enabling open scholarship the ‘whys’ of open access: efficiency and impact alma swan enabling...
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Enabling Open Scholarship
The ‘whys’ of Open Access: efficiency and impact
Alma Swan
Enabling Open Scholarship
And
Key Perspectives Ltd
JISC Conference: The Future of Research? London, UK, 18-19 October 2010
Enabling Open Scholarship
Efficiencies
Enabling Open Scholarship
Efficiencies from Open AccessObvious direct cost savings (subscriptions, ILL, PPV)
Open Access makes it easier to find and retrieve the material a researcher needs to:• READ• WRITE papers• Carry out PEER REVIEW work
Open Access obviates the need to spend time seeking permissions or dealing with copyright and licensing issues
No duplication, blind alleys, etc …
Enabling Open Scholarship
Three new scholarly communication scenarios
Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access)
• In parallel with subscription journals• Instead of subscription journals, via
repositories with overlay services
Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)
Enabling Open Scholarship
University UK: Annual savings from OA
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
OA journals
OA via repositories
Repositories with over-lay publishing servicesG
BP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from OA via repositories
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Univ A
Univ B
Univ C
Univ D
GB
P p
er a
nnum
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from OA via OA journals
-6,000,000
-5,000,000
-4,000,000
-3,000,000
-2,000,000
-1,000,000
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
GBP
per
an
num
Univ DUniv C
Univ BUniv A
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
Societal value
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
GB
P pe
r an
num
Univ D
Univ C
Univ BUniv A
Enabling Open Scholarship
Impact: visibility, usage and academic
impact
Enabling Open Scholarship
Visibility and usageVisibility comes through Web search enginesBest evidenced by usagee-Scholarship (University of California): 11.4 million views since 2002 (36,500 items)School of Electronics & Computer Science (University of Southampton): 30,000 downloads per month (5,500 full-text items)ORBi (University of Liege): 129,000 downloads since September 2009 (31,000 full-text items)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Enabling Open Scholarship
Open Access citation impact
Biology
Eco-nomics
Politi-cal Sci
Health Sci
Business
Educa-tion
Manage
ment
Law
Psy-chology
Soci-ology
Physics
0 50 100 150 200 250
% increase in citations with Open Access
Range = 36%-200%(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Engineering
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
OANon-OA
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Cita
tions
Enabling Open Scholarship
Clinical medicine
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200805
101520253035404550
OANon-OA
Cita
tions
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Enabling Open Scholarship
Social science
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200802468
1012141618
OANon-OA
Cita
tions
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Enabling Open Scholarship
What OA means to a researcher
Enabling Open Scholarship
Top authors (by download)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Ray Frost’s impact
Enabling Open Scholarship
Top authors (by download)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Martin Skitmore(Urban Design)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Impact:Enabling innovation
Enabling Open ScholarshipPhotos: UNDP
Enabling Open Scholarship
EU CIS studies
Enabling Open Scholarship
Enabling Open Scholarship
“With a small oncology company … it is imperative that I have access to the literature. But small companies do not have the "deep pockets" necessary...
The for-profit journal publishers have effectively barred access to key scientific information except to those who can afford their outrageous fees.
Much of the most innovative work is being done at companies like mine that cannot afford to pay $30+ per paper or pay per-search charges in abstracts or journal collections.”
Terence Dolak, SDR Pharmaceuticals, Andover, NJ, USA
Enabling Open Scholarship
“We submitted a patent application .... the patent authorities that stated that [some of this] was known and published [in] a scientific paper.
This came approximately at the same time as we were about to close a financing round. As a consequence our closing was delayed .... In this period we were really broke and we could not afford to do any experiments. New experiments were essential .... otherwise we would have to withdraw four other patent applications we had filed.
The lesson is that if we had had access to the scientific paper then we would have been in a much better position.”CEO, small pharmaceutical company, Denmark
Enabling Open Scholarship
Dr Evonne MillerSenior Lecturer, Design, QUT
“Just last week, the General Manager of Sustainable Development from an Australian rural industry called me – based on reading one of my research papers in ePrints.
He loved what he read ..... and we are now in discussion about how we can help them measure their industry’s social impacts.”
Enabling Open Scholarship
Total Research Income: QUT and sector
Data: Tom Cochrane, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, QUT
2004 2005 2006 20070
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
All univs QUT
% in
crea
se
2003-20070
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
All univs QUT
% in
crea
se
Enabling Open Scholarship
Thank you
www.openscholarship.org