en wikipedia org wiki diode logic or logic gate

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Diode-transistor logic in a discrete

transis tor clock. The diodes at A

decode 1 of 12 lines to light the seven

segment displays to show the hours 1

to 12. The transis tors at B drive thedecode diodes and displays. The

diodes at C trigger one of the 12 pairs

of transistors based on the state of the

transis tor flip-flops at D. Additional

diodes in the chain of flip flops allow

this to count hours.

Contents [hide]

1 Diode logic gate versions

2 Simplifying assumptions

3 OR logic gate

4 AND logic gate

5 Negative logic

6 Diode logic with real diodes

7 Early diode logic with transistor inverter

8 Properties

8.1 Non-restoring logic

9 Applications

10 Tunnel diodes

11 Notes

12 See also

13 References

14 External links

Diode logic gate versions [ edit ]

In logic gates, logical functions are performed by parallel or

series connected switches (such as relay contacts or

insulated gate FETs like CMOS) controlled by logical

inputs or parallel resistors or diodes which are passive

components. Diode logic is implemented by diodes which

exhibit low impedance when forward biased and a very

high impedance when reverse biased. There are two kinds

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of diode logic gates - OR and AND. It is not possible to

construct NOT (Invert) diode gates because the NOT or Invert function requires an active

component such as a transistor.

Simplifying assumptions [ edit ]

For illustration, this discussion assumes idealized diodes that conduct in the forward direction withno voltage drop and do not conduct in the reverse direction. Logic design assume two distinct

levels of signals that are labeled 1 or 0. For positive logic the 1 represents the most positive

level and 0 for the most negative level. For illustration, in this discussion positive logic 1 is

represented by +6 volts and 0 volts represents logic 0. In binary logic, the exact magnitude of the

signal voltage is not critical and it is only necessary that 1 and 0 states be represented by

detectably different voltage levels.

In these examples, at least one input of every gate must be connected to a voltage level providing

the defined logic 1 or logic 0 levels. If all the inputs are disconnected from any driving source, the

output signal is not confined to the correct voltage range.

OR logic gate [ edit ]

The image to the right shows

a diode OR circuit. The diode

symbol is an arrow showing

the forward low impedance

direction of current flow. All

diodes have inputs on their

anodesand their cathodes
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A diode OR Gate with positive logic truth table

are connected together to

drive the output. R is

connected from the output to

some negative voltage (-6

volts) to provide bias current

for the diodes.

If all inputs A and B and C are at 0 volts (logic level 0), current flowing through R will pull the output

voltage down until the diodes clamp the output. Since these diodes are treated as ideal, the output

is clamped to 0 volts, which is logic level 0. If any input switches to a positive voltage ( logic 1),

current flowing through the now forward-biased diode will pull the output voltage up, providing a

positive voltage at the output, a logic 1. Any positive voltage will represent a logic 1 state; the

summing of currents through multiple diodes does not change the logic level. The other diodes are

reverse biased and conduct no current.

If any input A OR B OR C is 1, the output will be 1. Only if all inputs, A and B and C are 0 will the

output be 0. This is the definition of a logic OR. The truth table on the right of the image shows the

output for all combinations of inputs.

This can be written as:

A OR B OR C = OUTPUT

or

A+B+C=OUTPUT

In Boolean algebrathe plus sign (+) is used to denote OR.

R can return to any negative voltage. If R is connected to 0 volts it will have no drive current

available to drive the next circuit; practical diodes need a bias current. In a practical circuit, all
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A diode AND Gate with positive logic truth table

signal levels, the value of R and its return voltage are chosen by the circuit designer to meet the

design requirements.

AND logic gate [ edit ]

The diode AND is basically the

same as the OR except it isturned upside down. The

diodes are reversed so that

the cathodes are connected

to the inputs and the anodes

are connected together to

provide the output. R is

connected to +12 volts to

provide the forward bias

current for the diodes and

current for output drive.

If all inputs A AND B AND C

are a positive voltage (+6 volts here), current flowing through R will pull the output positive till the

diodes clamp the output to +6 volts, the logical 1 output level. If any input switches to 0 volts(logical 0 level), current flowing through the diode will pull the output voltage down to 0 volts. The

other diodes would be reverse biased and conduct no current.

If input A or B or C is 0, the output will be 0. Only if all inputs, A AND B AND C are 1 will the output

be 1. This is the definition of a logic AND. The truth table on the right of the image shows the

output for all combinations of inputs.
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This can be written as:

A AND B AND C = OUTPUT

or

AxBxC=OUTPUT

(In Boolean algebra the multiplication symbol denotes AND.)

Similar to the diode OR, R can return to any voltage that is more positive than the logic level 1. If R

is connected to a voltage equal to the 1 level it will have no drive current available to drive the next

circuit. All signal levels, the value of R and its return voltage are options chosen by the circuit

designer to meet the design requirements.

Negative logic [ edit ]

The assignment of 1 and 0 to the positive and negative signal levels respectively is an option of

the logic designer using the AND or OR circuits. With this assignment it assumes that the logic is

positive. It is just as likely that the assignment might be the reversed where 1 is the negative

voltage and 0 is the positive voltage. This would be negative logic. Switching between positive and

negative logic is commonly used to achieve a more efficient logic design.

In Boolean algebrait is recognized that a positive logic OR is a negative logic AND. Similarly a

positive logic AND is a negative logic OR.

This relationship can easily be recognized by reading the above description of their operation. In

the OR it stated, Only if all inputs, A and B and C are 0 will the output be 0. In negative logic each

node at the lower voltage would become a logic 1, making the statement, Only if all inputs, A AND

B AND C are 1 will the output be 1. That is the definition of an AND function.

Similarly for the AND it was stated, If input A or B or C is 0 the output will be 0. In negative logic
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reverse voltage limited by zener or avalanche breakdown. Typical worst case specifications are

shown below for both germanium and silicon PN diodes.

Germanium diode:

Max forward voltage at 10 ma = 1 volt @ 0 to 85 C

Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 100 microamps @ 85 C

Silicon diode:

Max forward voltage at 10 ma = 1 volt @ 0 to 125 C

Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 1 microamps @ 85 C

Effects of component manufacturing variations and temperature are usually included in these

specifications.

More realistically the germanium forward voltage might be 0.25 to 0.4 volts but this is often not

specified. The silicon leakage current might be much lower possibly 1 to 100 nanoamps.

PN diodes also have transient behaviors that might be of concern with the design. The

capacitance of a PN diode between anode and cathode is inversely proportional to the reverse

voltage, growing as it approaches zero volts and into forward bias. There is also a recovery

concern where the current will not decrease immediately when it is switched from forward bias to

reverse bias. In the case of the diode OR if two or more of the inputs are at the 1 level and one

switches to 0 it will cause a glitch or increase in current in the diodes that remain at 1. This can

cause a short term dip in the output voltage. In practice if the diode logic gate drives a transistor

inverter, as it usually does, and the diode and transistor are of similar construction the transistor

will have a similar base collector capacitance that is amplified by the transistor gain so that it will be

too slow to pass the glitch. Only when the diode is of a much slower construction will it become any

concern at all. In one unusual design small selenium diode discs were used with germanium
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AND Invert and OR Invert DTL logic circuits packaged on IBM 608

cards. 1957

transistors. The recovery time of the very slow selenium diodes caused a glitch on the inverter

output. It was fixed by placing a selenium diode across the base emitter junction of the transistor

making it think it was a selenium transistor (if there could ever be one).

Early diode logic with transistor inverter [ edit ]

In the mid 1950s diode logicwas used in the IBM 608which

was the first all-transistorized

computer in the world. The

image on the r ight shows two

basic logic circuits packaged

on 608 cards. They were

designed using

handmade[nb 1]germanium

PNP and NPN Alloy-junction

transistors. The PNP and NPN

transistor symbols are those

used by IBM.[2]These circuits were designed using all discrete components. A single card would

hold four two way circuits or three three way or one eight way. All input and output signals were

compatible. The circuits were capable of reliably switching pulses as narrow as one

microsecond.[citation needed]

The designers of the 1962 D-17Bused diode-resistor logic as much as possible, to minimize the

number of transistors used.

Properties [ edit ]
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In cascaded AND-OR diode gates, the

high voltage level is decreased more than

two times .

Non-restoring logic [ edit ]

Digital logic implemented by active elements is

characterized by signal restoration. Trueand falseor

1and 0are represented by two specific voltage

levels. If the inputs to a digital logic gate is close to

their respective levels, the output will be closer or

exactly equal to its desired level. Active logic gates

may be integrated in large numbers because each

gate tends to remove noise at its input. Diode logic

gates are implemented by passive elements; so, they

have two restoration problems.

Forward voltage drop.The first restoration problem

of diode logic is that there is a voltage drop VFabout

0.6 V across the forward-biased diode. This voltage is

added to or subtracted from the input of every gate so

that it accumulates when identical diode gates are

cascaded. In an OR gate, VFdecreases the high voltage level (the logical 1) while in an AND gate,

it increases the low voltage level (the logical 0). The feasible number of logic stages thus depends

on the difference between the high and low voltages.

Source resistance.Another problem of diode logic is the internal resistance of the input voltage

sources. Together with the gate resistor, it constitutes a voltage divider that worsens the voltage

levels. In an OR gate, the source resistance decreases the high voltage level (the logical 1) while

in an AND gate, it increases the low voltage level (the logical 0). In the cascaded AND-OR diode

gates in the picture on the right, the AND high output voltages are decreased because of the
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internal voltage drops across the AND pull-up resistances. [3]

Applications [ edit ]

Diode logic gates are used to build diodetransistor logic(DTL) gates as integrated circuits.

The outputs of conventional ICs (with complementary output drive stages) are never directly

connected together since they act as voltage sources. However, diodes can be used to combine

two or more digital (high/low) outputs from an IC such as a counter. This wired logic connection

can be a useful way of producing simple logic functions without using additional logic gates. [4]

Most circuit families are designed to have compatible inputs and outputs depending on these

signal levels to achieve reliable performance. Adding diode logic will degrade the signal level and

result in poor noise rejection and possible failure.

Tunnel diodes [ edit ]

During the 1960s the use of tunnel diodesin logic circuits was an active research topic. When

compared to transistor logic gates of the time, the tunnel diode offered much higher speeds. Unlike

other diode types, the tunnel diode offered the possibility of amplification of signals at each stage.

The operating principles of a tunnel diode logic rely on biasing of the tunnel diode and supply of

current from inputs over a threshold current, to switch the diode between two states.

Consequently, tunnel diode logic circuits required a means to reset the diode after each logical

operation. A simple tunnel diode gate offered little isolation between inputs and outputs and had

low fan inand fan out. More complex gates, with additional tunnel diodes and bias power supplies,

overcame some of these limitations. [5]Advances in discrete and integrated circuit transistor speed

and the more nearly unilateral nature of transistor amplifiers overtook the tunnel diode gate and it

is no longer used in modern computers.
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[hide]VTE

Notes [ edit ]

1. ÎBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems

See also [ edit ]

Diode matrix

Transistortransistor logic

References [ edit ]

1. Ûnited States Dept. of the Army, Communications-electronics Fundamentals: Digital Computers

Field manual FM 11-721978, pages 3-17 through 3-22

2. ÎBM Customer Manual of Instruction: Transistor Component Circuits , p. 20 , IBM, 1960.

3. ^Diode logic

4. Întegrated Circuits (Chips)

5. ^Tunnel Diodes for Switching and Microwave Applications Technical Manual TD-30, RCA 1963,

(3rd Chapter) Switching

External links [ edit ]

"Joystick Controller: Using Diodes to Create OR Circuits" by David Cook

Logic families

Technologies

BiCMOS CMOS Depletion-load NMOS logic(including HMOS) Diode logic

Diodetransistor logic(DTL) Direct-coupled transistor logic(DCTL) Emitter-coupled logic

(ECL) Gunning transceiver logic(GTL) Integrated injection log ic(I2L) NMOS logic

PMOS logic Resis tortransis tor logic(RTL) Transistortransistor logic(TTL)
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Current mode logic / Source-coupled logic(CML/SCL)

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