end of roman empire, u n c, mar 2010
DESCRIPTION
Lecture based on the forthcoming book: Sam Moorhead and David Stuttard, AD 410 The Year that Shook Rome (British Museum Press, 2010)TRANSCRIPT
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Why This Book?
• 1600th anniversary of sack of Rome by Alaric• Already c.200 theories about why the Roman
Empire fell• Since Gibbon barely anyone has told the story
of how it fell• Academic fixation on why has meant much of
the story has been overlooked or misunderstood
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Barbarian Raids across Europe in the 260s AD
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AD 276 – 376Barbarians in the Empire
• First barbarians settled in Gaul by the emperor Probus (276-282)
• Treaty with the Goths c. 340
• Soldiers, slaves and farm-hands
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Happy Days Are Here Again!
• Roman soldier spearing falling barbarian
• AD 355-61
• Felicium Tempus Reparatio
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But barbarians become Roman generals
Stilicho, generalissimo of the West during the reign of Honorius (395-408)
Half Vandal, half Roman
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Enter Diocletian AD 284
Tetrarchs in Venice
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Class fixing Piercebridge Ploughman
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Rich getting richer
Hoxne Treasure, Suffolk
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Enter Constantine and Christianity
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The barbarian invasions 376-407
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Across the Danube
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Crisis at Hadrianople, 378
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Division of Empire, AD 395
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Order Restored?
Suppliant Goths under Theodosius’ family at Constantinople
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Battle of the River Frigidus, AD 394
Eugenius
Theodosius I The Roman army; citizens and increasingly barbarians
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Alaric unleashed - 395…
Ludwig Thiersch
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Alaric moves West – 401-3
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Honorius flees to Ravenna
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Usurpers and barbarians in Gaul
Constantine III 407-11
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Alaric besieges Rome 408
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Fruitless negotiations
Priscus Attalus 409-10
St Apollinaire, Ravenna
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Alaric sacks Rome 8/24Johan Winckelmann, etching, 1782
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Kenneth Setton, 1962
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Meanwhile in Ravenna…
John W. Waterhouse, 1883
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How should we view the barbarians?
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What did they want?
Esquiline Treasure, Rome (British Museum)
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Who were they? Refugees?
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Economic Migrants?
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Controlling access
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A threat to authority?
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Clash with authority
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Migrant Workers
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Swelling the ranks
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The old order of Rome
Symmachus, the Senate and Honorius
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The old order in the West?
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Does the world need new leaders to face these changes?
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The Road to Africa
The fields of Dougga
Appian Way
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Burial of Alaric, 410/11
Lithograph, 1895
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Galla Placidia c.388-450
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Wedding of Galla Placidia
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Galla Placidia ‘sold back’ to Rome for 600,000 modii of grain
Roman Modius on a coin of Nerva, AD 96-8
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Vandals take Africa, AD 439
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The barbarian dream?
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Aesop
‘I’d rather have one
grain of corn than all the
jewels in the world.’
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What of Rome? Last emperor of the West, Romulus Augustulus, deposed in AD 476
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Ostrogothic Rome, AD 49
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Cannon: 14 feet; 15 tons; 500lb stone ball; Walls of Theodosius
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Mehmet II; Hagia Sophia as a Mosque
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What will the challenges of the next 100 years be?
• Environmental: water, sea-levels, temperature, desertification....food shortage
• Economic – shortage of scarce resources• Population increase• Migration, warfare and renegotiating the world order• The emergence of a new kind of leader able to cope in
a different world• How will archaeologists detect many of these changes
in coming millennia?