enabling courses: human biology courses: human biology o enabling subjects: • introductory level...
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Enabling Courses: Human Biology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
G.J. Tortora & B. Derrickson
13th Edition, 2012
Copyright © 2012 by Biological Sciences Textbooks, Inc and Bryan Derrickson
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, NJ.
Module 1
Introduction to the Human Body
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Enabling Courses: Human Biology
o Enabling subjects:
• Introductory level of knowledge
• Self-paced and flexible
o Anatomy and physiology underpins all complementary
medicines to some extent
o Aim: Develop a basic understanding of the human body
and knowledge of anatomical terminology
o Structure: 4 modules
• Best to complete in order
o Use activities, diagrams and quizzes to help you learn
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Session Plan
o Introduction to anatomy and physiology
o Levels of organisation
o Basic life processes
o Homeostasis
• Positive and negative feedback
o Basic anatomical terminology
• Anatomical position
• Directional and regional terms
• Planes and sections
• Body cavities
• Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
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Key Words
o Bio = life, living
o -logy = study or science
o Cardi = heart
o Cerebro = brain
o Chondr = cartilage
o Crani = skull
o Derma = skin
o Epi = upon, on, above
o Endo = within, inside
o Hemi = half
o Micro = small
o Myo = muscle
o Osteo = bone
o Para = near
o Peri = around
o Pseudo = false
o Sub/Hypo = under,
beneath, below
o -itis = inflammation
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Key Words Activity
List the meaning of the
following words:
1. Biology
2. Cardiology
3. Microbiology
4. Dermatology
5. Pericarditis
o Study of living things
o Study of the heart
o Study of microbes
o Study of the skin
o Inflammation of the
sack around the heart
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Prokaryotes
o ~300 million years ago, in volcanic thermal springs, a
variety of chemical substances were in the process of
forming complex molecules (Attenborough, 1984)
Figure 1. Prokaryote (from
http://www.biology.about.com)
o After an immense period of
time, the first microscopic
living matter were produced:
bacteria, the first cells
o Bacterial cells are known as
prokaryotes
o Prokaryotes have a very basic
internal structure
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Eukaryotes
o Over time, bacteria began to differentiate and specialise
into a variety of cells known as Eukaryotes
o Cells began to combine and form close relationships,
developing the first specialised tissues
o Tissues combined into complex
structures (organs) and allowed
growth, specialisation and
development of systems
o Eventually a very complex
collection of systems was formed:
The human body!
Figure 03.01 Tortora PAP 12/e
Copyright @ John Wiley & Sons Inc. All rights reserved
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Anatomy & Physiology Defined
Human Biology
Science of human
anatomy and physiology
Physiology
How body systems function
Anatomy
Study of structure and
relation to other
structures
Anatomy and Physiology
Study of structure and
function
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Levels of Organisation
1. Chemical
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Systems
6. Organism
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Basic Life Processes
All living things have certain characteristics that set them apart from non-living things
Six important life processes of humans are:
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
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Homeostasis
o A process where the body’s internal environment remains steady even when there are changes in the external environment
• Homeo = sameness
• Stasis = standing still
o E.g. Internal body temperature maintained at 37º Celsius
o Feedback systems control homeostasis
• Continually monitoring, evaluating, changing, re-monitoring, re-evaluating, re-changing……
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Negative Feedback Loops
o Negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition
• E.g. When your body becomes hotter, it tries to cool itself down
o Negative feedback systems tend to regulate conditions that are held fairly stable.
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Positive Feedback Loops
o Positive feedback
systems strengthen a
change in controlled
conditions
o Used for conditions that
don’t occur very often,
(e.g. childbirth, ovulation,
blood clotting)
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Anatomical Position
o Stand erect facing the observer
o Head and eyes facing forward
o Feet are flat on the floor; toes pointing forward
o Hands on side; palm facing forward.
o Other body positions:
• Prone – reclining position, body is lying face down
• Supine – reclining position, body is lying face up
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Regional Names Activity
o Where are the following regions?
1. Cranial
2. Thoracic
3. Brachial
4. Patellar
5. Cephalic
6. Gluteal
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Directional Terms
Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior
Medial - Lateral
Proximal - Distal
Superficial - Deep
Ipsilateral - Contralateral
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Planes and Sections
o Planes (imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the
body parts)
• Sagittal
• Mid-sagittal plane (median plane)
• Parasagittal plane
• Frontal or Coronal plane
• Transverse plane
• Oblique plane
o Sections (one flat surface of a three dimensional
structure or a cut along a plane)
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Planes and Sections Activity
In the diagram, which letter is:
o Transverse plane
o Oblique plane
o Frontal/coronal plane
o Midsagittal plane
o Parasagittal plane
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Body Cavities
o Spaces within the body that help protect,
separate, and support internal organs.
o Bones, muscles, ligaments and other structures
separate various body cavities from one another.
o 4 major body cavities:
• Dorsal: Cranial, Spinal
• Ventral: Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
(Abdominopelvic)
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Abdominopelvic
Regions and Quadrants
o Allows anatomists and medical clinicians to locate
organs for reference
Quadrants Regions
Left
upper
(LUQ)
Left
lower
(LLQ)
Right
lower
(RLQ)
Right
upper
(RUQ)
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
L.
Lumbar
L.
Inguinal
R.
Lumbar
R.
Inguinal
L. Hypo-
chondriac
R. Hypo-
chondriac
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Regions and Quadrants Activity
If a patient presents with abdominal pain below their left
breast:
1. What is the quadrant called
2. What is the region called?
3. What organs are located there?
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Summary
o Introduction to anatomy and physiology
o Levels of organisation
o Basic life processes
o Homeostasis
• Positive and negative feedback
o Basic anatomical terminology
• Anatomical position
• Directional and regional terms
• Planes and sections
• Body cavities
• Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au
References
o Attenborough, D, 1984. The Living Planet, British
Broadcasting Corporation, Britain.
o Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B., 2012. Principles of
Anatomy and Physiology, 13th edn, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc, USA.
o Winston, R, 2004. Human, DK Publishing, London.
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