ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF BUDDHISM

Volume II

(btt caurtesy of the Brili,sh Museum, Lotdrrpl. ARHAT

Chineso glazed pottory l0-llth century from tho I-chu c&vos, Hopei

TNflYCI,$PAH&HA OF BIJ$H}ffiH$Medited, by

G. P. MALALASEKERA, o.B.E.Hox. D. Psrr,. (Moscow), IfoN. D. Lrtr. (Ceylon),

t{ov. D. Lrtr. (Vidyodaya Univ. of Ceylon),D. Lrr . (Lond.) , l \ I .A. , Ps. I ) . . (Lond.) ,

Ilembro d'honneur de I' Ecole Frangaiso d' Extrdme Oriont,High Comrnissioner for Ceylon in Britain,

Formerly Professor of PaIi end Buddhist Civilization anriDoan of tbe Faculty of Oriental Studies, {fniversity of Coylon, Professor Emeritus.

VOLUME II

Apa - Bharhut

1966PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CEYLONPRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS. CEYLON

l l l

Fascimile Reprint

Reprinted in 1998by

The Department of Buddhist AffairsMinistry of Buddhasasana

Direct Copied and Printed at the State Printing Corporation

IV

NOTE

THE system of transliteration used in the case of Pali and Sanskrit terms is that now generallyaccepted by scholars and lexicographers. In the case of Chinese and Japanese names and words,Wade's system has been followed. Where Siamese words are concerned, a system suggested byH. H. Prince Dhani Nivat has been largely adopted.

In certain cases the textual word (Pali, Sanskrit, Tibetan, & c.) has been retained in prefer-ence to a dubious English rendering with a connotation foreign to Buddhism. Thus, Sarigha forthe Order of Monks; bhikkhu for priest, monk or almsman; arahant for saint; karma for action;bodhisattva for aspirant for enlightenment, & c. And such term will be used in the language of thesource employed, Nibb-ana (Pali), Nirv-ana (Sanskrit), & c. But a comprehensive sysrim of .torr-references will ensure that the reader who is not familiar with such technical termsis guided froman English term to the more precise and classical one; thus, Appeiception, see Jav4na; Awareness,see Sati; Void, see SEnya; & c.

In Ceylon the dates of events up to the l6th century have been taken from the ChronologicalList in the univenity of ceylon, History of ceyton, vol. I, part II.

Instead of A. D. the abbreviation A. c. has been used throughout.

ADVISORY BOARD OF THE SANGHA

The venerables:Phra Ariyanandamuni (Thailand)Prof. Dr. Polwatte Buddhadatta, Maha NEyaka Thera, Agga Mahe Paqdita (Ceylon)Phra Nirantarlfr4namuni (Thailand)Prof. Dr. Dehigaspe PafifidsEra, Ndyaka Thera (Ceylon)Shirob-Jaltso (China)Rosen Takashina (Japan)U Thiuhila, Mahd Thera, Agga Maha Paqgita (Burma)Iilduruve Uftardnanda, Nfyaka Thera (Ceylon)U Visuddha, Mahd Thera, Agga Mahe'Papdita (Burma)

BOARD OF HONORARY EDITORS

Phya Anuman RajadhonProf. P. V. BapatProf. Dr. F. D. K. BoschDr. Chao Pu-chuDr. E. Cor:.a:Prof. Damdin-surenProf. Paul DemidvilleProf. Nalinaksha DuttProf. Jean FilliozatProf. E. FrauwallnerDr. Richard A. GardProf. Dr. H. Von GlasenappLama Anagarika GovindaProf. Helmut HoffmanMiss I. B. Horner

Mr. Christmas HumphreysDr. B. C. LawProf. F. D. LessingDr. U Lu Pe WinDr. Shoson MiyamotoProf. Dr. Heinz ModeDr. Makoto NagaiProf. S. ParanavitanaProf. Nihar Ranjan RayProf. Rahula SankrityayanaProf. Tan Yun-shanProf. Giuseppe TucciProf. Dr. Ernst WaldschmidtProf. Friedrich WellerProf, O. H. deA. Wijesekera

vl l

A.

AA.

AAWG.

AbhK.

AbhKbh.

AbhKk.

AbhKug.

Abhs.

Abhcy.

Abhut.

ABIA

ABORI.

AbcPu!.

AbsPry.

Ad{P.

Akanurno 7

Alcanwno 2

AKM.

AM.AMG. ,Aniga.

Aneealc'd

Aak.

Au6.

BASR.

BB.Bbh.

Bc.

Ariguttara Nikiya, f-Vf, ed.R,.lforris, E. Hardy, C. A. F.IihysDavids, PTS. f 88b-f gl0

. o Agrguttaranikdye Affhakatha,(l\Lanorathapr-rrani), I-\/, ed. M.Walleser, If. Kopp, pT S. 1994-56

Abhandlungen der Alademio derWissongchaften in Gcittingerr

Abhidhar,mahoSa (Ndeari char.a-eters), od. R. Sankritya;rana,Baaaras, lg30

Abhidharmako6abhEsya, ed. Th.Stcherbatsky, BB.- XX, t9g0

AbhidharmakoSak6,rikd, od. L. dela Vall6e Poussin, Paris, lg3l

Abhidharnakoavydkhyd, ed.U. Woqihara, Tokyo, 1982-86

,A.bhidhammatthasarigaha, ed.T. W. B,hys Davida, Jp?,9. 1694,l_48

Abhidharm&samuecaya, erl.P. PraChan, VBS. LZ, lgb0

Abhidh*mrnEvat6ra, ed. A. p.Buddhadatta, BM. l, lglS

Annual Bibliography of IndianArchmology, Kerrr fnstituto

-A,nnals of the Bha,ndarker OriontalP"esea,rch Institute (poona)

Abhisamaydlar.nkdraprn j fi 6p dram -itopadeda35stra (Sanikrii toxterrd Tibetan translation), ed.Th. Stchorbatsky and E.'Ober-miller, BB. XXrrI, lg2g

Abhisamay6,lamkErd.lokaprajfi Epd-ramit6vy6J

Bll.r,k. Bhavasa4nkrd,ntisritra (end com-ment&ry, roconstructed in San-skrit from TiUotan translation),ed. N. Aiyaswami Sastri, Adyar,1938

Bibliotheca Indioa (Calcutta)Bibliogrephie Bouddtriquo (Paris)Bollotino doll' Instituto Indiano

per il Medio ed Eetromo Orionte(Rome)

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Bullotin ds la Maison Francc-Japonaiso (Tokyo)

Bhikpqripr6timokga, od. E. Wald-schmidt (Bruchetticke des Bhik-aunipritimokqa), KLTurJ. III,r926

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Buddhistic Studies, ed. B. C. LawCalcutta, I93l

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Calcut ta,1935Buddhaghosuppatti (with transla-

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Cabaton, A. : Cetalogue Sornn'airedee Manueerits Sanskrits etPEli, Paris, 1907

Catulr6ataka (Senskrit and Tibe-tan tortg reconstructod), ed.V. Bbattecharyye, Calcutta,r93 l

The Coylon Eietorical JournalCorpus Inscriptionum IndicerumTho Coylon Journal of Eistorical

and Soeial StudiesCoylon Journal of Scionce-Ssc-

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Tib6tein, If-IIf, 1909-16CariyEpifaka, ed. B. O. Lewi

PTS. f ehore, 1924

Cariy6pilaka Allhakath6 (Para-matthadipanj), ed. D. L.Barua, P?,S. f 939

A Critical Pali Dictionary, Copen-hagen, 1925-65

Cittavi6rrddhiprakara'.ra,' ed. . P.B. Patel, I/BS. 8, 1949

Digba Nikdya, I-III, ed. T. W.Rhys Davids and J. E. Carpen-ter, P?^S. I890-f gll

Dighanil

I ) P P A .

Dpv.

Dpu. ! .

I)ttltapt.

EI .

Ency. Bsnt.

ERE.

EW,EZ.

Gg.

G]II,

GOS.

Gst.

G1,.

Guyti.

IIa,tlhu.

Hhs.

Hetub.

HJ AS.HOS.Hap.

IA .IALIBK,

IC.IHQ.I t ,

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I)ipava.r.nsa, ed H. Oldenberg,London, 1879

'Ihe Dipavamsa, ed. B. C. Law,CHJ . YIII, Nos. l-4, Mahara-giirna, Ceylon, I 9l-rf)

Dukapalfhana. ed. I[rs. P"hysI)avids, Pf'S. l-906

Epigraphia fndica (Calcutta.Government Press)

ltrncyclopaedia of Buddhism. ed.G. P. Malalasekora, Ceylon

Encyclopaedia of Religion andEthics, f-Xflr, ed. J. Hastings,Edinburg, 1908-26

East and West (Rome)Epigraphia Zeylanica, (Ceylon

Government Press)Gandistotrag&thd (reeonstructed

in Sanskrit from tho ChinoseKien-ch'rri-fan-tsan), ed. Stadl-Holstoin, BB. XV, l9l3

Gilgit Manuscripts, l-TIf, od. N.Dutt, Srinagar and Calcritta,r939-50

Gaekwad's Oriental Series(Barodq)

Gubyasamdjatentra, ed. B. Bhatt-achar5rya, Baroda, l93l

Gandhava,msa, ed. J. Minayeff,JPrg. t886 54-80

Galdaqnihesfitra f-fv, ed.D. T. Suzuki and H. fdzumi(socond edition), Kyoto, 1949

Ifetthavanagallavih6ravarpaa, ed.C. tr'. Godakumbura, P?lS. 1967

I{obogirin, Dictionnaire Encyclo-p6dique du Bouddhisme, ed. P.Domi6viJle, Tokyo, f 929-37

Hetubindufike (with eub-commen-tary), ed. S. Sanghavi and M. S.Jinavijayaji, @O,S. ll3, L949

Ifarvard Journal of Asiatic StudiesIfavard Oriental SeriesI{astavdlaprakara4a (reconstru,

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Indian Antiquary (Bombay)Indian Art and Letters (London)Indogaku Bukkydgaku l{enky[

(Uniwrsityof Tokyo, Journal ofIndian and Buddhist Studies)

fndian Culture (Calcutta)The fndia,n l{istorical QuarterlyItivuttaka, od. E. Windisch. P?S.

1889

ftivuttaka A!-thakathd (parama-tthadipani, f-II ed. II. l,t.

Bose , PTS.1984-96Jdtalg_ (with commentary), l-Vf,

ed. V. Fausboll, .P"S. i962

Joqrnal of tho Arnerican OrientnlSociety

Journal AsiatiqueJournal of the Asiatic Society of

BengalJournal of tho Bena,ros l{indu

UnivorsityJourrral of the Bihar and Orissa

Research SocietyJournal of tho Bombay Branch of

the Royal Aeiatic Socioty

I tA.

J,

JAOE.

J As.JASB,

J BHU.

JBONS.

JBRAS.

JB.BS.

JBTS.

JCBNAS.

JDLC.

JGIB.

JIH.J'dnac.

Jirgk.

Jindl.

Jm.

JOR.JPTB,JRAS.

Js,s.Kei,th

Khp.

KhpA.

Khs.

KhT.

KIgmt

Journal of the Burma ResearchSooiety

Jounral of the Buddhist TextSociety

Jounrsl of the Coylon Brancli ofthe Royal Aeiatic Society

Journal of the Depertmont ofLettors, University of Calcutta

Journel of the Greater IndiaSociety

Journal of Indian HietoryJinacarita, ed. W. II. D. Ilouee,

JPTB. lg0L6, t -166JinakdlamAt (in Sinhaleeo chara-

cters) od. A. P. BuddhadattaColombo, 1966

Jin_dlafnkdra (witb translotion), ed.J. Gray, London, l8g4

JdtakamEl6, ed. II. Kenr, IIOBl, Boston, l89l

Journal of Oriontal ResearchJournal of the Pali Toxt SooietyJournal of the Royel Aeiatic

Society of Great Britain andfreland

Journal of the Siam SociotyI{eith, A. B.: Catalogue of Sans-

krit, Manuscripts in lhe BodloianLibrar5r, Oxford, lg0b

Xtrg!{at

El TurJ.

Kp.

K6YP.

Ktr.

Kubh..

Kadt.

Kvu.

Kr;uA.

Kugtt,.

Lal.

L a i k .

L iget i

L6.

M .

MA,

MBT.

MCM,trId,hr:y

n,rdh, t

Msh.

Mhbr,

Mh,m

Kleloero Sanskrit-Texte (Kcinig- Mhps'liche Preussischo Turfan-Ex-peditionen).

Mahiparinirv6r.rasfrtra, d. E.Waldschmidt, Abhandlungender Doutschon Akademie, Berlin,I950-5I

Mahisamd,jasrftra, od. E-Wa dschmidt, (BruchstiiokeBufldhistischor Sritras, I.)KlTurf . IV, 1932

Mah6ydnasar.ngraha, I-II, ed.E. Lamotte, (La Sornrt e duGrend V6hicule d'Asaiga), Lou-vain, 1938

Mahdvar.nsa, ed. W. Goiger, (chap-ters i-xxxvi), PflS. 1908 ; Crile-var.ns&, ed. W. Goiger, f-If,(chaptors xxxvii-lxxii andlxxiii-ci), PflS. Lg25-27

Mahdvarfrsatiki (Var.nsatthepps-l

N I A .Jfn.

Nrp.

Nre.

Nydb.

Nvdp.

M .

Pafr,cag

PB.PBA.

PED.

Pe!.

Plrfd,.

Pjm.

PMG.PpA.

Ppi+d.

Priit.

frg6gl

Pfuar.

Ps.

New Indian AntiquaryNlgJyl

_

Daigakrr Bungaku-buItenkyu Ronshu (Bulleth of thej-.ag"tty. of Lettors, NagoyaUniversity)

N6,manlpapariccheda, ed. A. p.Buddhadatta, JP?S. lgl3-14

NE.'narfipasamdsa- ed. P.Dhamma -r&ma. JPTB. 1915-16

Ny;za-bindu, ed. Th. Stcherbatsky(Ny_eyabindu r Ny6yabinduf ikei.I-II, BB. VIrr, 1904; III, 192.9

Nyd,_yapraveAa (with commen tary ),ed. A. B. Dhruva, GOB. gB, lgg0

Otani Daigaku Toshokan-zO TibetDaiz6ky0 Kanjur KandO Moku-roku, Kyoto Ig30-92

Paffcagatidipani, ed. L. Feer,JPTS. 1884. 152-61

Prabuddha Bh6,rataPolski Biuletyn Orientalistyczny

(Tho Polish-Bulletin of OrientaiStudies, Varsovie)

Pali English Dictionary, ed. T. W.Rhys Davids and W. Stede,PTS. rg2r-25

Pefakopadesa, ed. A. Barua, PST,1949

Prajfrdparamitd,hrdayasrltra, ed.F. Max Miir.Iler, Oxford, 1884

Paj jamadhu, ed. E. R. Gooneratne,JPrS, t897, l-16

Publications du Mus6e GuimetPaflcappaka,r&na Alfhakatha

(Paramatthadipani), Part, I, ed.Rerukane AriyaflEna,, 9HB

XXXVIII, 1936 i Part, If, ed.Remkane Candavimala,,SfIB.xL, lg38

Prajii6,pd,ramitd,piqr{e,rtha, I-ff , edG. Tucci (Minor Sanskrit Textson the Prajfldparamit6,), JRA,gr947

Pratimoksasrltra. ed. L. Finot(PrS,timoksasfitra des Sarvdsti-vadins) with a French trans-lation of the Chineso version bvEd. I luber, JAs .XI . 2 (1913i ,475 tf.

Frajii&paramit &ratnagunasencB,ye-gath6,, ed. E. Oberrailler,Moscow, 1937

Prami,nav6,rttikam (wiih com-mentary and sub-commentary),ed. R,. Sankrityayana, Allaha-bad, 1949

Patisamb[iddmagga, I-II, ed. A.C. Taylor, PTS. 1905-07

PaA.

PSS.PTC.

PTS.Pug.

PugA.

PuiP.

Pau.

Ratgot.

Rl:d,u.

Rpp.

Rsa.

Rai,bh.

,S.

s,4.

sd^dh.

sag.

Sar,.

Sdst.r.

Saund.

SaundK.

SBB.SBE.

Palisambhidarnagga AlthakathE(Saddharnmappakdsini), I-IfI,ed. C. V. Joshi, PfS. 1933-47

Panjab Sanskrit Series (Lahore)PEli Tipilakarh Concordance, PTS.

1952-65Pali Text Society (edition)Puggalapafrriatti, ed. R,. Morris,

P",S. 1883Puggalapafifiatti AffhakathS, ed.

G. Landsber,g and l\{rs. RhysDavids,JP?rs. l9 I 3-l 4, L7 0-1254

Pafl ca,vim$atise,hasrikaprajfiapd,ra -mit6, ed. N. Dutt, London, 1934

Petavatthu, with commentary:Petavatthu Allhakatha (Para-matthadipani), ed. E. Ilardy,P?S. 1894

R atnagotravibhdgamahd,ydnotta -ratantraSdstra, ed. E. II. Johns-ton, Patna, f950

Roruka Avad6,ne (r: TibotischerText, und dt. Ubersetzung;fI: Wtirtorbuch), ed. J. Nobel,rg54

R6,sfrapd,laparipycchd,, od. L.Finot, St. Petersburg, lg0l

Rasav6hini, ed. Sdnawimala MahEthera, Colombo, 1961

Rrip6rripavibhdga, ed. A. P.Buddhadatta, BM. f, l9l5

Samyutta Nik6,ya, f-Vf, ed. L.tr'een and Mrs. Rhys Davids,P"8. 1884-1904

Samyuttanikdya AllhakathA (SA-ratthappakasini), I-III, ed. F.L.Woodward, Pf 5.1929-37

Sd,dhanam6l6,, ed. B. Bhat-tacharyya, Baroda, 1925-28

Samyukt6,gama (fragments fromStein manuscripts), ed. L. dela Vall6e Poussin, JR"4IS. 1913,569 ff.

Selistambasfitra (reconstructed),ed. L. de la Vall6e Poussin,(Bouddhisme, Etudes et Mat6ri-aux, Th6orio dos douze causes),Gand, 1913, 19-90

S6,sanavamsa, ed. M. Bode, P?rS.r 897

Saundardnanda,, ed. E. H. Johns-ton, Oxford, 1928

Saundardnandakivya, ed. Ifara-prasada Sastri, Calcutta, fgl0

Sacred Books of tho Buddhists

Sacred Books of the East

xl l l

8turd.

Sdnp.

StlntPY.

,Sdrne.

Sdurg.

Sgr-

Stoeltrd

Swtt.

Suu.

Suil,.

Tahh6.

Tant.

Thag.

ThagA.

Th.s.

Thwa.

Th&pa.

Tdlmp.

Tks.

TM.

Trhru|.

"ss.Turk&em.

B&trd,.

UCR.ud.UdA.

Uclag.

Uach.

VajP.

SHB.

8 I I .S;ts.

SErlfr.

srs.Sn.

SnA.

Sndr.

BOE.Bre .

s6kP.

seq'|.

Semk.

S,rP.

,Seun..

Sum,q.

Sanredn6anssa4ggreho, ed. E.B. Cowell, 1878

Sedfharnapu4{arlkasritra, ed.U. Wogihara end K. Tsuchida,Tokyo, 1934-35

SaddharamopEyana, od. R. Morris,JPTS.1887, 35-98

Saddhammasaigahe, ed. NodimaleSaddhinande, JP?^S. 1890, 2l-90

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SadgatikerikE, od. P. Mue: LaLumibre sur loe Six Voies,Paris, 1939

thaetri, I{ara Presed : A Dos-criptivo Catalogue of SenskritManuscripts in the Governmentoollection, under the care of thoAsiatic Society of Bengal, Cal-cutta, l9I7

Simon I{ewavitar:ne Bequest(Colombo)

South Indien fnscriptions(Medras(Sitgasamuccay&, ed. C. Bendall'

St. Potorsburg, f897-f902Sim6viv6deviniochayakathd, ed.

J. Mineyoff, JPfS. 1887, l7-34Sino fndian Studios (Santiniketan)Suttanipdta, ed. D. Andersen and

E. Smith, P?lS. f913Suttanipdta Atthakath6 (Para-

matthajotike If), od. II. Smith,PTS. 1916-18

Sandhinirmoconasfitra, od. E.Lamotte (Sandhinirrnocanesfi-tra, L'oxplication.dos Mystdres),Paris, 1935

Serie Orientale RomaSamidhirdjssitra (chapters 8, lg,

22), ed. C. R6garrroy, 'Warsaw,I938

Saptasatikdprajri6pd,ramiti, ed.J. Masuda, Tokyo, lg30

Suttesamgaba, ed. R,. Chaudhuriand D. Guha, BI. lg57

Saccasar.nkhopa, ed. P. Dhamma-rEma, JPTS. l9l7-lg, l-25

$stagFhasrikipraj ft6pdramit6, ed.P. Ghosa, Af . 1910

Sat-rassavatthuppakara{rarp (inSinhalese characters) ed. A. p.Buddhadatta, Marad*no, lgSg

Sumagadhd,vad6na, ed. G. Toki-wei, 1897

(MohByEne) Sritr6le4gkira, ed.(and tranelated in tr'rench), S.L6vi, Bibliot_hAque de I'feole,des Ileutes ftudea, 169, 190,Peris, 1907, l9ll

Suvarr.raprobbdsottamasritra, ed.J. Nobel (Dae Goldglenz Sfftra),Leipzig, 1937

Sihelavetthuppakarar.ra (ia Sin-haloso chiractors) od. A. P.Buddhadatto, Qolombo, lg59

Sukhivatiw5niha, ed. F. MaxMiiller, Oxford, 1883

Taisho Shinshri Daizdkyo. ed. J.Takakusu, f-CIf, lg24-32

Tantr6khy6na, od. C. Bendall,JRltS. 1888

Theragdt-hd,- ed. H. Oldenberg,P?S. r883

TheragEthE Atfhalathd,, (pera-metthedipani), f-IfI, eti. F. L.Woodward, PfS. 1940-69

Therigeih6, ed. R. Pisehel, pTS.1883

Therigdthe Alt hakathd (Paramat-thadipani), ed. E. Mi.iller, p?,S.r893

Thripavar.nso, od. B. C. Lsw,P?,s. 1035

TikapatfhEna, I-IrI (wirh com-lqxn_tery), ed. Mrs. Rhys Davids,PTS. tg2t-29

Telakat6hagf,,thi, od. E. R. Goone-ratne, JPTS. 13S4, 49-68

Tohoku-Teikoku-I)aigaku I{o.b un- gakub u Tibet - Doizo-kvo - S.-Mokuroku, f-If, Sendai, ig32

Triq6ikevijfiapti, od. If. Jacobi(Trim6ikevijfiapti mit Bhirsvades AcErya Sthiramati), tO-gg

Trivandrum San'skrit SeriesManuseript Remains of Buddhist

Litereture fpund in ltrasterrrTurliestan,'ed. (in conjunetionryith oi;hor scholars) - A. F.Rudolf I{oernle, f, Oxford, lgl6

I,'niversity of Ceylon Reviewtrd6na, ed. P. Steinthal, P?,S. 1885Uddna Atthaksthd. (Paramattha-

$pqtti), ed. F. L. Wood*,ard,P?S. 1926

Lrddnavarga, ed. li. P. Chakra-varti, I,aris, lg30

Ilttaravinicchaya, ed. A. p. Bud-dhada.tta, BM. II, 231-904

Vajracchedikipraj fl E pdramitE, ed.( and transle.ted) Il. Conze,SOR., XUI, Romo, lgb7

XIV

l lhi t .

i -1, l t t .

I,'n^!.1ti1;,ftfi,'t.t.

Vi,rni.

[ / i n .

I1 i nA .

Vi,n lI',\.

.\t thas6,lini,

-\[rr,r l] rr r rtr,tt h ur-i hisin i,-\Ia noratL ap iilar"t i,Ni rl dcsu-r'ar.rr.!Rnri,

Papaficasirdani,' l)arrr,mutthadip*ni,

. .

Paru.m&tthadiped, . .

Pararnatths,dipani, . .l 'o,rarnal,thadrpani,

. .

Prlrrr,rn ult t h*dipani,

l'alarnatt]radipani. . .Ilaru,r rru,tthaj otik4 f ,r' alnrusttlraj otikI Itr,ParlnraLthamarrj usi,Sr;,,t{dharnrnapaj joi,ika f , fI,Sadd ira,nrrnappakE sini,

Sarnirntapasfidik6,.

S arnrrr ohav i n o rlu,n i,

iSirattirapptr,kEsini, . .

Sumangalavilasini,

V ru u dclb a1 outt v rhisjni,

\ r l j r r r l i r c l , od . f r rn r { t ra r , r l r i t e r i ) .S. t t . l l r ikhopni l |1y*r ,yr , , , S,rr , t i -r r i l i e l i r n , l 9 i0

Yil ',1iarr;;ir,. ed. I,Irs. F.hys l)nvids.P?' , t " t i i04

Vii;i.,:"riga Ar tira,katha (Samnrohn,-'y inr . i t lnrr i ) , ed. A. P. l l r rc l r lh i l -i i r r t , tu, PTS. 192: t

\ . isva" IJ l r i ' rat i i * r t r r i iesVicit,rakarnikilvacrdnrr,, ed. (anrl

t r r rnsla ie, l ) H. Jdlgensen.I .o i r r iorr , I g3l

( YimSatilid,)T ij ii aptimitratrlsiddh ied . S . L6v i , 1925-26

\rinayapi',rr,kil, f-V, od. H. Olden-berg , London , I879-83 '

Yirr.aya Atthakatha (Samanta-pfi.sadika), f--\rII, ed. J. 'Iaka-ktrsri, I{. Nagai, PTS. lg24-17

Ihila Sarvfi,stivirda Vinaya: Gil.git }lanuscrilrts, ed. N. f)utt,r-Irr, 1939.-50

Yinaya des Sarv5,stivEdin, ed.(and translated in French) J,tr' i l l iozat, and If. Kuno. JAs.1 9 3 8 , 2 l - 6 4

Virrayavin icc l iaya. er l . A. p.BtrddhadatLa, BM . fI, I -230

Visuddhimaggs, ed. H. C. WarrenB,nd I ) . Kosambi, HO9..41, 1950

Vimd,navatlhu {n'ith e om menta.ry ),ecl . E. Hardy, P?S. l00t

Wiener Zeibschrift, fur die Kundedcs l{orgerrlandes

Yamaka, f-ff, 'ecl. C'aroline Rhysl)avids. P?s-. l9t I -13

Yarnakappekarnna A!1hakath6,ed. C. A. F. Rhys Davids,J P T S . l 9 1 0 - 1 2 , 5 i - I 0 7

Zeitschrift cler Deutschen Mor-genl$indischen Geeelischaft

I - i n S .

lt i.ttt'ch,.

V ism.

T ' r t t .

\I ZKX,I.

Yam.

YumA.

?.DMG,

Crossrelerencos of special titles to Abbreviations

Dhammasangani Allhaka,tha

ISuddhavamsa Atf hakat h6

.{t'rgutt ara }iikaya A!{,hakathaMaha-iCrilla- ) niddesa Atlhakath6,IIaj jhina Nikdya Af,{,hakat}rdCariyapitaka Althakatha

f tir,rrttaka At t,hakath6,Paflcappakars,+a Alf,hakathd,

Petavatthu Apthakatha

lllheragathd A!{.hakathaTherigatla A!,{hakathe . .Khudclakapalha At thakatha

SuttanipE,ta A1lhakath !,

Visiiddhimagga Atlhakathd

Ilahn-(Cuila-) niddese Af lhakathaPatisam triridamagga A t,lhakathaVinaya A'ythakathn

Vibhanga A!!,hakathn . .

Samyutta Nikiiya -{fi,hakrthiiDigha Nika;za Atphakatha

Apadana Agphakatha . .

(DhsA.\(BunA.\(AA.)(NdA. r, II)(MA.)(cpA.)( IA. I(PpA.)(Puv,A.l(ThasA.)(ThEsA.)(Khpa.)(SnA.)(ViarnA)(Nd,4.. I, il)(PsA.) '(VdnA.)(vbhA.)(,S-4,)(DA.I(apA)

2. s.P.(: , e8420

XV

INITIALS AND NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS

Andr6 BareauA. C- BanerjoeA. C. S. I{ariyaw&s&ruAkira llirakawa

A. L. BaghamBimala Churn LawB. I)andaronBanduls JayawardhanaBunyii MatsudaBonjamin RowlandChii-tsanChang K'e-cf i611gC. PrabhaConstantin RogamoyCbou Shu-chiaC. SivaramamurtiChoshi TakodaC. WitanachchiD, J. KalupahanaD. M. LangDheni NivatD. T. DevendreDovapriya VeUsinhaEtatsu Akashi

E. ConzeErnost Hunt

E. Ilector Perera

Enshrr l(anakuraEnicbi OehoFa-tsun

Lama GovindeGeorge Coed$sGyokusen IlosakaGauri K. WijesekeraGisyo NakanoG. N. RoerichG. P. MalalasokersHuang Ch'au-huaIforamba ChatterjeeI{. G. A, van Zeyetffohugon fchihawa

K.I Ie .K. IL.I{. Ifu.K. Kr.I(. KE.I(. I(u,K. M,K. N. J.K . O .K. s .I{ . Tx.K. Turi.I(. Tuv.I(. Ts.Ii. Yu.K. Ys.K. Yo.I-,. A.

Hidenori KitagawaHajime NakamuraI{. R. PereraH. S. CoorayHakuju UiI{ebnut von GlasonappII. Sr. BailoyIssai Funahashi

Indumatie Karunaratnofchimyo SuzukiJ. D. DhiregokeraJean Filliozet

Jf,shin Ikemoto

Jun KugaoJ. KunkelerJoh Myung-giJ. N. Ganher

Jishu OdaJ. Takasski

Juneho Tanake

K. E. Wells

Kotatsu FujitaKyosho llayashirna

Keiki EigashimotoKanyu Kabcse

Kazuyoshi Kino

Kodo Kurebryashi

I(ao Kuan-juI(dgen MizunoK. N. Jayatilleko

I{6jun OyamaKyogo Sasaki

I(anga TakabatakeI(ashiro TamakiKoy[ Ta'rnuraI{enryi TsukinowaI(yod6 YamadaKdsai YasuiKuo Yiian-hsing

L i An

XVII

L. C.L. Cr.L. d. z.L . L .I,. P. W.L . R . G .L. s .L . T .M. C.M . K .M . Z .

S. K.S. Ku.S. K. N.S. Kr:.S. lle.S. III.S. Mo.S. \ [u .S. Nr .S. No.s. o .S . P .

S . Se .

S . Su .

S . Te .S. Ts.S. Y.c..S . Yo .T . C . H .T. r.T. I(e.T. Ko.T. Ku.T . R .T . S .T. T.T. Yo.U . K .w. G. w.w. P.w. R.vt, . s.w. s. K.W. S. Kr .Y. C.Y . H .Y. K.r.Y. I(n.Y. O.Y. S 'Y. T.z. T.z. N.

Lti Ch'8ngf.i Chung-r'arrgLuey de Zoysa

Lung-lionLu Pe lVin

Lakehmi R. GoonesekereLueng SuriyabongsLin Tzfr-ch'ingMoti ChandraMorito Kayamoto

Makoto Zen.ba

N. A. Jayawickrama

Novillo Gunoratn-e

Nyanamoli Bhikkhu

Nyenasatta ThoreNguyon Thang Thai

Osama Takada

Phya AnumanPhouwong PhimrnasonePoon Pismai Diskul

P. S. JainiP. V. BapatR. A. Gunatilaka

Ryrikai Etani

Ryosetsu FujiharaRetna I{andurukandeR. I.ingat

Reiho Masunaga

R. ].IagaswemyRyOshO NakamuraRahula Sankrityayana

Ryodo Shioiri

Ryojun ShirakawaRyOshd Taire

Ry0gaku Tsumoto

Ryrijo YamadeSubhadradis Diskul

S. Dutt

Seibun Fukaura

Shigoru Gorai

Shintetsu ItO

Shriyn KenaokaShozen KumoiS. K. NanayakkaraShunkyo KatsumataSeiren MatsunamiSeiichi Mizuno

Sodo MoriSokusui MurakamiSeiryu \fasuShunjd NogamiSenshi Ogasahara

S. Paranavitana

Shinten Sakai

Shinjo SuguroShinjo TekonakeSti Tsin-jenSusumu YamaguchiShfiki Yoshimura

T. Christmas HumphreysTaijun InokuchiToshio Kazama

Tokusui Kotani

T'ien Kuang-liehT. RajapatiranaTakoshi Sakurabe

Tokan Tada

Toru Yasumoto

Upali Karunara,tnaW. G. W-eeraratneW. Pachow

Walpola Rahula Thora\Vang Sen

W. S. KarunaratneW. S. I{arunatillake}-ii Ch6n-shengYu HsiaYuichi KajiyumaY. IiarunadasaYriken OzawaYirbi SanadaYoshiro TamuraZenn} lshigamiZonky0 Nakagawa

XViii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

sbhldhamma (abhldharma) , 'epec ie l d ,harnma, ,the analytic doctrine of the Buddhist cenon.Buddhiet philoeophy ; n&me of the third groupof the sarronieal books,

abhlpeka, rituel initiation, consecration of a rulor.Eoarlya (icarya), teachsr.trgama, a division of the Sanskrit cenonical trte

corrrsponding to niknyo of tho Peli canon.tn6glmln, 'novor-rotumor', ono who hae attained

tho tbird stage of tho path of holinoss.tpgaras, coleetial nymph.srshsnt (arhat), the perfected disoiple.llana, geat or support of a god or group of gods.6sava (6srava), montel intoricant.tgutt, inferior deity inhabiting a lower world.aytdtne, Etory illusbrating the rseultg of an act.Dl8gavtrr, e soction of the Pali texts, e division

for purposes of recitation.

Dllkkhu (bhlkgu), a Buddbigt monk.bhlkkhunl (bhtkSuql), a Budd[iet nun.bh[ml, stago of a bodhinattva'e neligious psogloss.DIla, lit. ' seed ', ' germ ', the eeod of onlightenment;

mystic lotter or syllablo in a magic fornula.bodhl, enlightenment.

Doilhloltta, 'thougbt of onlightenmont ,, mentalefrort for enligbtonmont.

bodhlsatta (bodhlsattva), a boing aspiring to thesupre,mo onlightonment of a Buddba.

brahmaoarlytr, roligioua life, celibacy.brahmaloka, bighest heaven, abodo of brahmas.brtrhman, a momber of tbe priestty caete in India,

from Yedic timse onwarde.

brahma-vlhira, Ut. 'divine abodos', tbo fourgullimo or divine statee of mind (lovo, pity,oympathetic joy, equanimity).

Butlilha, tho Enlightenod Ono.buddhak6ott8,'Buddhe.field', domain of a Buddha's

miniotry.

ctltya, so oetlya.

caklayattln (cakravartln), world ruler.c84{ela, an outcaste.sotlya (caltya), a eepulohral nonument; e shrine.deva (dovat[), a doity. -loka, hoaven.dhamma (dharma), norm, law, doctrino; thi'lg,

objeot of mind ; phonomenon.dh[rapl, a magic foruula.dharma, soe dhamma.

dbarmaf,[yo, ono of tJre tbree forue of existonceof tho Buddhe, according to MahEydna, correti.tutiag the essence of ell Buddhar.

dhy8na (lhtna), rtete of mentat abaorption.dhyEnt-bodhlsattva, transconclont bodbissttva.

Dhy[nlbuddha, transcendeat Buddhs.gstrdhabba (gsnalh8rTr), oelortial mueioian.Stthl, ver8o, gt*nza.

gfvuta, a linoar Dotsurs, lods t'hau two mileg.guhyantna, m5rstio uaule.

Elnay6nq 'tho srnall vehiole', Dsno iu Ma,b6ytrnatexte deecribing tbe ea,rly temhing of Buddhian.Tborevdde being tbe bes0 howa.

lddht (tddhl), psychic powor.titaka, story of a previoue birth of ths Bud,lhc.

thdna (dLyina), state of montal ebsot4ptim.kalpa (kappa), a world oycle, an aoD.karma (kamma), action ; law of cause eod offcot,khattlya (f,latrlye), e menber of the wenior oagteklnnarl (kltrnara), mythical bing, pertly hunanho{lr a croro or lQ rnilli64.kgatrlya, eee Mettlyr.

kusalg (kuislr), good, ncritorloue; skilful. rtuarlr(akuiah), imrropor, wr(xrg, bad; ungkilful.

lona, a Tibetan Buddbigt priest.

lokadhttu, world eystem.

fahiydnc, 'tbe greet vohicle', nano givea to tbodevelopod t6r6ahings of Buddhisn, basod oa tbedootrino of seving othors.

xlx

ma4dslS, ma,gic cirele.

mantra, mystic formula.

mudrfl, mystic poso of the hand.

neg8, snako, serPent-demon.

Nibbins (Nirvdna), cessation of the process ofbocoming, tho ultimato goal in Buddhism.

nlk6ya, sub-division of the Pali canon'

ntnya, purgatory, hell.

ulrmii4akEys, one of ths threo forms of the Ruddha,aceording to Mah6y6na, constituting tho humanfom arloptod by him.

HlrvEUa, se Nlbbiina.

Docookrbuatdha (pratyekabuildba)' &n onlightenedons who doee not preach to the world.

pr$Clt, lea'rned porson.pEramlti, perfection by a bodhisattva.

psrlbbelska (parlvrilaka), a wandering roligiousmendicant.-f. parlbbiilka (parivr[iika).

p8rltt8, protoctive charm, usually part of the canon.

peta (prota), a departed sPirit.plAiioa (pls6ea), I demon, goblin.-f. pMcl (plsSsl).pratyekabuililhr, soo paocekabuililha.

purohltS, br6hman chaplain t6 s' king.

rlf6, king or member of the ruling family.

Ialilhl, so ldilhl.

rtkkhasa (r6kgosa), a,lrind of malovolont demon.-f.rskkhssl (r6kFast).

rtilhana, forrnula f,or tho invocation of a deity.

sakadegemh (sakTiltrgilmln),' onoe rotulner', onewho has attainod tho socond stago of holinoes.

$oktl, enorgy of a god, symbolisod as a fomale.

Sikya, n&mo of a clan to whieh Gotama Buddhabelongod.

$8miilhl, concontration.sflma4era, e novice.-f. siima4erl.

sambhogakliya, one of tho three forms of existenceof the Buddha, according to Mah6yd,na, consti-tuting the superhuman form in which he manifostehirnself.

sarnslla, round of birth and doath.

Sangha, community of Buddtriet rnonks and nuns.

sEsana, message, teaching, dispensation.

sdvaka (6rf,vaka), disciple of the Budtlha.-f. siviki(sr iv lk i ) .

setthi, wealthy merchant,' treasurer, bankrrr.

sila, morai practice, rnorality.

Sloka, stanza.

sotipanna (Srotipanna), ' stream-rvinner', who hasattained the initial stago of holiness.

sotapatti (Srotdpatti), enteriug upon and attainingthe first stage of the path of holiness.

sti ipa (thipa), a relic-mound.sutta ((s[tra), a discourse in tho canon.tantra, a class of osoteric literature.

Tathigata, epithet of a Budclha, genorally usedby Gotanaa Buddha in reforence to himself.

thera, a gonior monk.

thori, a sonior nun.

thtipa, see stiipa,

Tipi{aka (Tripitka), the Buddhiat cenon, oonsistingof threo eolloctions, Vinaya, Sutta, Abhidham"'a.

uddena, summary of contents.

upesaka, a lay devotee.-f. upEsike.

llp8sampAalf,, ahigherordingfisn of a monk or a nun.uposatha, 'fasting day', a woekly eaered day,

dopendent on tho pha"se of the moon.

flrqd (unp5), circle of bair botween oyo-brows.u$Slfa (u4hisa), protuberance on head of Buddhas.vagg:r (varga), chaptor of a book.Yehana, the mount, of a doity.

vlhlra, monastery.

Vlnaya, monastic discipline. Collection of rulesof coaduct for monks and nuns, formins &division of the c&non.

yakkha (ya$a), & domon.-f. yakkhlnt (yaksi,yakgi4i).

JoBa, union ; concentration of mind ; endgavour;austoro ascetic practice ; (magic) powor.

yogln, one who praetisos contomplation; onep,ossessod of supernormal powers.

yogini, female demon or eny boing endowod withmagieal power; woma,n reprosenting a goddesswho is the object of adoration.

yot,rng, a linear me&srlre, ahout 7 miles.

XX

EI\CYCLOPAEDIAOF

BTJDDHISMVOLTJME II

IPA, weter, one of the mah6bhfita. Soo BIIUTA.

APA, a clase of deities montioned in the Mahfr-eanury& Sutto (D. II, 259) among those attendingtbo groat concoureo of gods which essomblod tohear tho preaching of the Buddha. The wordApo detsd,,literally meaning water-gods, is mentionedalong with threo others, palhansi (oa.rth) detsd,teio (fire) d,eod, snd a6,yo (air) deud. Thecommontary on ths sutta (DA. T1,689) says thatthe Apd, d,eud wetc born as such by virtuo.of theirhaving practised meditation on wat'er (d,pokosi,rw)in their provious lives. But tbe four groups ofdevas mentioned here are, more plausibly, doi6oa-tions of the four elements, earth, water, fire and air.

B. J.

APABERAilSA, the generic na,me givon to variousMiddle Indian Vemaculars es 8ep&rato from thestandard literary Prakrit languages. At firstthey were only spoken dialects but later they,too, roceived literary fom. The word et5rmo-Iogicelly rne&ns 'doparturo from correct speech'.The Apabhrap6a dialects were the immediatepredocoesors of the modern Indo-Ary&n vernecu-lars, Thoy were used by various Jain and Buddhistauthors but it is d.ifficult to say when they booamoliterary languages-

Early mention of the word apabhra,mia itselfgoer &s far back as tho 2nd cont,. 8.0. lho uso ofAp*bh'a1o.e by writers go6s baok to at least the?th aont, A,C.; ond wos currerrt fsr somo half adozen centuries afterwards. P. C. Bagchi speaksof a well-known Tibetau tradition that theefreen sf the MnJrde*nr+etlyee .rss written inApabhrarn-6a. I In its lator days it, was a vehicleof a class of Buddhist poetry in the dohfr met'to(couplets of varying measure). Buddhist divines,suo as TillopEda, Sorahapdda and l{aphapEda,

composed zuch verses on the subjoct of mysticism.This idiom was then traditionally called eandhydbhd,d (twiligbt tongue). The lator sects, .8.,Tantrists and Vajraydnists, also hed some litereturoiu Apabhra4gSa. (See E. L. Jain, Thc Hi'st'ory andQulture of the Inilian Peopil,e, fV, 2I2 ff.)

D. T. D.

APACARA, a king of the first kappe snd e previousbirth of Dovadatta. I[o was tho world's firet li8r.Ile was better known as Upacara.

APAOAYIKA SUTTA of the Sacw Saqnyutta(,S. V, 468), incorroctly named Padyikc both in thotext and thLe uddd,na (DPPN. ff' 92), etetee thatthose who pay respect (opdyi'kd) to elders a,ro fbw,whereas those who do not aro quite numerorrs.The sutta is very short and was dolivored by theBuddha to the monks.

APACCAKXHAKAilUA SIITTA. Tbe Buddhasays, in &nswer to a quostion by Vacchtgobtn,that it is as s result of not making clear the rreturoof the fivo groups of existence (klwdlnl bllo;rdiverso viows ariso ae to whether tho world isetornal or not, finito or not, wbether the life and tlrobody are identicel or not, whsthor tho Tatbdgataexigts after death or not (,S. frT, 262).

APAC0UPALAKKEAIIA SUTTA. Tho arisirrg ofdiverse views, given in tbe Apm'cakhlnkornma$utta, is attributod to not differentieti.E the livogtoupB of evistence (S. rTf, 261).

APACCUPEKKEANA SUTTA AttribUtOg tIrOarlsing of diverso views to not looking into the livegroups of erietence (S. III, 262).

APACITADEANA. PRAPURAUA -VIDHI.KALPA.VBKSA-PAU$TII(A-N^[,ilA, the rtconstructed Sans'krit title of a text, the authorship of wlrich is

1 " Fuudamental Problems of the Origins of Buddhism "Grawi-laa-d*i,a, New Series, XVII, No.168). See also thisiasre ruthor's &'rdizs in tlu Tarrttay (p- 27 ) for his lnterpreta-tion of scndlra bMil as' lntentional speech '-

APADA!{A APADATAattributod to Ye-$es rdo-rje (Jfiikravajra). It6Tibetan vereion cccurs in the Rgyud_trgrd(ta,ntra co.mrrrentary) soction of the Tongyur uudortho titts Nar-f,grib-pa dgari,-bahd cln-ga dpq-baomlnrgyas-ptt shes-bya-ba (peking Ed" Tib. Trip., ed..D. T. Suznki, Voi. 79, No. BgS4). The workdescribes a rito to bo performed for the rosioretionof lost wealth. 'Iho main instruetiong et outi:r the work are as follows. An altar should beerected with a rnixture of earth brouglrt fromthe promisos of a not ioo poor horrso. An eiqht_potallod red lolus should bo drawn on it with"thefiguros of a uajra in the micldle, a flask in the east,a club (gadd) in the soutb, a shield in the north enda coin (karsd,pana) in tho rvest. Oblatione (bali)and offorinp;s of lamps, inconse, flowors and conch-sholls should bo propared. Garlands of flcryarsshould bo hrrng on four posts of kL,atlira (aaaciacatechuj wood placed at the four orrtrancee. Irinaily,precious stones, corr and tho like shoulcl be laidout, on the top of tho circlo of offerilgs. trlowers,leaves and fruits should thon be arrangod along theborder cf the cirr:le (rrnndala). Various kinds ofscont should be sprinkletl and i;zrsrz grass strownaround. Curtains of difforent kinds cf silk shouldbe h.tog enclosing tho venue of t,ho sscrifico.T'nages and paintin.gs of tho Tathdgata are to bsplaced on the sicles, as also offorings of doliciousfood, drink and paps. The priest, aajra and bollin hand and decked -,vith ornaments, sbould. thonperform the ceremor'-ial ablutions standing on theground strewn with lcuia grass. Ilis assistairts,also bsdecked with ornaments, should be instailo,iin their propor placos. Then those stsnding on thoright should enter from bohind and drive outevil spirits with the sound hil,m and, t..un back.Thoso on tho loft should entor from the north-oast,chant the formula O\n uajra yakaa hd,m hfim and.so prevent the appearanee of evil spirits responsiblefor the docreaso of *'ealth. Tbo ceromony shouldcontinue for three days. On the third day, thepriest shorrld enter the circlo (ma4dnla) frorn thowest, porform & coremony of consocration, make alarge offering to I{uvera and nominate trinr to bein charge cf the r.iches. Theroupon t;he priost, andhis essistqnh should request l(uvera and tri.sfollowing 'bo incroaso their woalth aad. preventany loss oi'it. IvIoro offerings ero to be rnacle to theaccompanirnellf, of tho sour.d of e5rrnhals andfurther bleesings solicited.

R" H .

APADANA, the thirtoenth soction of tho Kh,wddaka.Nikdga of the Sutkt, .Pipaka. ft is a narretivo

wurk entircly in Pali stanzae and, as ths titleof tho book iiadicrtoe, is a coli.ection of taloe of thepiour works of the saiqts cr srahante.

The book ccrnsists of four rnain gocf,ions, n&mely,fi) tho Budd.hd,pailnrr,o, . (ii) the Pa.ccekahtddhd-puldrn, (iii) the Therapadano and lestly, (iv) thoTherd-a1n&ru, Theso four eections &ro agalnsubdivid,ed into fifty-nino groups or l'aggas. Ofthsm, the first fifa,y-fivo vaggas consist of 6b0 talesubout theras, oach vagga consisting of ten teles,and :ramod after the titlo of the first tale narratedin the v&gga. In the first vagga are algo includerlb}ae B'uddhopad,dno arrd tho Paccelc,abtuldtd,paddnawhi.:b aro but minor soctione of the book. Tholest four v&ggas of the book coneist of forty talee ofthoris, o*ch vagge consisting of ten i*rlos.

The Bu

APADANA Apa.lrunlpleasrrrea obr,ained during his subsequent eris-Lgnces in nceordance with the prophecy utteredtry theib Butldhn s,nd. uiti:nately, the at,tainment,of tho per.ferettion of nrr arahnnt," A:rotber charrlc-teristic leatrrro of th*-.se Apaddnu-,t is fhu,t, like the,ldtnkrts,l lmost, all of them have a story of t,her past&Rd B. story c{ tho present,^ Wberess the Jtitolcosrelate a pror,'irrus existenco of the Budclha, theApadd,nas relate i.htr,t. of an arahant. Oniy a fewApa'ildnas devia,to from this stereot5,pe.

"The Tlteri-upadd,r,a is also compar"atively short.It consists of biographies of fortv rerrowned nune,divided into four vaggn,s or groups, each vaggaconsilt,ing rrf ton bioqraphios. IIere appoar bio-graphies of gome of tho famous nuns in tsuddhistliferature, srreh as llahipajdpati Gotami, Khern6,,ITpl r*rlu,"' ar.ir., 6. Patdc drd,, II r r n daiakesi, Tt i s6,gqt alrr i,Nanrtd, Jouapadakai.yir,ri, Yesodhar6, Il,ripanandaand Ambap6,li. These biographies of uuns followthe same pattern as thoso of monks.

In additicn to these. there &ro & largo numberof names which are only descriptive titles, e.g.,the theras,t'Dispenser of fans ", ,, Dispeneor ofelothes ", Dispenser of mangoes ", " lVorshipper oflbotprints ", $nd thc theris, ', I)ispenser ofwater ", " i)iepenser of fi.ve se&ts ", ,, Dispensercf rico gruol " and the like.

Tlrc Apxtd,ano is eertainlv one of the latest worksof tfo Khttdd,aka Nikdga and of tbe canon. AgB. C. [,aw ha.q pointed out irr his Histmy af paliLitcrrttu,,re (p. 7), th" Apa.ddno is not includ.od as alrrrr.1, .r1' tJ:e K.huil.daka tlikdlta in tlro Di,ghabh^iqtakalist,, but, it finds mention as the thirtsenth bookof'tho Elrud&rku N'ikdya ir r,he Majjhimobhinalcolist,, Thirr woulcl lead to the inference thet et thotimei the Dngh,i,bhd,nalca listt was completed theApsddrw weg not congiderod ss I text of theKhu.ddaka N,ikd,ya, and probably also of +,he cAnon.Morerovor, the reforence in tho Apaddna to numerousBuddhas presupposes tire legencl of twenty-fourpreviorrs Buddbas which ie only a later develop-nrent of the older legend of six Bucldhas containedirr other ports of the c&non srrch as the D\gho!li,hd,ya. B. C. f,aw also sa,ys that on6 of theApadaruw sooms to allurfe tc the Kathduatth,u,&d &n Abhidita,mtz.z cornposition (Ap. I, B?) andIlLyu Do-ido B,rBueF tlrst, if it i;i so, fne Apaddnaqr.et lre o-r of'lhe rrery latest books of tfuo canon,

Tha Apaddnc melces no attempt to ioach thehiglrer doctrineg in Buddhisrn. fts storiee deelwith the merits done by the good pecple, layingrauch strese ol the formal eepects of religion, 6.g.,pfr,jd, aondattti, ddna,, etc. Very often tho good

deed is tbe erection of a cetiya, cleaning rounda cotiya, white-washing a cotiya, sweeping thecompound of a cetiya or a bodhi-tree or some suchcomrnonpls,ce action. Thtis, the Apoitdrwhes aimod to emphasise ths charitable and human-itarian aspects of Buddhiet life.

Tlne Apad,d,nn is as copious a composition asthe Jita,ka, though of less literary valuo. Itsnaffativos boar much in corn'non with thoeo of thoTheragrTtha, tbe Thertgarha and the Vimd,nantatthuin their contents and also in their style. Sonncn&rratives of tho ApaC,arw give more details of thopersoneges described in the Thera, Ther*gdihd. o.g.,Kisdgotami and Paf dcdr6.

The legends of the Apadana have beoa tbe eubjeotmattor for many other ,later compositiong, likethe two Pali workg,l}rre Sdd,huenrito and tho Rua-udhini, and the two Sinhaleso proso works, thsPuj au alig a end tho K athind,nis ams &y a.

T\e Apaddrwhn its counterpart in t}lre Auaildruin Buddhist Sanekrit literature.

I I . R. P.

APADAilA-ATTEAI(ATHA, the oommonrary oothe Apadine. Ses VISIIDDEAJANAVILASINI.

APADAXIYA, Brr crahant thors. Ninety-twokappas ago ho oulogised the life-hietory @pffitumpakittayir.n) of the Budrlhn and paid homage ethi.e feet. Ae e conesquoaco of this good deed heknow no svil birtb theroaftar (Ap.I,24).

APADIKA, & river, on the banks of which Vsgabhathera, in a provioue birtb as the rnattsd heirodescetic (jaiila) Ndrada, erscted t pulirw (sa,nd)cetiya which was Bneared with gold in memory ofearlier Buddhas (Thag /t.. If, tO). Intho Apaffitu,Vaeabha thera is reforred fe ss prrlinathripiyatthera,aud tbe river Apadiks es Amerike (var. Apariko:Ap. TI , p. a37).

ApAlfUnA, a grove in tho city of S6nkE6ye inIrrriia, meationod in the Aaaddna Sda,ka. 'When

Maudgalydyana informed the Buddha in the'Ird,yatrirpiat d,euq, world that the people af Jambu-d:tttpa were &nxious to gee him, the Buddha aekedhivn f6 Bnnounce to them that be would come dowrtfrom the deuo world and appeor iu the Apajjuragrove (4u6.215,216).

U. K.

APALATA 4 A-P'AII

APAIAIA, a nega king converbed by the Buddha,mentioned in the Buddlmaamsa corn'nentary(BuaA. 32) along with Arav6la, Dhanapdla andP6,rileyyaka, whoro it says that tho Buddha washonoured even by beasts. In the Sama&apd-sdd,ikd, (VinA. TV, 742\ the conversion of Apald.la(Apalaladamana) is given among the stories

.notincluded in the three Councils (Sohg6ti) but thoreference to it in the Mahiuamsa (Mha. xxx,84) as one of the many scenes depicted in thsrelic chamber of the Mahdthripa shows that theincident was known quite early in Ceylon.(See Vol. il Pl. I). TIte Dduyd,aadfrna (pp. 348,385) makes referenco to tbo incident and says thatthon6ga was converted shortly beforo tho death ofthe Buddha. I{stian-tsang (Beal, Records of the'Western

World, f, pp. 168-9) gives the story indetail. According to him this ndga was borr as aman called Gangi in the time of Kd3yapa Buddha.By his charms ho overcame the power of thedragons and the people were able to harvest muchgrain. Thereupon each family agreed to offer hima peck of grain as a yearly tributo. Later, somoforgot their promise and Gangi prayed that he rnightbecome a dragon after death to destroy their crops.IIis wish was fulfilled and he began to destroy allthe products of the earth. The Buddha out of com-passion went there, to convert the dragon. Takingtb.e mace of the Vajrapdr,'i spirit, he beat againstthe mountain side. Tho dragon king, terrified, cameforth and paid him roverence. Ifearing thepreaching of the law by the Buddha ho was pleased.Tho Buddha forbade him to injure tho crops buttho dragon in order to support himself begged tohavo ons gathering overy twelvo yoars. TheBuddha granted this request. It is because of thisthat tho Whito Rivor (Subhd,aa^str,r) overflowe itsbanks every twelfth year.

Fa-hsien, too, gives a short account of theconversion of the nd,ga. I{o says that the ndgawas the guardian deity of tho Subh6vastu riverand was converted by tho Buddha at Udydnashortly beforo his death (Leggo, Ia-Eian'aTraaels, p. 29). Nariman in his Litera,ry EdstowoJ Sa,nskrit Bud,itrhism (pp. 194, 214) says thatthis incident is montioned in the Sil,trdlari,kdraand other Sanskrit books. Soe aleo AXARARA.

E. Ii. P.

APALOKINA SUTTA. The Buddha s&ys (,S. IV,370) that the destruction of lust, hatred and

illusion is called the " undecaying " ; mindfulnessrolating to body (kdyagar'dear?:) is tho path thatloa4s thorto.

u. K.

AP^I-IIAR G A (Achgzanthes M.entatea), a modicinalherb.

Tlbo C h' i en - s hou - ch' i en - y en - lcuan - shih - y i,n - - p' rt - so -chdh-pdns-ho-yao-ehing (f+ffiEgfrt*ffi?Affie#B Taish6, No. f059) says that tho power oftho mantra of Avalokite6vara is such that if someonochants it twenty-ouo timos, Avalokite6vera willcomo to help him. The slitra goos on to statemany methods of curing diseaso with the helpof Avelokite6vara. Apd-mdrga is to be usdaccording to this sritra for a still birth as follows:"'When & woman coaceivos and tho baby dies inher womb, boil one big ounce of apd-mdrga witbtwo pints of water, and take the juice from it;and after chanting Avalokite6v&ra's mentretwenty-ono ti",es, drink the juice. Thon thodead embryo will come out. No pain will be felt.If tho afterbirth has not como out, tako tho eamemedicino onco moro, and it, too, will come out "(Taish6, Vol. 20, p. l0a).

The Pu.lc'ung-chilan-so.t'o-lo-ni,-chdng (48ffi*fflfttrffi Tai,sh1, No. 1096) gives this &s themedicine for opilepsy.

K. Tvre.

A-P'AN (F{#), the first Chinose Buddhist nun, ofLo-yang in llonan. According to the Ta-surq-sng-shdh-Iil,eh (^*F.@ Taish6, No. 2126), sherenounced tho world but did not receiveordination.

"'Whon l\Iah6prajdpati becamo a nru1 as thefirst Buddhist nun, her ronunciation was not easy.A-p'an's remrnciation of the world is also wonderfirland she took only the throo fomulae of rofuge aethe first caso of the renulciation of a woman inChina. So, the two kinds of the Order, bhikguaud bhiksuni, wero not in China yet. ........Duringthe spring of the eloventh year of the l-iian-chia ora(434 A.C.), ten Ceyloneso nuns, Tissald and othors,performed a Buddhist coremony 'at the sime-tna4dala of tbe Nan-lin lsvnFlo in Chien-k'o'gfor the ordination of nuns; and llui-kuo, a nunof tho Cbing-fu templo, Ching-yin and maDyothers rsere ordainod at this seremoDy. Andwithin twelvo deys, moro than throe hundred nunereceived ordination. Thus, they woro the 6rst

Aper.ra APAI.{NAKA JATAKAto receive orciiaalion in Chine, and A-p'an isknown to have tnkon the three formulae of ref'ugoonly " (Taishd, Vol. 54, p, 238),

K. Trrrn.

APerye, a city in the Anguttar6pa, a countrynorth of tho rivor Mahi, evidently a part of theAriga country on the other side of that river (SnA.II, 437). In the SaTnyutta, Ni,lcd,ya, Apar1a is epokenof ss a township of the Angas, and the Buddira ismentioned as having stayed there with Sdriputta(S. V, 225). According to the Theragd,thfrAtthakoth,a, Apana wa,s a br6,hman village anct w&stho home of Sela (ThagA.III, 45). Buddhaghosusays that tho town was called ApaTa because it had20,000 bazaars *nd was, tb,oreforo, distinguishedfor its shops (MA.II[, 37).

The Buddha onco visited the city witb f250monks, and ths whole company was enterl,sinedby the Jal,ila l{eniya (Vi.n.I, 245). Several suttaswers prea,ched there, &mong them lbe PotddyaSutta (M. f, 359), f}re Laiukl,kopama Suna (M.T,447), tho Sela Sutto (M.II, 146; Bn. p. I02), andthe Saddha ot Apaqta Sutta (5. V, 226r. On thooecasion of the convorsion of Sela and Koniya,the Ruddha seoms to have stayed there for ovor aweek and ordained gQQ msnLs in the compaay ofSela (Sn. ll2). Noar the city, on the banks of theMahi, was the woodland where the Buddha stayodduring his visits. From Apu+r, he went on toKusiner6 (Tin.I, 246).

u. K.

APANAI(A, a monastery rn east fndia during theperiod attributod to the Kfukih6r bronzes (9-lfthcent. A.C.). ft is also nemod in a Buddha imagefrom Mathurd (JBORS. XX\If, 248 tr ).

D.T.D.

APANA SUTTA. SEO SADDIIA SUTTA.

A-PANG, a demon. See ABO.

APANNAKA, namo of a yaksa, who along with hisretinue, was tamed by the Buddha in BhraetdlBnear Kashmir. (YdnMS, in GM.IIf, i, f irst'page*fter the lost portion. Soe uota facing p. xiv).

APAryTAKA JATAEA (J. I,95 f.). lbe 6rer eroryin the J6take eolloction, rolated by the Buddha atJotavana-near Sdvatthi to An6thapiTdiLa aad hisfive hundredfriends, disciples ofthe Bophists (titthiga.aduaka). It is said that, once, while the Buddhawas rosiding at tho Greet Monastery (Mah.drtihdra\at Jetavana, ho preached the doctrine to thesefollowors of the " sophists " who were visitirg hirnwith the treaguror AndthapiTr.lika,. They woreconverted, but no sooner had the Buddhs, gone beokfrom S&vstthi to Rdjagaba than thoy abaadoned.their new faittr a,ud revorted to the old onoa TheBuddha, roturning to Sdvatthi somo soven or oightmonths lator, discovors this through AnEthapiTrlika,.Ile theroforo preacbes to thom again, elucidatingmeny aspects of his doctrine, a,nd rreletes thisApanrwka Jdtnka to illustrato thet not only then,but " even in times past'; those who migtookapPeerarrco for reality, lilre e traveller who mistakesa mirage for an oasis, camo to griof, whilet mon whoin spito of odds adhered to reelity, prospered.

lbo atory is of two merchants who hed to takethoir carevans across a hot desort on their flgrtingerpeditions. Ons of them bargairu to go earlic,but, on his way through tho dosort, e demon whohas plnnn6d to dovour hirn and his mon, spposttbefore [irn, creating the semblanee of e man whohag como from a raiuy region, and edvicoe him todo away with his wator vessels, aa they aro snrurDoeossery burden, when an ooeia is so closo athend. The foolish merchant mistaking eppear-anee for reality, takes tho dsmoa at his word anddol ro5rs his weter vossels, but to find too lato,th'at he and his men heve to die of thirst ia thedosort. 'When they are woak with thinct, thedemon and hig retinue arrive end eat them up.Tbo socond morchant, the bodhigattva, comes ontho sa'no routo, and is met by the sane domon insimilar disguiso and with eimilar advioo, but he isable to see through tho false report. By reasoninghe' Lnowe that there can be no oasis near by. I[eeon.vinceehie following that tho factual ovidence igto the contrary and retains hin ys,fgy vessols onthe rest of the journey. Ile completes his tlg.lingexp,adition successfully, aod on the way seee thedead bones of the foolish merchant and hie !oeu,th,ol carts abandoned in the c.teert.

The foolish merehant is idlentified with Dova.datta and the wise ono with bhe Buddha himself,while the two companies aro id.entified with theirrespeetive followers.

a. G. s. K. B. J.

APAITNAKA SIITTA APANI.{AKATA SUTTAAPA{NAKA SUTTA. Thero a,re two suttas bythis name, one in rhe Majjhirno Ni,kaya (I, 400)and the other in the Anguttara Nikd,ga (I, 270).

T}ao Majjhima N'ikaya discourse deliverod tothe br6,hman householders of Sala by the Buddha,while he was orr tour among the Kosalans with aiarge reti.nue of monls, deals with the question ofwhat is safe anchorage for a faith fol those who havenone. The Buddha takes several views held byother teacliers and sifts their tenets, comparingthe opposing viewpoint in edch case, assertingrvhich of t,hese tenets is true and v'hich false, wherrplaced against certail propositions which ho saysare absolutely certain. For instance, he takesthe doctrine held by some recluses and brihrrransthat " tliere is no result of gift, there is no resultof offering, thero is no fruit or ripening of deedswell done or ill done, there is not this world, thereis not the world beyond, there is no benefit fromserving mother or father, thero &re no sponta-neously arising beings, there'are not in the worldrecluses and brdhmans who &re faring rightly,proceediag rightly, who proclaim this world andthe world boyond, having realised them by theirbwn super-knowledge." Against this view, n'hichia tho Sd,mafifi,aphala Sutta (D.I,55) is ascribed tothe hereiic Ajita Iiesakambali, he piaces tbeopposing view of certain recluses and brd,hmansand then proceeds to analyse tho c&uses for theearlier view tracing its origin to moral depravityand the ignorance of the cerbainty of the after-lifewhich is borne witness to by the intuitions of thosages, ' those perfected ones, who are knowersof the wor ld ' .

In this ynarlner, the Buddha examines the viewsplaced before people by several schools, such asthoee of the Natthikavddins as against the Atthi-kavddins, the I{iriyavddins as against the Akiriya-v6dins, represonted by statements attributedelsewhere i;o Makkhali-Gosala and a few others,which it has not been possible vot to idontify withany known contempor&neous school of thought.In the case of those who deny the existence of anafter-lifo, he asserts that the sure (apannnlca)dhamma, the certain fact, is that there is an a,fter-life; and so on, with other views as well. Thesecategorical affirmations are probably the explanationfor the name of this sutt'a, the word apanna,kameaning sure or certain. It is interesting to notehero that tlne A'pannaha Jdtaka, too, makes refe-rBnce to the views of the heretical toaehers. Sodoes the other sutta by the same name in theAigdtaro Nikdya.

fhis latter sutta discusses the three kinds offailure and the thres kinds of success. The threokinds of failuro are failure in morals, in mind andin views. Seven of the. ten unskilful actions (dasoalcu,sala) aro mentioned, lapses which are given asfailures in morals. Coveteousness and malevo-lence are given as failures in mind. As failure inview is given scepticism about moral values andrebirth, views elsewhere attributed to AjitaKesakambali. Strangely enough, the other here-tical views norrnaliy mentioned with this aro notmentioned here. The Buddha asserts that it issure " as a true die when t'lrrown resti evenly onwhatever side it falls, even so ", iL is certain thattheso three failures are tho callses of rebirth in hell.

The opposite posit,ions, that is, abstinence fromthe seven akusala, tho absence of coveteousnessand malevolence, the holding of viows contraryto ther assertions of Ajita K.esakambali are referredto as leading to success. And here again theBuddha declares this to be a fact &s sure as the truedie cast.

B . J .

APAI.{I{AKATA SUTTA of the Ahguttara Nilcaya(I, p. ll3) discusses tho three qualities giving amo k proficieney in the practico of 'tho suroway' (apannakata-palipad,a) and strengthens hiscapacity to destroy tho d,sauan, namely, (l)keeping watch over the sonses, (2) moderation ineating and (3) watchfulness. The sutta goes on toexplain further what is meant by these qualities,and how to acquire them. Tho first is attainodby refraining from generalisation on sensual irn-pression. " Seeing an object, (the monk) does notgrasp at the general features or at the detailetbereof. Since coveting and dejection, evil,unprofitable states might ovorwhelm ono whodwells with the faculty of the oye uncontrolled,ho applies himself to such control, sots a guardover the faculty of eye, attains control thereof.

lVhen he hoars a sor:nd with the e&r or with thenoso smells I scent,, or with the tongue tastes asa,vour, or with body contacts tangibles; whenwith mind he co6prises montal states-ho doesnot grasp at the goneral features or details thersof.But since coveting and dejection, ovil, unprofitablestates might overwhelm one. .. . he sets a guarCover the faculty of mind, attains control thereof "(trsl. Woodward, The Book of Groilual Sagings,I , p . 98 ) .

The seeond quality is achieved by taking food,not for pleasure or out of induigence, but as e

APAryNAKA VAGGA APARADITTHI SUTTAtreeeEsity for attaining tho ideal of self,restraintleoding to Nibbdna. The third quality is aohievedby tho pract,ice of meditation throush the threewatches of the night.

The term apaltnakata-pati,,pacl,d, (the Sure Way)is probably an alternative for i lre 'Middle Way ,leading to Nitrbana.

B . J .

APA{ryAKA VAGGA (l), the eighth chapter of theCatukka Nipata of the ,4.ngu,ttara Nilcd,ya (II,76-83). ft consists of ten suttas on various topics.

In the first and thc sgsqn4 suttas the Buddhadecla,res tlrttl a monk who is endowed with thefollowing qualities, namely, virtue, learning, ardentenergy, wisdom, dispassionate, benevolent a,ndharmless thoughts, and right view has enteredon the path to surety (apanynkatd) and is withdetermination bent on the destruction of the mentalintoxicants (asaaa). This . path of surety ,(apanqtakatfr) has given the title to the entirechapter.

The third sutta is devoted to the oxplanationof the fourfold low qualities, and their opposites,which are found in an unworthy person (asappuri,sa)a.nd a worthy person (seppurisa), respectively.Tho former speaks ill of another oven when aotquestioned ^nd when questioned utters more ofit in detail. Ife does not speak good of nnotberand when asked, grudgingly speaks a fow goodthings about him. On the other hand, he d.oes notspeak what is discreditable to himself, but, whenquestioned utters grudgingly in brief what is tohis discredit. Even when not questioned he spoaksout what is creditable to himself and whln ques-tioned gives more of it in detail.

In the fourth sutta, the Buddha says that, amonk who has just entered the Order is full of fearand bashfulness liko a young wife just brought totbe busbsnd's home. fn both cases fear givesplaco to bolrlnsgs, but a monk should alwavs belike a newly-wed wife.

The fifth sutta is dovotod to a d.iseussion on thefourfold perfections (aggani,), n&mely, the perfcc_tion of virtue, of concentration, of wisdom and ofreleage,

Iu the eixth autta, which is an oxtract from theMah,apari,nibbd,na Sutta, the Burldha just beforobil dath invites the monlrs to question him withregard to any doubts or misgivings they may haveebout the Buddha, Dbamrna and Sangha.

fn the seventh sut,ta. the tsudd.ha cleclares thatthere are four unthirrlr ables (acinteyydni,), namely,the Buddhas, their musings (jhona). the fnrit trfaction (karnma,-uipaka) and world.spoculation(lokact)ntd.). Ile also says iliat by thinking of thesothings one would be distraught and ryould como togrief.

The eighth sutta discusses the fourfbld puritSrregarding gifts. Irr one caso the giver is virtuous,and not the receiver. In the second tho receiveris pure, but not the giver, in the third neither iepure and in the fourtlr both are pure.

fn the ninth sutta, the Buddha explains toSdriputta, why it is that, 6ome people suceeed. intheir trade and others do not, while yet otbereprosper even boyond their hopos.

The tenth sutta is devobed to oxplain to Anaudawhy women B,ro excluded from public assemblieoand serious business. They are uncontrolled,envious, greedy and week in wisdom.

I. K.

APANUAKA VAGGA (2), the firsr chaptor of thoEka Nipdta of tho Jatalcatlhakathd,, consisting of tenJd,nkas (Nos. l-10) and deriving iis titls from thefrst of them, viz., ATnqtnako Jd,taka (J.I, 96_14g).

L. R. G.

APAPA (var. Aheha, Ilaheve), name of a coldhell. See AIIAIIA,

APARA, ono of the five hundred paccekabuddheswho were in ancient times living on the Isigilimountain in seclusion. He w&s seen by the p"optuof that tirne entering the mountain ra,nge, but wasnever seen thereafter. Ilence the people usecl tosay that the mou.ntain had swallowed up the sago(isi gilati) and n&med it fsigili. The n&mes ofthese paccekabuddhas are given by the Budd.hain the Isigili Sr;tte (M. TTT, 69 f.).

Buddhaghosa in his commentary (MA. TV, ZI7)relates how these sages had msd,e their dwelling*inside the mountain behind a rock which *ooidopen and close like a folding door.

Apar* is further distingrished. in tbe IsigiliSuttaby the epithet . the sage , (muni,).

I{. G. A. v. Z.

APARADITTHI SUTTA (^s. I, 144_6) describeshow the Buddha refuted, b;r means of a miracle,

APARAGAUDAM APARAGOYANA

the wrong notion held by a Brah:rei that no recluseor brdhman could come to his world. The BuddlLawent to that Brahma-world a,nd sat cross-leggedin the air above the Brahm6,, flames radiating fromhis body. The Buddha was followed in this byMoggalldna, Ilahdkassapa, I\Iahakappina and Arru-ruddha. The BrahmE was first agitated by theirrctions, but, later ho was delighted on learningfrom Moggallana that there were many moredisciples of the Buddha who could do iikewise.

u. K.

APARACAUDANI' according to Rockhill (Life oJBwdd,ha, p. 84), occure in the Dulua as the name ofone of the four great (Buddhist) continents intowhich tho earth is divided. Soe APARAGO-Y.5,NA.

APARAGAYA, 'farther ', i.e., westrn Gayamentioned in the lWahdautu (trsl. J. J. Jones,Vol. IIf, p. 3I5) es a placo where a ndga king namedSudarSana had invited the Buddha to stay andteke his meals. From bere tho Buddha journeyedon to Vai6dli. Tho tranclator notss thet theincident is peculiar to the Mahda*ctu and that inths Laldtavistara it occurs aftor the meoi;ing withUpaka.

D . T . D .

APARAGOYANA ie the western continont in theset of four continente mentionod chiofly in Buddhistcommontarial litoraturo' es found i:r each thousand-fold world-system (cokkaudto). The $sdrlhintconception of cosmography resembles tho brah-manical geograpbical conception (soo: Jacobi,E&E.IV, pp. f 55 fr.) in which Mount Moru is in thecontre of the univorse, eurroulxded by four greatdoi,pa, islands, continonts, or dwellings of men.Thess island-continents are outside tho seven ringsof oceans (seo SAGARA), which surroulxd MountMeru, and Aparagoy6na is the continont whichlies to the west of Moru. Ths word Aparagoydnabas boen translatod frequently as ''Westorn Pastu-rage ' (De La Vall6e Poussin, ERE.IV, pp. 132 ff.)and Iiterally as " Westorn Ox-Wain " (o.9., Wood-ward, Grad,ual, Sayings, V, p 4l). Variant readingsare Ap'aragodinika, Aparagod4,''iye and Aparago-ddna.

The only Nik6,ya references to Aparagoyina arefound in the Anguttara, where in one instance(A.Y,59), the Buddha illustrating the universalityof chango describes tho a'akkoudlo, t}re tbousendfold

world-svstem, as containing thousands of suns,moons, etc., and among them thousands of each ofthe four continerrts, of wtricb Aparagoyd,na ismentioaed a,s one. I{ere tho lluddha is apparentlyusing conventionai syrnbols to demonstrate thouniversal nature of the laws of anicca and dulckharather than to assert, tho literal existence of thou-sands of continents Aparago5rdna by na,me.The general tone and trend of tho argurnent showsthat his atbempt here is to give examples of'entit ies ', convcntionally believed to be solid andeternal, and to show that they aro far from beingso, thus destroying the iliusion of their pcrpetuity.To attempt (seo, o.g., Hardy, Legend,s and, Theoriesol the Buddhists, Edinbugh, 1866, especially. p. 80 f.)to buiid up a Buddhist cosmography on the basisof this t5,pe of evidence &ssumes a character farremoved from the spirit of a schoiarly researclr.That the illustration is merely symbolical is con-firmed by another reference in the same Nik6ya(A. 7,227) in which, answering a quostion askod by

Ananda, tho Buddha declores rhetorically, that hisvoico exterrds to the ends of ths universo, whichis deseribed in the same stock d.escription of thecakkaad,ln with its thorusnds of suns and moonsandfour continents. i:rcluding the western continent,Aparagoyd.na.

In tho soynrnent&rial literature, however, thonotior, of Aparagoydna is teken more literally.The Sutta Nipata commentary describes it assurro 'nded by fir'o hundrod islands and ths wholecontinent, as being 700 yojanas in extent, a fi.gurecaloulatod by l{ardy (op. cit., pp. 85, 89) to boroughly 70,000 miles.

Tha Digha Nikoya cornrnontary (DA. II, 888)says that the hours of sunrise and sunsot varyfrom continent to continent. Thr:s, sunset inAparagoy6na coincides \rith mid:right in Jambu-dipe, the southern continent, gunrise in whichoccurs simultaneously with mi,lnight in Apara-goy6,ua.

The cornrnentaries also speak of Aparagoydnaa,s s [rrrn6n habitation, (KhpA. 123), the peculiarcharacteristic of the inhabitants being that theyhave no houses and sleep on tho ground (ThagA.r r , I 87 ) .

The m1'thical l;adamba troo (nau,clea cadantbu)Lc believed to stand at the contre of the continent,Aparagoy6.na, and to remain there for a wholoInppo (DlBA.298l. The Buddhauamso commen-tary (BuaA. If3) includes Aparagoydn& &s beingin the orbit of krng Videha aloag with Jambudipa.It is thus eyideu! thet the idea is associated with

APARAITTA APARAJITA.

a

tho conception of wkkaaatttin. Tlro Ddugd,uadinacon-flrus this conclueion with the description ofMandhdtd's campaigns. The Diuyd,uaitrana alsoadd-g that Aparagoydna, along witb the othercontinents, roste on I cirele of gold and is on alevel with the ocean (Diuy. 215).

Ibe j6,bakas mention a magical jewel supposedto bo capablo of roflecting, among other wonders,the four continents, Aparagoydna being one oftbem (Vidhuro Pand,ito Jd,talca: ..I. \{I, 278).

It is of interest to note that Aparanta issaid to have been occupied by migrants fromAparagoydne who came along with the conqueringMandhE'0e,.

Ilardy describos the continent as being shapedlike a mirror (op. cit. p. 85) but gives no referonce tothe source. See further COSMOLOGY.

B. J.

APARAJITA (l), & for:mer Buddha. IIe waaproclaimed by the Buddha Dhvajamapardjita andhe himself proclairned the Buddha Supratdpa(Mhau.I I I , 230. t0 f . ) .

c. w.

APARAJITA (2), one of the five hundred pacceka-buddhas who ia ancieni t,irnes lived. on the fsigilimouatain in seclusion. Tlrey were soen by thepeoplo of that timo ontering the mountain r&nge,but, were nover soon thoreafter. Ilsneo the nameof the mountaio, that it swallowod up sages (isigtldi,). The n&mes of those paccokabuddhassro given in tho Isngi'ltn 6untu (lW,IIT,09 f.).

Buddhaghosa soys in his commontary (MAt IY,217) that these sages lived inside ths trountainbehind a rock, whicb would open aod closo iikea folding door.

AparEjita is distinguished in the Isigili Sdtoby the epithet : he wbo triumphed over Mi.ra'smight (M d'rabalarT' ai esi,).

g. G. A. v. Z.

APARAJITA (3), & world-ruler (cakrauartin), &former birth of tbe bodhisattva in his fifth stage(bh{trni) of bodhisattvahood. IIe dedicatedto the Buddha ].Te,resvara sixteen mongsteriesstudded. with the seven precious stones and manyother valuable gems, aad wished for Buddhahoodh imns f f (Mhuu . I , t tZ ; .

c. w.

APARAJITA (4), a, world-ruler (calchauattin) wllolived sevon aeons &go, B,n earlier trirth of Avyadhikathora (Ap. I , 2I5\ .

c. w.

APARAJITA (5), a househotder of Bandbumati.Ile sought the advice of his elder brothor, Sena,who was en arahant monk in the time of the BuddhaVipassi, as to how he should uso his wealth toperform an act of great merit,. Ife was asked tobuild a gondhakuli for the Buddha which ho did,using all kinds of procious metals and gems, andoffered it to the Buddha. Tho monastery sur-ronnding tbe gard,haltuti, ho thrice filled knee.deepwith the seven precious things (satta ratarm) tobe takon away by the peoplo coming to hear theBuddha preach. To colobrate the dedication ofthe gand,haku{i, he ontertained 6,800,000 monkefor nino months and at the end presentod themeach with tho three robes. L&tor, he made knownhis wish that he should n6ver be deprivod ofanything belonging to him either by many hundredsof kings or thieves or by fire or wator. ThoBuddha wished that his desiro be fulfilled. Ina still earlier birth he had given sugar-cane toa paccekabudCha. In the time of the BuddheGotama he was born as the troasurer Jotika(DhpA.IV, 199 f f . ) .

Apard,jita had a nephew, his sister's son, bytho samo name. Ilo was refused by his rrncle esharo in the building of tbe gondlwkug| and sohe built next to it a kufrjarasdl&-sn elephantstable according to DPPN. f, p. llg-tho mea,ningof which is doubtful. Ile was a former bturbof the treasuxer Menda,ka.

c. w.

APARAJITA (6), & yaksa mentioned iu thcM ahimi,yzirl (BE S. s.v.).

APARAJITA (t), one of the eight deva maidensof the eastern quarter. The Buddha is said tohave invoked their blessings on Trapr:.sa andBhailika who gave hiru his first meal after the en-lightenrneat (Lal. 282). According to theMahouastu (III, 306) he invoked the blessin.gs ofDh;tard^sfra, the sovereign lord of tbe eight devameidens.

c. w.

APARAJITA l 0 APARAJITA-IWERU.

APARAJITA e), & goddess montioneci ;n f,heMailjutvt-n'aula'lcolpa (318. l2 ; 396.1 f.), presumablytho eanro es .Lryaper5,jit5, in the same rvc,rk (312.6; e.v. Apard,jita tn AES.),

Tho narn ApardjitE oLrcurs several times intbe Sdil,hanamd'la. In the Aptahfut.iu-kuntktilcT-adlwna, she occupies t'ho sorrth-e&etsrn potal of t,hoeight-petalled lotue seat of Krrr':rl

APAR AJITA.}IAMA-SADEANA t t APARAJITAVRATADEVAJAAPAEAJITA-ilAUe-sAoxlxA, rhe Sanskril tftleof * work ertant in its Tibetau translation underths n&me Gsh,an-gyie m,i thub-mn, ahes-bya.balrdagrub-tlpba ia the Rgyud-lrgrel (tantra commenta4r)ection of the 'Iengyur (Poking Ed. Tib. Trip., ed.D. T. Euzuki, Vol, 6?, No. 292I). This work iBdifferent from the Apar6,ji,td,-sdd,henar (q..r.). Theprescnt work deale with a procedure of worshippresumably for the invocation of the Buddhistgoddese Aparajita. There ie no deecription of theform af AperEjitL. The Sanskrit title is montionodin tho work but the names of tho author and thetraneletsr ar6 not given. The Sde-dge editiongivee the neuree $og-rab akyon and Dana6ils esthose of tho eutbor end translator, respoctively(?r11. No.2004).

R. H.

APANTJITA. NATI{A.BEAIInA. SADEAilA. ilATA,e Sanskrit text, the Tibetan tra,nslation of whiahoocura in the Rgyud-lrgrel (tantra cornmentar5r)aoctiou of the Tengyur, undor the title A-pa-ra-ei,-b in-chen bzan-pahi egrub-tlnbe ehu-bya-ba (PeLingEd. Tib. Trip., ed. D. T. Suzuki, Vol. 86, No. 49g7,pp. 2f6-18). Tbe 'work, which begins rilrith &ealutation to Yajrapd^li, doscribes tho procedureof worsbip of a deity, whose norne appoers to betho yakqa Apar6jita, juAgtng from the namo of tbetnxh Gnod-abgin Aparajdta,l.ti, qrub-tlnba (Yakpo-Apordjdn-addlwtnol given in tbo colophon whichney tre nn altoraative nemo for Apardjite-ratna-bhadra, occurringin tbetitle at tho treginning of thotort. According to a descriptioa in thc s6dhana,tbe deity bears the form of a demon (yakgol,white in complexion, one-facod and two-arned,who carrios an iron hook (Tib. lcags-kyu, Skt.aiku6a\ in his right hnnd, holde e water-pot made ofjewela in the left, is decked with jewel ornaments,we&rs A?r rrnder-ga,rment (Tib. Carn-thabe, gkt.ontanfisal of groon silk, snd has largo 6yor.Instnrctions about tbe offorings to be made to thedeity are grverr aud tho topice of meditation arospecified. Inceotatione to bo chsnted in tbecourse of the perforo.ance of the ritual are intoq-sporred in the toxt. Tboee eppe&r to be quotetiongfrom tho original Sqnsl;r'it work. The followingexamples tn'ay be given I O\n andra ma,hdropaqtahttla pha{, Orp irE dza A-pa-,ra-ji-to dzq dzn.ot'1te-ma,?e. , . wdlui ; batrim lcha lclw khfrhi khnhi,.fto colophon givos the name of the author aelndrabodhi.

Acoording to Cordier, Gnod,-sbyin a-pa-ro -iti,-tahisgrrfr =tlwba zob,ma y ah-d,ag (Y aksdparaj,ita-gfi.8.ha-stdbh&-h-uddlwr.e) b sleo a title of tho work (Cqrdder,

3, S.P.( ' . eB4zo

III, p. 222, No. 62). The Sde-dge edition of theTibetao Tripigeka does uot oontaia tlris text.

R. H.

APARAJITA-SAOXeI{A, a very ehort e6,dhaasiext devoted to the worship of the Buddhistgoddess Apardjit6 ($ddh. 408. For an Englishtraneletion of this sddhana seo fhg InilianBuddhist I corcgraphg,lB. Bhsttachaq4ra, Calcutts,1068, p, 246). Ibe following Tibetan translationEof the tert oocur in the Rgyud.trgrel (tantracornyngntsry) aection of the Tongyrrr.

(I) Gslvan-gyis mi-thub-mahn agrub tftoba (pekingEd. Tib. Trip., ed. D. T, Suzuki,Vol. g0, No. 40g2tTho Saaskrit title Apord,jitd,-sdd,Iwrzary ie giveoiu the text. 4ss6r.ding to the colophon, Abhayoand Tshul-kbrims rgyal-mtehan trenslaired thswork into Tibetao (cp. TM. Nos. 3240, BpEg).

(2) Enorn-par rgyal.mahi agrub-pal.ti, tlta,bs (pokingEd. Tib. Trip., ed. D. T. Suzuki, Vol. 80, ll'o. 4208).Ihe S^nnkrit titlo Apord,jitd-eddha,nar.n is quotedin the iext. The colophon states that Don.yodrdo-rjo and Ba-ri woro the translators.

(3\ Gdnn.gyie mi-thuh-n ohd sgrub.tlnbs (peki,,gEd. Tib. T"ip., ed. D. T. Suzuki, Vol. 81, No. 4416).Tloa Sanskrit title Apordjifri.sdillwnwqn occurgin tho toxt. Grags-pa rglral-mtehan trenslatdtho work into Tibetan (cp. TM. No. 3893).

Geh,an-gyia rni thub-rna,hd egrub-tlnbo is the titleof yet anothor tort in the Rgyud"l+g"ut (tantrecoynr,'etrt&try) section of the Tengyur. The Sanskrittitle Apard,jitd-sddharuar.tt, occvrs at tho beginningof the text. Ilowovor, the contents of the workindicate tbst the sddhsns is devoted t,o the worshipof the goddoss Sitdtepatrd. The corroct titloof the work, Ephage-ma gshan-gyi^* rni thub.trragihtga dkar-molti qrub-thabs, occurs in the colophon.Thie text is a transiation of tbe Sanskrit workAryudtiinpofid,pardjitd-sddhana (Sadh. p. gg5.For an English translation of a section of this BeT he I ndion Bud,,ilhdst I conngr aphg,B. Bhattacharyya,Calcut ta, 1958, p. 216).

R,. E.

APARAJITATETAS, n me of a bod.hisettvaoccurring in a list 6f !6rihiss,btvas (Mhvyut. i32).

APABAJITAVRATADflVAJA, A BUddhA WhOSED.&rne is mentionod ottrong thrgs of o^ unhroken

APARAMAEAVTNASETIYA T2 APARAr{TAKA

T. R.and eveD more women entered the Order.

ApARAMAEAVINASELIyA, n&me of ono of the Buddhism could have heen known in Aparantakaearly Buddhist (sub) socts, whose monastery at ovon during the time of the Buddha (Dutt,the site of NagdrjunakoTda was found by Esiia,n- Early E'iatory of Buililhisrn, p. I90). But thetsrng, though the sect, lrad. ceasod to oxiot by reference ie to Sundparanta which R. G. Bhandarkartbat time. Along with the Uttara6ailas, this hill (Early Eistorg oJ Dee,can, t9) has ideutified withcommunity had probably been a local branch of modora Konkan'

line of jhws, who, boing her preceptors, were pro-pitiated by the night-goddess Samantasattva-tr6'lojalr6ri while striving to gain the bodhisattva-salvation (bod,hisattaa-uimoksa) named Sarvalokd,-bhimukhajagadvinayanidar3ana {Guye. 284).

the Mahd,sanghik6. They wero found in thosouth.oast of Indie and noa,r such places agN6gdrjrnakonda, Amard,vati, otc. The Apara-mahdvinaseliyas aro rnentioned in tho inscriptionsin the ayaka columns, of 2-3rd cent. A.C., at theformer sito. It eeoms to be this word which hasbeen abbreviated into " Aparaselika(ya)s " in theDipoaamso and tho Molfiuaryt.eo of Ceylon. Theogaka pillars where the inscriptious were foundwero thoso attached to the Mahdcetiya (greatthfipa) of Ndgirjunakoqda. The followingextract from & translation of one isgiven as &n example (J. Ph. Vogel) : " For thebonefit of tb.o Masters of tbe Aparamah6vine-seliya eect this pious foundation of tbe Mahdcetiyahse been completed by the Rovorond Ananda,who lr^ows lh.e DEglw-and the Mojjhdtna Ndkdgrcby heart, (utho i,s'1 a dieciplo of tho Maeterr of thoAyira.harbgha (Skt. Arya-eohgh.a) who are residontin Parh4agdma and who are preachors and pre-coptors ot' the Di,gha, the Majjhnrna- (ni,kd,yaland of the fivo M6tukas," otc. (ASIMein: Nos.64,7L; .Ef . XX, etc.)

D. T. D.

APARAIINA, tbo aano of the bodhisetta in hisbirth as a vultr:re in Gijjhapabbata (var. Apar+B-qagijjha). According to the Migdlopo Jdr,oka(J. III, 255 f.), in wriich be figures, he advises hisson, Migd,lopa, not to fly too bigh, but the latterclisdafuxs his advico and comes to grief. Thostory provides an interesting parallel to the mythof lcarus, Apara++a's rolo il, this story beingthat of Daedalus in the Greek. In the Buddhistlegend, Migalopa moots with his death by beinggtruck by the Verambha winds, while Icarusmoets with his death as a rosult of his comirrgtoo close to the sun. See further MIGALOPAJATAKA.

APARANTAKA (var. Apard,nta), one of the nineregions to which Asoka sent missionaries afterthe third Council. According to the Ceylonchronicles (Mhu. xii, 4, 34-6 ; Dpu. viii, 7)Yonaka DhamrnarakLlpta preached the Aggik-khandhopoma Sutta there and 37,000 poopleembraced tho new faith while a thousand men

Aparantaka in anciont times referred to wsstom.India. The MarkanQ,eya Purdna (cb. lvii) callsit a jona'pada whereae tho MaMbhdrato (BhiprrwParuon, ix) refers to it ae ono of tho provinces ofancient ludig. Accordi'g to the Kduyamimdr,ned(Gaekwad Orieatal Series, No. I, p. 94), it is thocountry to the weet of DevasabhE (identified withmoderu. Dewas in central India) and aecordingto the Pili Sdsanaao\nso (p. lI), Aparantake orwestern lndia lies to ths wost of the upper lrawady.

Aparantaka is referred to in Asoka's RockEdict V. T'be Nasik Inscription of GeutamiB&la3ri eays that her eon oxtendod hin sway overApar6nta. This w&s later conguerod by theSaka Satrap Rudradi.'.'an as evidenced by theJunagadh Rock Insoription of 150 A.C.

According to B. C. Law (India, ag Descri,beil dnEarly fcntu, 73), Aper6nte may have comprisodthat pert of wosteno Indie which lay to the westof the Buddhist mid-land and to the north andsouth, rospectively, of the pglrkhine,patha eDdUttardpetha. Bhagavanlal Indraji, says B.C. Law(Histnricol Bngraphy of Anci,nt lnd,fu, l3), tookApar6nta to bo the wsstern gee-boa,rd of India.According to Tfeiian-tsang's acoount, westem,India Boeyns to heve se'.'Frised Sindh, westenr,REjaputdn6, Cutcb, Gujarat and a portion ofthe adjoining coast of tbe lower courso of theNarmad6.

According to the Dharnmopadaftlwhathi, (DhpA.III, 482) and the Mojjhirna Ni,kdya A{thakothd,(MA. f, 184), when Mandhat6 conquerod allthe four continents, people from the three othercontinent,s c&mo over to Jambudvipa and livedthero. Finding it impossible to go back to theirown countries after the king's death. they obtainedthe minister's permission to stay in Jambudvipa.Thus, the land where the people co'ning fromAparagoyina settied down is said to bsve boonknown as Aparanta.B. J.

APARAP ARIYA.VED AT{IYA.KAMMA l 3 APARASAITAthe Apar6,ntas (lit,. 'wesf-enders ') have

sometimos been regarded. as & Beparate ra,eo ortrihe. Ilultzech (IruieriTttiorts of Asoko, I, xxxix),howor-er, takqrs the term to Ine$n .' west,eru.borrlerors ", g.orrrlly, u,mong s'horn sre includedtho Yonas, tho Kambojus and l,be Pitinikas.Tlre word has varrous roadings, e.g., Aytalaqntdin Iiock lldicr V in Ku,lsi, Altola'm,td, in Dhauliand Aparamta iry Shahbazgarhi.

II. R. I '.

APARAPARIY^A-VEDANIYA-KAMMA, moral &c_tion w-hiich will bear frr.rit, nof, in the present crin the immediately i 'olloning li i 'e-span" but insorne indefinile future., whenover the opporrr:nity isright to procluce its result. In ite reduplieativeformatiori (opardpara) iho word indicates suchkarma as wili be knorryn (ued,an[ya) or experierrced inany possible successive existence. A rjiaesicalexarnplc of such indofinitoly ofl'ectivo actiorr isf,ounr1 in the story of the dea,"lr of the srahantMalr6,-M,rggaliEna (SarabharLga Jd,talca; J. V, 126).Tn a previous iif'o ho wanied to put his agod fatheranrl mcthr:r t,u deatli ae a result of listening +,o hisrrife" .r{lthough he ditl not actua.lly kill his par-ents, his sharrroful action remained like a ci:re offiro hicidon under &shes, for over biding its tirnotiil it could find an opporl,unity. 'Ihen, in tlrr:List, life of the arahant, this act comrnitted ofuld and carr-r'ing with it consequences to be ex-periencecl on sollre fubure occ&sion, got its chanco ibrmischief, when Moggall6rra's superrror:mr,,l powersfailed him and he beeame unsble to oscape theseventh ati,empt on his lil'o by some hired brigencls.IIe vras beaton up so se\zeiely that all his bones worecrusheci ; but he kept his miud sready i:r rnodiiationr:n t;ho Ruddha till lle furall;r. riied.

'I'lre MiliruTa-ptartha (p. 1t)B) also i:elates rifUevadatta hoq" ho heapc,ci up kar.ma on kurliia, :lrri!rvould pass for an eniiless sories of .iirr,ip*s irr::ritcrmenl, to torrnent i, lnd irom per.drirr,n lt r ',._riiri ro',-.His suft'cring, houever, bccunro f-irritr: t ' t., 'r l i!r i1::had entored the Order, and firtleri:;v tl iL, irr;,_. ,. i jt-rs+di-,y previous karrna woultl aiso becciuil, ij1;1i1;r;',1.

AparrTpariyu-.t,ed,a,nzya-kanttnq. t$. oiie oi i.iresirte.:n kincls of karrna classi{ied in fcrirr groupsa::cordinq to their fu;rctir,,n (kirt:a1, their ejTicir,ct,(palcuddnu), thelr time ,.rl taklng efftcb (nakakuJa)anrl t,ho plat-e of their effect (pakutliwna).

EI" G A. v. Z.

APARAPUHAMJAYA, name of rr yo,ksa, roenli.cnociit i t lre Muluintli:trt,ri (l i/{i i" s;.r,.).

APARARAJAVAVADAKA sUTRA, 8 Srr.rrskritsrLtra rr:ferrod to in tho S,iksd,samuccay& (g.l2).Tbe sfitra purports to admonish a king rogardiugthe practice ,...f virdue without negl,ect of his cblige-t'ioa.c to the poople.

W" G. lV.

APARASAII,A, onc of tho schoois of r:arlvIluddirism. As a secrt they were not, kn,lwrr to thetrarLition of the $arnmatiyas according to llhavya,and the Sinhalese clrronicles do noi. cr)Lint t,hom inthe coruposition ir,nd rr,lTiiiation of {r;,'lr secrsbut onJy amongst a Fpoup of si-x sch*til,, u.ppearingiater. \r;sumitra plocers then sirl' i,';' sr.i..,. u.ith thoCu,iti.yas and the Ut,tu,r'u,iaiias anl.,rng ,r.he lrrtcst,developmonts of the Mahi,,sdrrgr.11n,,=. but P*rami,r-t,ha does ;eot rnontion tlrem ii. l,l. {-:orriiJf.,r'i'.r\r onVasumitra. I ' ire }lahd,saiigirik,, l. ' i , 'r i ' l ir,rr.eLl byBhuvytt and Vinitadeva piact.s l-hi,ur :l,rrlrng ther\Iahd,e6,nghikas sido by sicit-. wil-ir the I'iu.;aiailas.Ituddhaglrosa, mer.l.io&.s tLt,ru i.::. (!nc) of t,ire fourAndiraka schools.

If they were at il dist,i-ngLrishod irorn thePrlrva3ailas t,he;' 1l'r r.'(' probtrbly orre of i,heirschools, for ir,I i t ire :.,r., ,,. '-* whrt:i l aro a,ttribnu'i l ggthem by r"ariotts :,r i '{r...r itrr 'r cr)nuttt. 'n tu f ;r)t}t.Their ear l iest &pl)c. . ' ; - t : " ' i ' , r t t the seconr, l hal t , ' .1 t l rethircl cenrurv TJ./ -

Their pl'eserlc'r rr;.1 i{iilri rj,.irriikor.rtltr d,,rlir.; t}tofkFvaku r ivnr= ' t t ' ( j i r i t ' . ' r , . t . . \ .C,) rs t ,er t r l i . r ,d byseverai inscr',- 1.i.. ' ; ,, iJtI" i ir lst,r ' i, l: j/. , iX, l7 ff.).t 'his corrfi-rr, rr, i.rtt" i.-,1', 'wl,:db,ri f. i..rr:;-r trth+:r soiu'i ios,whorr , I i t i r . : , i l l . r . i ' : l , , . is i r , e.g o . .u.n. i . l ' -s t ,hem a secrt ,c ; f . ! ' 1 1 , . . . i l i l , i , . , : : , i ' l ; o : r ( 1 r * ) . r ! . . , : l . i l r - i ; t r . I , 9 ) . H l t i a u .ts.ar;;; f r' .i a r:rori*ster'; ' ci t,rro Apara6ailas orr e

r!-.(.,i l.ri.r, r frr-sL .,f l)h.ur.ryuirulr.ir,Lr-r,, brrt at that +,imoit vilr ,,ir.ua,l3' ;;risi l ' l,a'i-l {{rI' rtri}l ' l.: than a huni1'gd

. Iy ' ( l t t t l { ' { r r i . r i . , l ; t t ' i , i . , i " t r , ' J Lr1 l i r . . i , i5 ' ,9 ! [ ' ran:e ls oni i . t t ] , 1 , . l l i i r ; .

' ' , ' i , 1 ' , 1 , 1 1 , r s { $ r : l ; ' - . : o r I J . i . p . l l i i )

f-rf' :.ri i !.irtti t . t ' .o.,.i.", -rAd disappeafed

i.1,1 , , i it i ir" ,.,1" .l;i-ttifr:-rtt.; .-i,l i i ,.r.: ..i l" ir"-.lr.utli i (7thf :(-rxr i 1l

,

A r r ' . : r j : r i l i l1+: r i [ ] t l ' i ' .o" . . , ' ; '1 , -5f tg1." ' : .

j ' . ' - rs ug I

$t i i r i ' : r , . " ' " . .1 : r l { : i l r :1 r : . ] - l i ,o l 1 ' .1 / . ; : : ' ; t ; . . i - ) ( ' I ' I L i f t )n t iOningagc,L; ; . : . , . . . : .1 : i , . , i lx .+ i . ' t t ; i t " t ^ l ! i - ' r r " . t7 ldnw-. *nd

SUfii,,t,tt,,i1S .,r,,t*ij3,rl, l i)j],tr.-' .r .,+.i,.,1r tirr6 llIAtUk*S

{E[" $a: , i i r i . t , i r . c i t . l ' ; ' t ; , r . . ; i l r . l l iu1 iewur ' t , l ry thet t ] rsri,.visiiine of ihe $ett,rl-st+r::,tol:t al' r ;e-ferrod to asnikriyus arl i.s duno by ti;n Th,cr*i.'ri,-iiae of Ceylon,ri,D.{i llot a*s ngamea ns in r:t-}i'th-weut lr'i.ia (Ka6rnir}"N. Duti is rif opinion i,hBt ihe five llldl,u'kaa woresulrrrnr{riag of tbr {irntyt; .Pi,;aka, &s tbo Vinayaof ihe Mah6;,;S .;i!- *-a-s c{,i}'tists cf five parts (EcdytrTonasti,c Bu{i;lo,"s1lt, II, pp. 55'6}. But it is

APARA ST'TTA 14 APARIEAT{A DHAUMAnot likely thab in tho third century A.C. the Vinayaof this soct would have treon nut dore than fiveseparato tables. ft is much more likely that theyrsfor to Abhidhamms summaries, for this colloctionwas developed by all schoois but latoly, nnd ronuainedfor a very long i,irne in tho form of separatemd,t'i,kd.c.

Vusumitra observes that most of tho thosesof the Aparaiailas, as those cf tho lJttara6ailas andtho Cait,iyas, from whom ho does not disiingrrishthom, are sirnilar to thoso of the Mahasinghikas.Th,oy are :

(l) Bodhisattvan aro not freen (a,imukta) fromrebi-rth in evil statos (durgati).

(2) Worship &t I erfipa or caitya does not producog'reat results.

(3) An arahnnt rney have impuro seminsldischarge (asuedsukkatisal{hi,).

(4) An arahant has ignoranco (ajfrdna).(5) An arahant has dgubts (kanksa).(6) An arahant is takea ecross (paroaitdranaj,

i.e., savod by someons else.(7) Although one rnay have attained the path

of hclr:ress (sumrt.pdnna,) one mey yetbreak tho rules as to speecb {aac6bhetl,a\.

(8) FIo wbo is assured (ni,yata) as to the futureenters tho path to the goal (ni.yd,ma\.

(9) The six spheres of ihe senses aro sstablishedsinrul6sngeusiy in the mother's womb.

(10) Supramnndane knowle,Jgo (lokutta.ra-fid,no)has twelvo objects (dudd,asaua.tthuka).

(l l) All things (sabbe d,hammd,) last only onothought -moment (elcacittalcklwnika).

A . B .

APARA SUTTA (t), also ealled tl:le pdragdmtr Sutta(S. V, 81), says that the seven limbs of wisdom(saff,a-bojjha,ngo), if cultivated, conduce to thegoing from this shore to thc furtbsr shore, Nibbd,na,i.o., &cross the ocean of .samsdra,

u. K.

APARA SUTTA (?) says rhat the four bases ofpsychicai pow'er (aattaro ;ddhipddd,l. if cultivated,condrrco t,o the going from this shore to the furthershnrs (,S. V, 984)"

APARIBfiINHA, the 54th n&Ino in the first' list ofapproximatoly 100 Buddhas (actually only 97 arenamed in this fi.i'st list), which was recited byIfaha-KAtviyane 8,t tihe request of Maha-Ka'(yapa'The list cont$ins bho names of Buddhas undor whomthe Buctdha SaLyamrini acquired merit when ho wasabwancirrg as a bodhis&ttva from tho first to thosoventh stago erf development or bh&mi (Mhuu'I , 1 .37 ) .

H . G . A . v . Z .

APARIHANA DHAII{MA, also eailed a'parihdni'yad,hamma., the conditions of welfaro. There aro anu-mter of lists in Pali and in Sanskrit ]iteratursenumerabing the conditions of welfare. Some oftho lists aro identical, whiie others ovoriap oochother, and still others are entirely different from onoanother. 'Ibey enumerato conditions, both positivoand negative, v-hich lead not, to the decline but tothe rarelfare of individuals, bot'h monks