the arch:

Elz is the out of plane flexural stiffness of the arch:

fJ is the buckling length factor.

(D.3)

(DA)

(4) The out of plane buckling of arches with wind bracing and p0l1als may be verified by a stability check of the end p0l1a]s.

0.3.2 In plane buckling factors for arches

(1) For arches IEJ) with hinged or rigid supports@J] buckling factors pare given in Table D.4.

(2) For arches with a tension tie and hangers buckling factors p are given in Figure D.4.

96

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Table 0.4: Buckling length factor J3 for arches for fie> 0,1

1,3

',2

t 1,1

fJ 1.0

0,9

0,8

0,9

0,8

t 0,1

fJ 0,6

0,5

0,4

1,3

1,2

f ',1

{J 1,0

0,9

0,8

1.0

0,9

t 0,8

fJ 0,1

0,6

r--- r---...

-r---~

-~ "'-

~ ..............

0,1

-

~ L.---

----~ ---~ -.......... ~a

7 Ke

K~

~ Pa ~ \ -~ '\ r---..:_

/ -K~

Kt \

~1 ~ j ~"

'" (L ~ ~ P\i

..... ~:~ , Ke

/

~~ Kr

~ , b- Pi

~ ~ ~ ~

I ~ Ke

0,2 0,4 0,5 (11---

Pa: parabolic form Ke: chain form Kr: circular form for Pa and Ke the loading is vertical

lEV for Kr the radial loading (e.g. hydrostatic pressure) is supposed@j]

asymmetric buckling

asymmetric bllckling

I symmetric bllckling

2 asymmetric bllc'kliong

symmetric buckling

97

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

1,0

0,8 ~---+----+----:::~.j..-~~~+-

i j ,q

0,4

0,2 '------"-----"-----"'-----......... ---0,' 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Figure 0.4: Buckling factor (3

(3) Snap through of arches may be assumed to be prevented, if the following criterion is satisfied:

e) EA >K ] 2Ely

where A is the cross sectional area

Iy is the moment of inertia

K is a factor

The factor K may be taken from Table D.5.

Table 0.5: Factor K

/~----=l flC 0,05 0,075

I 2 2 J I

35 23

~ K

319 97

0.3.3 Out of plane buckling factors for free standing arches

0,10 0,15

17 ]0

42 13

(I) For out of plane buckling of free standing arches the buckling factors may be taken as:

fJ fJl

where fJl is given in Table D.6 and is in Table D.7

98

(D.5)

0,20

I R

6

(D.6)

fie 0,05 0.10 Iz constant 0,50 0,54

Table 0.6: (31 .. values

0,20 0)0 0,40 0,65 0,82 1.07

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

/z varies

h~~ 1: (a,J= 1:.0 0,50 0,52 0,59 0,71 0,86

cos ali I I ') ') ~ ~

Table 0.7: {32" values

Loading fJ2 Comments

conservati ve (The deck is fixed to 1 i

! 11 the top of the arch) --,

"

""'.,,! v"/'

,,/ ,/

by hangers 1-0,35 QI/ ~

Q total load q

~ 1 + 0,45 QSI @1] qH load part transmitted by hangers

by posts qs( load part transmitted by posts

I

q

(2) For out of plane buckling of free standing circular arches with radial loading the buckling factor fJ may be taken as

(0.7)

where r is the radius of the circle

a is the section angle of the arch ° < a < rr

K

0.3.4 Out of plane buckling of arches with wind bracing and end portals

(1) The out of plane buckling may be verified by a stability check of the end portals carried out in accordance with D.2.2.

(2) The buckHng length factor fJ may be taken from Table D.l, using the geometry in Figure D.5.

~

bridge deck

Figure 0.5: Buckling of portals for arches

(3) The value hI' in Table D.l may be taken as ~ the mean of all lengths hH of the hangers multiplied by

_._1_, where ali (constant) is taken from Figure D.5.@1] stn a k

99

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

0.3.5 Imperfections

(I) Unless the relevant buckling modes are used for imperfection, see I I) of EN 1993-1 1 ~ the bow imperfections given in Table 0.8 for in plane buckling of arches and in Table D.9 for out of plane buckling of arches may be used.

Table 0.8: Shape and amplitudes of imperfections for in plane buckling of arches

2

shape of imperfection (sinus or parabola)

3 eo according to classification of cross section to

bucklin tT curve

a

s

300

e 600

b

s

250

e 500

c

s

200

e 400

d

s

150

e 300

Table 0.9: Shape and amplitudes of imperfections for out of plane buckling of arches

100

shape of imperfection (sinus or parabo]a)

eo according to classification of cross section to buckling curve a b c d

f 20m e e e e 300 250 200 150

£>20m f e, e e, " I 1

f] =~20 elm] 300 250 200 150

BS EN 1993-2:2006

EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

Annex E [informative] - Combination of effects from local wheel and tyre loads and from global traffic loads on road bridges

E.1 Combination rule for global and local load effects

(1) When considering the local strength of stiffeners of orthotropic decks, effects from local wheel and tyre loads acting on the stiffener and from global traffic loads on the bridge should be taken into account (see Figure E.1).

(2) To take into account the different sources of these loads the following combination rule may be applied to determine the design values:

(J' Ed (J'loc.d + If/(J' gloh.d (E. I )

(E.2)

where aEd is the design value of stress in the stringer due to combined effects of local load Oioc.L':d and global load

Oioc.d is the design valLIe of stress in the stringer due to local wheel or tyre load from a si ngle heavy vehicle;

agJob.d is the design value of stress in the stringer due to bridge loads comprising one or more heavy vehicles;

1f' is the combination factor.

f111111111111+

Ii

a) Bridge with orthotropic deck with longitudinal stiffeners

h h ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h h b) Analysis model to determine local effects Oioc.d

c) Analysis model to determine global effects

Figure E.1: Modelling of structure with local and global effects

101

BS EN 1993-2:2006 EN 1993-2: 2006 (E)

E.2 Combination factor

(I) The combination factor If'may be determined on the basis of the weight distributions of several lorries acting on an influence line for combined action effects.

102

NOTE: The National Annex may give guidance on the combination factor. The factor in Figure B.2 is recommended.

0,7

L..----r------t-------3io> L [m] 20 40

Figure E.2: Combination factor dependent on span length L