end show slide 1 of 42 chemistry. end show © copyright pearson prentice hall slide 2 of 42 carbonyl...
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chemistry
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Carbonyl Compounds
Have you heard of benzaldehyde or vanillin? It is likely that you have eaten these organic molecules, called aldehydes, in ice cream or cookies. You will read about the properties that are associated with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes.
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Carbonyl Compounds >
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Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones?
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
A carbonyl group is a functional group with the general structure C═O.
The C═O functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Many aldehydes and ketones have distinctive odors.
• Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring agents.
• Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond.
• Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of cinnamon.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Aldehydes and Ketones
A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone.
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Carbonyl Compounds >
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Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
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Carbonyl Compounds > Carboxylic Acids
• A carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.
• A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Carboxylic Acids
The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH.
Carboxylic acids are weak because they ionize slightly in solution to give a carboxylate ion and a hydrogen ion.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Carboxylic Acids
• Low-molar-mass carboxylic acids are volatile liquids with sharp, unpleasant odors.
• The higher-mass carboxylic acids are nonvolatile, waxy, odorless solids with low melting points.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Carboxylic Acids
• Many continuous-chain carboxylic acids were first isolated from fats and are called fatty acids.
• Stearic acid, an 18-carbon acid obtained from beef fat, is used to make inexpensive wax candles.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Carboxylic Acids23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds >
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Esters
Esters
What is the general structure of an ester?
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters
Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters
Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the —OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an —OR from an alcohol.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters
Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters
Ethyl ethanoate is a low-molar-mass ester.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Esters
Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.
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Carbonyl Compounds >
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Why is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction?
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
The loss of hydrogen is a dehydrogenation reaction.
Dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction because the loss of each molecule of hydrogen involves the loss of two electrons from the organic molecule.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Energy produced by oxidation reactions is used in both living and nonliving systems.
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions23.3
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Carbonyl Compounds > Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
An aldehyde is mixed with Fehling’s reagent (left test tube) and heated. The blue copper(II) ions in Fehling’s reagent are reduced to form Cu2O, a red precipitate (right test tube).
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Section Quiz
-or-Continue to: Launch:
Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section
23.3 Section Quiz.
23.3.
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23.3 Section Quiz
1. Which compound is a ketone?
a. CH3COOH
b. CH3CH2OH
c. CH3CHO
d. CH3COCH3
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23.3 Section Quiz.
2. The IUPAC name for the structure CH3CH2COOH is
a. ethanoic acid.
b. acetic acid.
c. propanoic acid.
d. propionic acid.
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23.3 Section Quiz.
3. The product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called
a. a ketone.
b. an ether.
c. an ester.
d. an aldehyde.
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23.3 Section Quiz.
4. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Dehydrogenation is __________ reaction because losing a molecule of hydrogen involves the _______________ electrons from the organic molecule.
a. an oxidation, loss of two
b. an oxidation, loss of four
c. a reduction, gain of two
d. a reduction, gain of four
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