end - stage renal disease
TRANSCRIPT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
B. Statistics
i. International
ii. Local
II. OBJECTIVES
A. General Objective
B. Specific Objectives
III. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
IV. VITAL INFORMATION
V. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
A. Nursing History
B. Past Health Problem/Status
C. Family History of Illness
VI. SOCIAL, CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND AND PATTERN OF FUNCTIONING.
a. Educational Background
b. Occupational Background
c. Religious practices
d. Economic status
VII. CLINICAL INSPECTION
A. Vital Signs
Upon Admission
During our Care
B. Physical Assessment (Cephalocaudal)
I. General Appearance
II. Skin, hair and nails
III. Head, face, and lymphatics
IV. Eyes, ears, nose, mouth and throat
V. Neck and upper extremities
VI. Chest, breast and axilla
VII. Respiratory system
VIII. Cardiovascular system
IX. Gastrointestinal system
X. Genitor-urinary system
XI. Musculoskeletal system
C. General Appraisal
I. Speech
II. Language
III. Hearing
IV. Mental status
V. Emotional status
VIII. LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC DATA
IX. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
X. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
A. Drug Study
B. Medi Map
XI. NURSING MANAGEMENT
A. Concept Map of Nursing Problems
B. Nursing Care Plan
XII. DISCHARGE PLANNING
XIII. JOURNALS
XIV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1
OBJECTIVES
A. General Objective
After the discussion of this case presentation, the students will be able to deal
and care for a patients with End – Stage Renal Disease integrally by applying their
knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes based on what they have learned out of the
discussion.
B. Specific Objectives
At the end of individual case discussion, it is expected that the students will be
able to:
Skills
1. Deal patient with ESRD.
2. Provide proper care according to the problem manifested by the patient.
3. Conduct physical assessment and organize data efficiently.
4. Perform nursing procedures effectively and correctly to attain optimum level of
wellness.
Knowledge
1. Define ESRD.
2. Have an overview about the diseases, including its causes and complications.
3. Determine the signs and symptoms and the possible symptomatic treatment of
each.
4. Review the anatomy and physiology of the organ affected.
5. Understand the pathophysiology of the disease.
6. Identify and enumerate the management needed for ESRD and its related
complications.
7. Formulate nursing care plans that will aid in the improvement of patient’s
condition.
Attitudes
1. Develop a positive attitude in caring the patient with ESRD throughout the
nursing Process.
2. To be able to establish rapport with the patient and folks.
3. To be able to develop respect and trust.
2
INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
End stage kidney disease is the final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is the
most severe illness with poor life expectancy if untreated. It also called established chronic
disease and occurs when GFR falls below 15 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients with ESRD are
dependent on renal replacement therapy (RRT) to survive. The incidence of ESRD in the
developing world is difficult to estimate and ranges from 40 per million population (pmp) to 340
pmp. The prevalence of ESRD can be more accurately recorded as the number of patients
receiving RRT.
Glomerulonephritis is the main cause of ESRD worldwide (11% – 49%). Proliferative
glomerulonephritis is more common in developing countries and may be secondary to endemic
infections like streptococcus, schistosomiasis, and malaria. Focal segmental glomerulonephritis is
also common in Africa, while IgA nephropathy is common in Asia and Pacific regions. Diabetes
mellitus and hypertension remain important factors in the etiology of ESRD, but less so in the
developing world than in the USA where they account for around 65% of ESRD.
It is very important to take really good care of our kidneys because our kidneys play a
big role to our body which is to filter our body wastes. Nowadays, cases of ESRD is increasing
in continue to spread all over the world. Having discipline to ourselves regarding our health
could be a big help to prevent diseases because most of us abuse our body that’s why we had a
lot diseases which is developing in our body and most of them could lead to death. Having a
good health is one of the greatest treasures we could have; this could make us disease free of
such serious illness. Regarding ESRD, we could only say that proper nutrition and proper care
of our kidneys is one of the important ways to prevent and to eliminate this disease to occur
within us. And what we said earlier is that, one of the best way to have good health is to have a
self-discipline regarding health care because we are the one who are deciding whether to have
a disease or not. Living with a healthy lifestyle and good health is one of the achievable and
could have a satisfying life.
As student nurses, we could help our patient by having a deep understanding of the
disease, that we may learn the proper interventions for the end-stage renal disease patients. In
this way, we could render quality care for them. We could as well lead them to the proper
treatment to lessen their sufferings brought by the kidney failure, in anyhow. By having a wide
understanding of the disease, we could impart teachings on how we could prevent the
occurrence of the disease. It is our responsibility to render information and impart health
teachings to improve the condition of our patients to the best of our abilities. One of the
characteristics that we, student nurses, should have is to be informative and only through a
keen study of disease such as this way for us to gain all the information that we need to learn.
May this case study served its purpose through the help of our Lord, Jesus Christ.
3
B. Statistics
International:
93,327 people commenced treatment for end-stage renal disease annually in the US 2001
(United States Renal Data System, 2003, NIDDK)
31% of cases of ESRD each year occurs in African Americans in America (Renal Data
Report, ANS, 1999)
2% of cases of ESRD each year occurs in native Americans (Renal Data Report, ANS,
1999)
31% of cases of ESRD each year occurs in Caucasians in America (Renal Data Report,
ANS, 1999)
Local:
Kidney disease is on the rise and is an important cause of death in the Philippines.
Statistics show that kidney disease among the Filipinos is shooting up every year. Almost
10,000 Filipinos requiring either dialysis for life or a kidney transplant for survival. About 31% of
them have the most advanced stage of the disease.
The main cause of kidney disease seems to be the increasing diabetic conditions
among the Filipinos. It is seen that about 55% of Filipinos develop kidney disease when they
suffer from diabetes. The Philippine Society of Nephrology (PSN) issued the statement that
diabetes is the single most common cause of kidney failure among diabetes mellitus
nephropathy patients.
4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The KIDNEYS are known as
MASTER CHEMIST. Actually, they are
pair of bean shaped, brownish-red
structures located retroperitoneally on the
posterior wall of the abdomen-from the
12th thoracic vertebra to the third lumbar
vertebra in the adult.
The average adult kidney weighs
approximately 13 to 170 g (about 4.5 oz) and is 10 to 12 cm of the long, 6 cm wide and
2.5 cm thick. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the location f the liver.
An adrenal gland lies on top of each kidney. The kidneys and adrenals are independent
in function, blood supply and innervation.
NEPHRONS
- from Greek word “nephros”, meaning "kidney". It is the basic structural
and functional unit of the kidney. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the
endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and
parathyroid hormone. In humans, a normal kidney contains 800,000 to one million
nephrons. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble
substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and
excreting the rest as urine.
TWO PARTS OF RENAL PARENCHYMA:
Medulla
- (latin renes medulla = kidney middle)
which is approximately 5 cm wide. It contains
the structures of the nephrons responsible for
maintaining the salt and water balance of the
blood. These structures include the vasa
rectae (both spuria and vera), the venulae
rectae, the medullary capillary plexus, the loop
of Henle, and the collecting tubulle. The renal
medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the
nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water.
5
Cortex
- is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In
the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections (cortical
columns) that extend down between the pyramids. It contains the renal corpuscles and the
renal tubules except for parts of the loop of Henle which descend into the renal medulla. It
also contains blood vessels and cortical collecting ducts. The renal cortex is the part of the
kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY:
Regulation of water excretion
A person normally ingests about 1300 mL of oral fluids and 1000 mL of water in food per
day. Of the fluid ingested, approximately 900 mL is lost through the skin and lungs (called
insensible loss), 50 mL through sweat and 200 mL through feces.
Regulation of electrolyte excretion
When the kidneys are functioning normally, the volume of electrolytes excreted per day
is equal to the amount ingested. The regulation of sodium volume excreted depends on
aldosterone, a hormone synthesized and released from the adrenal cortex. With increased
aldosterone in the blood, less sodium is excreted in the urine, because aldosterone fosters renal
absorption of sodium.
Regulation of acid-base balance
The kidney performs two major functions to assist in this balance. 1.) To reabsorb and
return to the body’s circulation any bicarbonate from the urinary filtrate; 2.) To excrete acid in
the urine.
Autoregulation of blood pressure
Rennin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to
angiotensin II, the most powerful vasoconstrictor known; angiotensin II causes the blood
pressure to increase.
The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone in response to poor perfusion or increasing
serum osmolality. The result is an increase in blood pressure.
Renal clearance
It is the ability of the kidneys to clear solutes from the plasma.
Regulation of red blood cell production
When the kidneys detect to decrease in the oxygen tension in renal bllod flow, they
release erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBC and carry oxygen
throughout the body.
Vitamin D synthesis6
Secretion of prostaglandins
Excretion of waste products
The kidneys eliminate the body’s metabolic waste products which is the urea that
excreted daily for about 25 to 30 mg.
Urine storage
Bladder emptying
TEXTBOOK DISCUSSION
A. Definition
End - stage renal disease, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), specifically
the fifth stage of CKD. It means, it is the complete or almost complete failure of the kidneys to
function. The kidneys can no longer remove wastes, concentrate urine, and regulate many other
important body functions.
ESRD almost always follows chronic kidney disease. A person may have gradual
worsening of kidney function for 10 - 20 years or more before progressing to ESRD. Patients
who have reached this stage need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
B. Risk factors
Persons with the following conditions:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
ARF
Excessive intake of drugs Changed smoker and alcoholic beverages drinker. Polycystic kidney disease
Obstruction
Repeated episodes of pyelonephritis
Diabetes mellitus
- is the leading cause & accounts for more than 30% of clients who receive dialysis.
Hypertension
Lupus erythematous
Polyarteristis
Sickle cell disease
Amyloidosis
7
C. Signs/Symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
DISTINCTIVE
GROUPING
From the textbook
Manifested
by the
patientRationale
Electrolyte
Imbalances
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia The salt – wasting properties of some
failing kidneys, in addition to vomiting
and diarrhea.
Hypocalcemia
Hyper-
phosphatemia
Hypercalcemia
Mildly elevated
serum Mg
Metabolic
changes
↑ serum creatinine Serum creatinine increases as waste
products of protein metabolism
accumulate in the blood. And due to
decrease GFR.
Proteinuria The metabolic function of the kidney
which includes the metabolism fails
which tends protein to be excreted via
urine.
↑ uric acid
Carbohydrate
intolerance
Elevated
triglycerides
Metabolic acidosis It occurs because of the kidneys inability
to excrete hydrogen ions, ↓ reabsorption
of NaHCO3, ↓ formation of dihydrogen
phosphate and NH3.
Pericarditis
Hematologic
changes
Anemia It occurs because the kidneys are
unable to produce erythropoietin, a
hormone necessary for RBC production.
Iron or folate
depletion
Hemolysis &
8
platelet
abnormalities
Gastro-
intestinal
changes
Transient anorexia,
nausea & vomiting
A possible cause of nausea and
vomiting is a decomposition of the urea
by the intestinal flora resulting in a high
concentration of ammonia.
Constant bitter
taste
Fetid, fishy or
ammonia-like
breath smells
Metallic or salty
taste
Stomatitis
Hiccups Due to the accumulation of toxic
substances that stimulates phrenic
nerves.
Ulcer disease
↑ serum amylase
Constipation
Immunologic
changes
Depression of
hormonal antibody
formation
Suppression of
delayed
hypersensitivity
Decreased
chemotactic
function of the
leukocytes
Changes in
medication
metabolism
Medication toxicity
Cardio-
vascular
changes
HPN Due to water retention.
Arterial
calcifications
L ventricular
hypertrophy & HF
Chest pain Due to the accumulation of toxins in the
body because the kidney is failing in
filtering it.
9
Dysrhythmias
Atherosclerosis
Anasarca Due to water retention as a result of ↑
hydrostatic pressure or for activation of
renin – angiotensin aldosterone system
Respiratory
changes
Pulmonary edema
Pleuritis
Musculo-
skeletal
changes
Osteomalacia
Osteitis fibrosa
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis
Muscle cramps These may result from osmolar changes
in the body fluids or sometimes from
hypokalemia.
Integumentary
changes
Intractable pruritus
Brittle hair
Pallor Due to anemia wherein the presence of
hemoglobin in the blood is decreased,
resulting to a decrease oxygen
distribution throughout the body.
Nails are thin
Neurologic
changes
Forgetfulness
Confusion It occurs due to hypokalemia, as the
transmission of nerve impulses
decreases.
Peripheral
neuropathy
Inability to
concentrate
Twitching
Dysarthria
Uremic amaurosis
Reproductive
changes
Testicular atrophy
Oliguspermia
Reduced sperm
motility
Endocrine
changes
↑ growth hormone
& prolactin
Psychosocial
changes
Powerlessness
Changes in body
image
Due to edema
10
D. Complications
Uremia
- If there is failure of kidney to function well, urea and other waste products,
which are normally excreted into the urine, are retained in the blood.
Shock
- Severe condition from reduced blood circulation and it occurs because of
excessive urination and edema.
Pericarditis
- Is the inflammation of the pericardium. Due to retention of toxic substances as
a result of decreased renal function or renal failure.
Seizures
- It is an intellectual deficit due to hydroxylysinuria. It is a rare syndrome
characterized by mental retardation, seizures and high levels of hydroxylysine in the
urine.
Coma
- A profound or deep state of unconsciousness. The affected individual is alive
but is not able to react or respond to life around him/her. Coma may occur as an
expected progression or complication of an underlying illness, or as a result of an event
such as head trauma.
E. Treatment
Dialysis for hyperkalemia & fluid imbalances.
Emergency pericardiocentesis or surgery for cardiac tamponade.
Intensive dialysis and thoracentesis to relieve pulmonary edema & pleural effusion.
Peritoneal or hemodialysis to help control end-stage renal disease.
Kidney transplantation
Symptomatic treatment of ESRD
Diet:
Low protein diet to limit accumulation of end-products of protein metabolism that the
kidneys can’t excrete.
High-protein diet for patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis
High-calorie diet to prevent ketoacidosis & tissue atrophy.
Sodium, potassium & phosphorus restrictions to prevent elevated levels.
11
Medications:
Loop diuretics, such as furoemide to maintain fluid balances.
Cardiac glycosides, such as Digoxin to mobilze fluids causing edema.
Calcium carbonate (Caltrate) to treat renal osteodystrophy by binding phosphate &
supplementing calcium.
Antihypertensives to control blood pressure and edema.
Antiemetics to relieve nausea & vomiting.
Famotidine or ranitidine to decrease gastric irritation.
Docusate to prevent constipation.
Iron & folate supplements or RBC transfusion to treat anemia.
Synthetic erythropoietin to stimulate the bone marrow to produce RBCs; conjugated
estrogens & desmopressin to combat hematologic effects.
Antipruritics to relieve itching.
Phosphate-removing drugs to decrease serum phosphate levels.
F. Diagnostic studies
Urinalysis
- aids in diagnosis (specific gravity fixed at 1.010, proteinuria. glycosuria, RBCs,
leukocytes, casts or crystals, depending on the cause).
Blood testing levels
- reveals elevated BUN, creatinine, low sodium level & potassium levels,
increased aldosterone secretion, low hemoglobin level & hematocrit, decreased RBC
survival time, mild thrombocytopenia, platelet defects & hyperglycemia.
Renal ultrasound
- It determines the kidney size and presence of masses, cysts, obstruction
in upper urinary tract.
Computed tomographic/ Magnetic resonance imaging
- It demonstrates the vessel disorders and kidney mass.
Abdominal (KUB)radiograph
- It demonstrates the size of kidneys/ureters/bladder and presence of
obstruction (stones).
Aortorenal angiography
- It assesses renal circulation and identifies extravascularities, masses.
Retrogade pyelogram
- It outlines abnormalities of renal pelvis & ureters.
12
Renal arteriogram
- Assess renal circulation and identifies extravascularities, masses.
Voiding cystourethrogram
- It shows bladder size, reflux into ureters, retention.
Renal biopsy
- This can be done endoscopically to examine tissue cells for histologic
diagnosis.
Renal endoscopy, nephroscopy
- It is done to examine renal pelvis, flush out calculi, hematuria & remove
selected tumors.
ECG
- May be abnormal, reflecting electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
EEG
- May be performed to identify metabolic encephalopathy.
X-ray of feet, skull, spinal column & hands
- May reveal demineralization/ calcifications resulting from electrolyte shifts
associated with CRF.
G. Nursing considerations
Bathe the patient daily using superfatted soaps & skin lotion without alcohol to ease
pruritus
Provide good perineal care using mild soap & water.
Turn the patient often & use a convoluted foam mattress to prevent skin breakdown.
Provide good oral hygiene by encouraging or performing frequent brushing with a soft
brush or sponge tip to reduce breath odor & providing sugarless hard candy &
mouthwash to minimize the metallic taste in the mouth & alleviate thirst.
Offer small, nutritious & palatable meals.
Monitor for signs of hyperkalemia. Watch for muscle irritability and a weak pulse rate.
Carefully assess the patient’s hydration status; check for jugular vein distention,
auscultate the lungs for crackles, carefully measure daily intake & output, record daily
weight & document peripheral edema.
Monitor for bone or joint complications.
Encourage deep breathing & coughing to prevent pulmonary congestion, auscultate the
lungs often, stay alert foe clinical effects of pulmonary edema & administer diuretics &
other medications as ordered.
Observe for signs of bleeding & monitor hemoglobin level & hematocrit & check stool,
urine & vomitus for blood.
13
Report signs of pericarditis such as pericardial friction rub and chest pain.
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
A. Nursing History
1 week prior to admission, Mr. N.D. had a very low appetite wherein he only eats bread
and milk in the morning and drinks about 5-7 bottle of soft drinks a day, and experienced an
episode of nausea.
And four days prior to admission, Mr. N.D. had several episodes of vomiting associated
with epigastric discomfort. Vomiting still persisted until on the day of admission, thus brought to
ER of St. Anthony college Hospital of Roxas City and was admitted.
B. Past Health Problem
Mr. N.D is a known prohibited drugs user. He was admitted in Dao Provincial Hospital
last November 2009 due to Urinary Tract Infection but has been treated for just about a week or
more.
Mr. N.D has also experienced a burning sensation in the chest and a pain in the
epigastric area thus; he thought to have an ulcer because of that manifestation. Other health
problems than what have been mentioned were just fever and common colds.
C. Family Genogram
14
LEGEND:
STROKE
HYPERTENSION
POOR HEARINGACUITY
ESRD
PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING
Nutritional History
a. Drinking Patterns
Mr. N.D is not fond of drinking water. And before he experienced those manifestations
before his admission, Mr. N.D is fond of drinking carbonated beverages like soft drinks for at
least 5 – 7 bottles a day. He is also a known alcoholic drinker wherein he drinks together with
his peer every afternoon.
b. Eating Patterns
Mr. N.D told that when or after taken prohibited drugs before, his appetite also
decreases. At that time, he does not eat for almost 2 days and only drinks a lot of soft drinks to
relieve his thirst. But then, when his appetite came back, he eats every food that is being served
in the table very well.
Breathing Patterns
HOME HOSPITAL
Mr. N.D does not experience any problem in
respiration before.
RR = 21 bpm
Mr. N.D had an episode of SOB during the few
days of his admission in this institution but was
relieved when in semi – or in high – fowler’s
position.
Circulation
Temperature 36°C
Pulse rate 75 bpm
Respiration rate 21 bpm
Blood pressure 120/70 mmHg
Apical rate 82 bpm
IVF
Left carpal vein # 2 PNSS 1L + 20 mEqs NaCl x 60 cc/°
Side Drip #2 D5W 500 cc + 100 mEqs NaHCO3 x 24°x 2
cycles
Right carpal vein #1 PNSS 500 cc x KVO
Daily Activity Patterns:
a. Rest and Sleeping Patterns
15
Home Hospital
Mr. N.D usually sleeps at night after drinking
alcoholic beverages with his peer and the time
of sleeping is depending upon to his
companion and if when are they going to finish
drinking. Thus, he sleeps at continuously
without any difficulty or deprivation in sleeping.
His usual waking up time is 6 in the morning
because he has work at 9 am.
Mr. N.D is weak and tends to sleep during day
time if not feeling well or if he wants to. He
usually sleeps at 9 in the evening and rises at
5 – 5:30 in the morning.
b. Personal Hygiene
Home Hospital
Mr. N.D takes a bath once a day before going
to work. He is also conscious about his
personal hygiene.
Mr. N.D can perform personal hygiene by
himself like brushing his teeth at least once
every other day.
c. Elimination Patterns
Bowel Movement
FREQUENCY PROBLEMS / DIFFICULTIES
Home Hospital Home Hospital
Once or twice a day
every morning or
after lunch
Once every 2 or 3
days and there is a
time the he defecates
twice a day.
He experienced
sometimes having
constipation.
None
Urination
FREQUENCY PROBLEMS / DIFFICULTIES
Home Hospital Home Hospital
Urinates whenever
feels to urge.
Urinates whenever
feels to urge with a
urine output of 200 cc.
None Has difficulty in
urination thus foley
catheter was inserted
and drained 80 cc of
urine after insertion.
A. Educational Background
16
-High school graduate. He also started a course of Criminology at Filamer Christian
University, but is not able to finish it.
B. Occupational Background
-He is a dicer in Black & White.
C. Religious practices
-He does not attend to mass every Sunday and even praying the rosary every afternoon.
D. Economic status
-They belong in the middle class of economic level in this society.
SOCIO-CULTURAL HEALTH
A. Cultural Health
He does not believe to any superstitious beliefs. Rather, he believes on what he wanted
to do and that’s the reason why there is a conflict between his parents.
B. Recreational Pattern
Mr. N.D’s usual recreation is just watching television and talking with their borders
because he has only a little time for recreation due to his work. But if he had time for that,
then he is having fun with his friends; wherein they drink together every evening.
C. Environmental Pattern
He lives in a complicated situation of life due to his vices. He is living near at the
roadside together with his wife, which is seven months pregnant, at his Auntie’s custody. He
is prone also to accident because of the influence of his friends.
D. Interaction Pattern
According to him, he is not closed to her parents. Instead, he wants to be with his friends
and enjoys a lot if they are hanging out. He is not sweet to his wife and seems he is ‘siga”
the way he talks.
E. Coping Pattern
Before, he was neglected by his family when they knew that he is a drug user. But then,
they gave him another chance if he will stop taking prohibited drugs.
On the first few days after his admission, he was not visited by his parents & relatives.
Only his wife is the one taking care of him throughout his admission.
A week after, his Aunt visited him and gave an assurance that she will help him related
to his financial problems.
Now, his parents are also helping in taking care of him.
CLINICAL INSPECTION
A. Vital Signs
17
Upon Admission
Temperature Respiratory rate Apical pulse Radial pulse Blood pressure
37.5°C 20 bpm 92 bpm 79 bpm 110/80 mmHg
During our Care
September 16, 2010
Time Temperature
(°C)
Respiratory
rate
(bpm)
Apical pulse
(bpm)
Radial pulse
(bpm)
Blood pressure
(mmHg)
8:00 36 20 82 75 140/100
12:00 36.1 20 84 78 130/90
September 17, 2010
Time Temperature
(°C)
Respiratory
rate
(bpm)
Apical pulse
(bpm)
Radial pulse
(bpm)
Blood pressure
(mmHg)
8:00 37.5 20 92 72 140/100
12:00 37.1 20 88 80 150/100
During Blood Transfusion
1:25 36.6 21 96 90 140/90
1:45 21 94 88 140/90
September 23, 2010
Time Temperature
(°C)
Respiratory
rate
(bpm)
Apical pulse
(bpm)
Radial pulse
(bpm)
Blood pressure
(mmHg)
8:00 36 18 82 80 130/90
12:00 36.4 19 88 84 140/90
B. Physical Assessment
General Appearance:
Mr. N.D is consciously lying on bed which appears weak, fatigue, with complaints
of pain in the anterior chest and with an ongoing IVF of #2 PNSS 1L + 20 mEqs NaCl x
60 cc/U at 500 cc level and a secured side drip of #2 D5W 500 c + 100 mEqa NaHCO3 x
24U x 2 cycles infusing well on the left carpal vein, #1 PNSS 500 cc x KVO at the right
carpal vein which is used for Blood Transfusion & O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula.
18
He is coherent and physically and mentally conscious wherein responsiveness to
any stimulus is observed, with non – edematous lower & upper extremeties noted but
the face is edematous during our 1st week of duty. Yet, anasarca was developed during
our second duty in the ward.
Cephalocaudal
Body Parts Method of
Assessment
Findings Interpretation
Skin Inspection Skin is cold and dry, (+)
pallor, anasarca.
Fair complexion.
Skin is soft and no scar,
bruise or petechiae noted.
Due to ↑
hydrostatic
pressure; ESRD.
Normal
Head Inspection Edematous face
Normocephalic, absence
of nodules, hair is evenly
distributed, black in color,
straight and smooth.
Symmetrical feature of
the face.
Facial grimace
Due to ↑
hydrostatic
pressure; ESRD.
Normal
(+) chest pain;
ESRD
Nails Inspection Absence of thin nails
(-) of clubbing with an
angle of about 160U.
Normal
Eyes Inspection Eyebrows curled slightly
outward and evenly
distributed
Both pupils are equal in
size. Size= 2
Normal
19
Palpation
Moderately reactive to
light and accommodation.
Edema over lacrimal
gland
(-) Tenderness
ESRD
↑ hydrostatic
pressure; ESRD
Normal
Ears Inspection Color same as facial skin
Auricle aligned with outer
canthus of the eye
Responsive to moderate
voices.
Normal
Nose Inspection Symmetric with the nasal
septum at the center
Normal
Mouth Inspection With plaques
(+) dry lips
Poor oral hygiene
ESRD
Neck Inspection Coordinated, smooth
movements with no
discomfort
No lumps or swollen
glands
(+) edema
Normal
↑ hydrostatic
pressure; ESRD
Chest and Thorax Inspection
Auscultation
RR= 21 bpm
(+) DOB
Chest movement is
symmetrical upon
respiration.
(-) tenderness, (-)
masses.
ESRD
Normal
Abdomen Inspection
Auscultation
Uniform in color
Abdominal girt = 94 cm
(+) pain at hypogastric
area
(+) bruits at the four
abdominal quadrants.
Normal
Due to fluid
accumulation.
Full bladder.
Due to fluid
accumulation;
ESRD.
20
Palpation (+) tenderness, distended
urinary bladder
Liver is not palpable
Full bladder.
Normal
Extremities Right arm muscle cramps ESRD; due to
hypokalemia
Cardiovascular Inspection
Auscultation
Chest pain
Hypertensive. Bp =
140/100 mmHg
ESRD
Gastrointestinal Inspection Anorexia, nausea &
vomiting.
Hiccups.
Due to the
decomposition of
the urea by the
intestinal flora
resulting in a high
concentration of
ammonia.
Due to the accumulation of toxic substances that stimulates phrenic nerves.
Genitourinary Difficulty in urinating
(+) oliguria
(+) foley catheter
UO = 50 cc,
Urine is clear in color and
is aromatic
ESRD
Normal
C. General Appraisal
i. Speech
- He is oriented and converses appropriately without any problem in his speech.
ii. Language
- He knows Ilonggo, Tagalong and a little in English.
iii. Hearing
- He is able to hear moderate sounds and interpret auditory stimuli appropriately.
iv. Emotional status
- He is worried about his condition and he really wanted that his disease will be treated.
He has a low self – esteem and is no t confident with his body structures; is
cooperative and can interact to people around him.
21
v. Mental status
- He is conscious, alert, coherent and oriented to person, time, place and events
occurring in the environment. He is fond of asking questions about something most
especially about his condition and able to comprehend instructions and commands.
LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC DATA
Date: September 15, 20103
Fluid: Serum
Test Result Normal
Values
Significance
Potassium ↓ 3.27 mmol/L 3.5-5.1 Due to prolonged vomiting.
Sodium ↓ 129.5 mmol/L 136-145 Due to the salt – wasting properties of
failing kidneys; vomiting.
Creatinine ↑ 1679.6 umol/L 77-133 Due to decrease glomerular filtration of the
kidneys.
Urinalysis
Test Result Normal
Values
Significance
Macroscopic
Protein 3+ 0 Due to increase creatinine which indicates renal failure,
and at that time the kidney is failing to metabolize the
protein, thus protein is being excreted via urine without
undergoing metabolism & impaired metabolism of renal
tubule.
Microscopic
RBC/hpf 3-8 0 – 2 / hpf It occurs because the kidneys are being damaged and a
presence of cyst in right kidney.
WBC/hpf 8-23 0 – 5 / hpf Infection; The body compensates to fight against
bacteria, & the dead WBC are being excreted in the urine
since the kidney cannot filter it.
Bacteria Few Invasion of pathogens in the urinary tract.
22
ABG Analysis
Test Result Normal Values Significance
pH 7.263 7.35-7.45 Fully compensated metabolic acidosis &
respiratory alkalosis
It occurs because of the kidneys inability to excrete
hydrogen ions, ↓ reabsorption of NaHCO3, ↓
formation of dihydrogen phosphate and NH3.
pCO2 21.1 35-45 mmHg
pO2 154.1 80-100 mmHg
HCO3 9.2 22-26 mmol/L
O2 Sat. 99% 97-100% Normal
Date: September 16. 2010
Hematology
Test Result Normal
Values
Significance
Hematocrit .15 vol.(fr) 0.42 – 0.52 It occurs because the kidneys are unable to
produce erythropoietin, a hormone necessary
for RBC production.
Hemoglobin 50 gms/L 120 – 160
RBC 1.75 X 10^12/L 4.6 – 6.2
WBC 9.5 X 10^9/L 4.5 – 11 As a compensatory mechanism of the body to
fight against the invasion of pathogens.Lymphocytes .06 25-30%
Monocytes .01 2-5%
Urinalysis
Test Result Normal Values Significance
Macroscopic
Transparency Hazy Clear Due to presence of bacteria.
Specific gravity 1.005 .1.10 – 1.25 Due to the fluid that accumulates in the body.
Protein 2+ Negative Due to increase creatinine which indicates
renal failure, and at that time the kidney is
failing to metabolize the protein, thus protein is
being excreted via urine without undergoing
metabolism.
Microscopic
RBC/hpf 20-31 0 – 2 / hpf It occurs because the kidneys are being
damaged and a presence of cyst in right
kidney.
WBC/hpf 8-12 0 – 5 / hpf Infection; the body compensates to fight
against bacteria, & the dead WBC are being
excreted in the urine since the kidney cannot
filter it.
Bacteria Few Invasion of bacteria in the urinary tract.
Ultrasound: KUB
23
Significance
Kidneys:
The right kidney measures approximately:
Coronal = 110.6 x 50.7 x 43mm (LWT) with a cortical thickness of 17.1 mm.
The borders are fuzzy.
There is increased parenchymal echopattern.
A 7.1 x 6.2 x 7.0 mm (LWH) with a volume of .2 ml cystic mass is noted in the inferior
pole.
There is no caliectasia.
There is no lithiasis.
The left kidney measures approximately:
Coronal = 102 x 64.8 x 48 mm (LWT) with a cortical thickness of 16.9 mm.
The borders are fuzzy.
There is increased parenchymal echopattern.
There is no caliectasia.
There is no lithiasis.
Urinary Bladder:
The urinary bladder is well distended.
It has smooth walls with a thickness of 5.2 – 6.3 mm.
No intraluminal echoes seen.
The full urinary bladder has a volume of approximately 178.6 cc.
Post void scan shows no residual urine volume.
Impression:
Normal urinary bladder ultrasonically.
Diffuse renal parenchymal disease, both kidneys.
Renal cyst, inferior pole, right kidney.
September 18, 2010
Hematology
Test Result Normal Values Significance
Hematocrit .33 vol.(fr). .42 - .52 It occurs because the kidneys are unable to
produce erythropoietin, a hormone necessary
for RBC production.Hemoglobin 110 gms/L 12 – 160
24
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
25
↑ Creatinine
Decrease renal blood flow
Decrease glomerular filtration (GFR)
Hypertrophy of remaining nephrons as they filter large load of solutes
Inability to concentrate urine adequately
Thickening in the amount of collagen inthe basement membranes
of the small vessels
Predisposing factors:
Family history of Hypertension
Precipitating factors:Lifestyle
-alcoholic drinker
-illegal drugs user
-carbonated drinker for about 5-7 bottles/day
Renal cyst
Specific gravity = ↓1.005
26
K = ↓ 3.27 mmol/L
Na = ↓ 129.5 mmol/L
Hypertension, blood pH =
↓7.263
Loss of nonexcretory renal function
Loss of excretory renal
function
Body becomes unable to rid itself of excess water, salt & other waste products through the
kidneys
Continuous decline in renal function
GFR falls below 15 mL/min/1.73 m2
Further loss of nephron function
Inability of the tubules to reabsorb electrolytes
END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)
Failure to produce
erythropoietin
Anemia
Decreased hydrogen excretion
Metabolic acidosis
Fatigue & weakness
Nausea & vomiting
Proteinuria
Anemia
oliguria
Pallor
SOB
27
Impaired function of
RAAS
Water retention
Edema
Hypertension
↑ rennin secretion
↑ rennin secretion
Vomiting
Anorexia
Muscle cramps
Decreased potassium excretion
hypokalemia
Decrease excretion of nitrogenous
waste
Chest pain
Hiccups
Anorexia
Nausea & vomiting
Facial grimacing
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
A. Drug Study
Brand Name Norvasc
Generic Name Amlodipine
Drug class Antihypertensive, calcium – channel blocker
Dosage 5 mg 1 tab OD
Indications Hypertension
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
Adverse reaction Dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, peripheral edema,
fatigue, lethargy, flushing, nausea
Mechanism of Action Inhibits the movement of calcium ions across the membranes
of cardiac & arterial muscle cells. Inhibits transmembrane
calcium flow which results in the depression of impulse
formation in specialized cardiac peacemaker cells, slowing of
the velocity of conduction of the cardiac impulse, depression of
myocardial contractility & dilation of coronary arteries &
arterioles and peripheral arterioles lead to decreased cardiac
work, decreased cardiac oxygen consumption.
Nursing Responsibilities Administer with meals if upset stomach occurs.
Monitor the BP, cardiac rhythm & output.
Eat frequent small meals.
Report irregular heartbeat, SOB, swelling of hands & feet
Generic Name Hydrocortisone
Drug class Adrenocortical steroid, Glucocortecoids
Dosage 250mg IV every 8 hours
Indications ESRD
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
Adverse reaction Euphoria, insomnia, seizures, heart failure, HTN, edema,
28
arrhythmias, thrombo embolism. cataracts glaucoma, PUD, GI
irritation, increase appetite, pancreatitis, hypokalemia,
hyperglycemia, carbohydrate intolerance. muscle weakness,
growth suppression in children, osteoporosis.. hirsutism,
delayed wound healing, acne, easy bruising
Mechanism of Action May stabilize leukocyte lysosomal membranes, suppress
immune response, stimulate bone marrow and influence
nutrient metabolism. It reduces inflammation, suppress immune
function and raises adrenocorticoid hormonal levels.
Nursing Responsibilities Monitor patient’s weight, BP.
Monitor patient’s for stress. Fever, trauma, surgery and
emotional problems may increase adrenal insufficiency.
Periodically measure growth and development during high-
dose or prolonged therapy in infants and children.
Be alert for adverse reactions and drug interactions
Brand Name Micardis plus
Generic Name Telmisartan
Drug class Angiotensin II receptor anatagonist
Dosage 40 mg 1 tab OD
Indications Treatment for hypertension
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
Use cautiously with hepatic or biliary impairment,
hypovelemia
Adverse reaction Lightheadedness, headache, muscle weakness, hypotension,
palpitations, constipation, flatulence, gastritis, dry mouth,
dyspnea, cough, back pain, gout
Mechanism of Action Selectively blocks the binding of angiotensin II to specific tissue
receptors found in the vascular smooth muscle and adrenal
gland; this action blocks the vasoconstriction effects of the
rennin-angiotensin system as well as the release of
aldosterone, leading to decrease BP
Nursing Responsibilities Administer without regard to meals.
If BP control does both reach desired levels, diuretics or
other antihypertensive may be added to telemesartan.
Monitor BP carefully.
Note chills, dizziness and pregnancy.
Brand Name Renogen
Generic Name Epoetin alfa recombinant
29
Drug class Erythropoietin
Dosage 2,000 units 3x / week
Indications ESRD, anemia
Contraindications Uncontrolled hypertension
Hypersensitivity
Use in chronic renal failure clients who need severe anemia
corrected
Adverse reaction Hypertension, headache, fatigue, N and V, diarrhea, edema,
asthenia, respiratory congestion, cough, pyrexia, rash, SOB,
insomnia, pruritus, DVT (in surgery clients), hyperkalemia
Mechanism of Action Made by recombinant DNA Technology; it has the identical
amino acid sequence and same biologic effects as
endogenous erythropoietin (which is normally synthesized in
the kidney and stimulates RBC production). Epoetin alfa will
stimulate RBC production and thus elevate or maintain The
RBC level, decreasing the need for blood transfusion.
Nursing Responsibilities Do not give with any other drug solutions.
Do not dilute or give in conjunction with other drug
solutions.
Note any sensitivity to mammalian cell-derived products or
human albumin.
Determine CBC and iron stores.
Assess BP, control hypertension. Assess for seizures with
any significant hematocrit increase.
Regularly monitor CBC, renal function studies, I and O,
electrolytes, phosphorus and uric acid levels.
Generic Name Chlorpromazine hydrochloride
Drug class Antipsychotic, phenothiazine
Dosage 50 mg ¼ tab HS
Indications Positive intake of prohibited drugs and ESRD,
Adverse reaction Constipation, drowsiness, blurred vision, decreased sweating,
tremor, difficulty urinating, dark urine, dizziness, increased
appetite, menstrual iirigularities, swollen breast
Mechanism of Action Has significant antiemetic, hypotensive, and sedative effects;
moderated anticholinergic and extrapyramidal effects
Nursing Responsibilities Solutions may cause contact dermatitis; avoid contact with
hands or clothing.
Monitor vital signs, I&O, CBC, liver and renal function
studies. Ocular exams and ECG with prolonged activity.
Assess male clients for S&S of prostatic hypertrophy
30
Generic Name Ranitidine hydrochloride
Drug class Histamine H2 receptor blocking drug
Dosage 50 mg IV every 8 hours
Indications Gastric Ulcer
Contraindications Cirrhosis of the liver, impaired renal or hepatic function
Adverse reaction Headache, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and
vomiting
Mechanism of Action Competitively inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the
effect of histamine H2 receptors. Both daytime and nocturnal
basal gastric acid secretion, as well as food-and penetagastrin-
stimulated gastric acid are inhibited. Weak inhibitor of
cytochrome P-45 (drug-matabolizing enzymes); thus, drug
interactions involving inhibition of hepatic metabolism are not
expected to occur
Nursing Responsibilities Visually inspect parenteral drug product for particulate
matter, and discoloration before administration.
Monitor CBC, B12, RENAL, LFT’s. Asses for infections.
Teach client to avoid alcohol, aspirin-containing products,
and beverages that contain caffeine (tea, cola, coffee);
these increase stomach acid.
Tell client not to smoke; interferes with healing and drug’s
effectiveness
Brand Name Plasil
Generic Name Metoclopramide
Drug class Gastrointestinal Stimulant
Dosage 10 mg IV every 8 hours
Indications Anorexia and vomiting
Contraindications Pheochromocytoma ,gastrointestinal hemorrhage, obstruction,
or perforation, epilepsy,clients taking drugs likely to cause
extrapyramidal symptoms, such as phenothiazines
Adverse reaction Extrapyramidal symptoms, restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue,
lassitude, akathasia, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea
Mechanism of Action Dopamine antagonist that acts by increasing sensitivity to
acetylcholine; results in increased motility of upper GI tract and
relaxation of the pyloric sphincter and duodenal bulb
Nursing Responsibilities Assess abdomen for bowel sounds, distention, N&V.
Inject slowly IV over 1-2 minutes to prevent transient
feelings of anxiety and restlessness.
Teach client that this drug increases movement/
31
concentrations of the stomach and intestine.
Tell patient to avoid alcohol and CNS depressant.
Brand Name Cellcept
Generic Name Micophenolate mofeyil
Drug class Immunosuppressant
Dosage 500 mg 1 tab TID
Indications ESRD
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
Adverse reaction Chest pain, edema, hypertension, hemorrhage, kidney tubular
necrosis, anemie, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hyper & hypokalemia,
hypophosphatemia, back pain, cough, dyspnea, acne, rash,
sepsis.
Mechanism of Action Inhibits proliferative responses of T – and B – lymphocytes,
suppresses antibody formation by B- lymphocytes, and may
inhibit recruitment of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and
graft ejection.
Nursing Responsibilities Obtain a serum or urine pregnancy test within one week of
beginning therapy and provide contraception counceling.
Obtain history of kidney transplant.
Monitor CBC regularly.
Monitor serum potassium and phosphate, glucose level,
and cholesterol level.
Brand Name Aldazide
Generic Name Spironolactone
Drug class K – sparing diuretics
Dosage 25 mg 1 tab BID
Indications Edema
Contraindications Acute renal insufficiency, anuria, hyperkalemia, pregnancy.
Adverse reaction Gynaecomastia, drowsiness, lethargy, rash, headache, mental
confusion, ataxia, impotence, menstrual irregularities,
agranulocytosis.
Mechanism of Action Promotes water and Na excretion and hinders potassium
excretion by antagonizing aldosterone in distal tubule.
Nursing Responsibilities Monitor electrolyte level, fluid intake and output, weight and
blood pressure.
Assess patient’s condition before starting therapy and
regularly thereafter to monitor drug’s effectiveness.
Maximum antihypertensive response may be delayed up to
32
2 weeks.
Be alert for adverse reactions and drug interactions.
Brand Name Benadryl
Generic Name Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Drug class Antihistamine
Dosage 50 mg 1 cap HS
Indications Allergy symptoms
Contraindications Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity and asthma
attack.
Adverse reaction Dizziness, drowsiness, sedation, seizures, sleepiness, dry
mouth, epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, agranulocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, anaphylactic shock.
Mechanism of Action Competes with histamine for H1 – receptor sites on effector
cells. Prevents but doesn’t reverse histamine- mediated
responses, particularly histamine’s effect on smooth muscle of
bronchial tubes, GI tract, uterus, and blood vessels. Provides
local anesthesia by peventing initiation and transmission of
nerve impulses, and suppresses cough reflex by direct effect in
medulla of brain.
Nursing Responsibilities Take the drug 30 minutes before travel, to avoid motion
sickness.
Avoid alcohol and refrain from driving or performing other
hazardous activities that require alertness.
Tell pt. That coffee or tea may reduce drowsiness.
Obtain history of patient’s underlying condition before
therapy, and reassess regularly thereafter.
Brand Name Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Drug class Ion buffer, oral antacid
Dosage 650 mg 2 tabs BID
Indications Metabolic acidosis
Contraindications In pt. With metabolic and respiratory alkalosis, patients who are
losing chlorides from vomiting or continuous GI suction,
patients taking diuretics known to produce hypochloremic
alkalosis, patients with hypocalcemia in which alkalosis may
produce tetany, hypertension, seizures or heart failure; and
patients with acute ingestion of strong mineral acids.
Adverse reaction Belching, flatulence, gastric distension, hypernatremia,
hyperosmolaity, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, iiritation and
pain in injection site.
33
Mechanism of Action Restore body’s buffering capacity and neutralizes excess acid.
Nursing Responsibilities To avoid risk of alkalosis, obtain blood pH, PaO2, PaCO2,
and electrolyte level.
If NaHCOe3 is being used to produce alkaline urine,
monitor urine pH every 4 – 6 hours.
Give drug with water, not milk; drug may cause
hypercalcemia, alkalosis or possibly renal calculi.
Generic Name Furosemide
Drug class Loop diuretic
Dosage 20 mg IVTT every 6 hours
Indications Hypertension, edema (anasarca)
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
Drug Interactions Increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias with digitalis
glycosides.
Increased riskof ototoxicity with aminoglycoside antibiotics,
ciplastin.
Decreased absorption of furosemide with phenytoin.
Decreased GI absorption with charcoal.
Adverse reaction Dizziness, vertigo, paresthesias, xanthopsia, weakness,
orthostatic hypotension
Mechanism of Action Inhibits reabsorption of Na & Cl from the proximal and distal
tubules & ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to a Na-
rich diuresis.
Nursing Responsibilities Administer with food or milk to prevent GI upset.
Give early in the day so that increased urination will not
disturb sleep.
Monitor I & O.
Measure & record weight.
Avoid rapid position changes & hazardous activities.
Use frequent mouth care.
34
35
B. Medi Map
36
Pathophysiology:In end stage renal disease (ESRD), the
blood flow to the kidneys may be drastically reduced due to all the damage to the filtering structures in the kidney (the glomeruli). Urine output decreases as a result, and toxic substances build up in the blood. The sum effect of this is "uremia," a complex biochemical syndrome that results from this toxic buildup. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine are two blood markers that rise in renal disease. Electrolyte levels can also become deranged in renal disease.
Pathophysiology:In end stage renal disease (ESRD), the
blood flow to the kidneys may be drastically reduced due to all the damage to the filtering structures in the kidney (the glomeruli). Urine output decreases as a result, and toxic substances build up in the blood. The sum effect of this is "uremia," a complex biochemical syndrome that results from this toxic buildup. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine are two blood markers that rise in renal disease. Electrolyte levels can also become deranged in renal disease.
Risk factors:
Excessive intake of illegal drugs
Excessive alcoholic and carbonated drinker for about 5-7 bottles/day
Risk factors:
Excessive intake of illegal drugs
Excessive alcoholic and carbonated drinker for about 5-7 bottles/day
Signs & symptoms:Hyponatremia↑ serum creatinineProteinuriaMetabolic acidosisAnemiaAnorexia, nausea & vomitingHypertensionChest painMuscle crampsConfusionAnasarcaPallor
Signs & symptoms:Hyponatremia↑ serum creatinineProteinuriaMetabolic acidosisAnemiaAnorexia, nausea & vomitingHypertensionChest painMuscle crampsConfusionAnasarcaPallor
Prevention:Low protein diet.Sodium, potassium & phosphorus restrictions.Restriction of fluid intake.Encourage cessation of toxic substances such as alcohol and illegal drugs.
Advise to eat nutritious food would somehow help the patient on regaining some strengths or energy to his body, such as green leafy vegetables.
Prevention:Low protein diet.Sodium, potassium & phosphorus restrictions.Restriction of fluid intake.Encourage cessation of toxic substances such as alcohol and illegal drugs.
Advise to eat nutritious food would somehow help the patient on regaining some strengths or energy to his body, such as green leafy vegetables.
Nursing interventions:
Turn the patient often & use a convoluted foam mattress to prevent skin
breakdown.
Provide good oral hygiene by encouraging or performing frequent brushing
with a soft brush or sponge tip to reduce breath odor & providing
sugarless hard candy & mouthwash to minimize the metallic taste in the
mouth & alleviate thirst.
Offer small, nutritious & palatable meals.
Monitor for signs of hyperkalemia. Watch for muscle irritability and a weak
pulse rate.
Carefully assess the patient’s hydration status; check for jugular vein
distention, auscultate the lungs for crackles, carefully measure daily
intake & output, record
Encourage deep breathing & coughing to prevent pulmonary congestion,
auscultate the lungs often, stay alert foe clinical effects of pulmonary
edema & administer diuretics & other medications as ordered.
Observe for signs of bleeding & monitor haemoglobin level & hematocrit &
check stool, urine & vomitus for blood.
Report signs of pericarditis such as pericardial friction rub and chest pain.
Nursing interventions:
Turn the patient often & use a convoluted foam mattress to prevent skin
breakdown.
Provide good oral hygiene by encouraging or performing frequent brushing
with a soft brush or sponge tip to reduce breath odor & providing
sugarless hard candy & mouthwash to minimize the metallic taste in the
mouth & alleviate thirst.
Offer small, nutritious & palatable meals.
Monitor for signs of hyperkalemia. Watch for muscle irritability and a weak
pulse rate.
Carefully assess the patient’s hydration status; check for jugular vein
distention, auscultate the lungs for crackles, carefully measure daily
intake & output, record
Encourage deep breathing & coughing to prevent pulmonary congestion,
auscultate the lungs often, stay alert foe clinical effects of pulmonary
edema & administer diuretics & other medications as ordered.
Observe for signs of bleeding & monitor haemoglobin level & hematocrit &
check stool, urine & vomitus for blood.
Report signs of pericarditis such as pericardial friction rub and chest pain.
Medical ManagementDrugs;
Amlodipine (Norvasc) 5 mg 1 tab ODHydrocortisone 250 mg IV q8hTelmisartan (Micardis plus) 40 mg 1 tab ODEpoetin alfa recombinant (Renogen) 2,000 units 3x/weekChlorpromazine hydrochloride 50 mg ¼ tab HSRanitidine hydrochloride 50 mg IV q8hMetoclopramide (Plasil) 10 mg IV q8hMycophenolate mofetil (Cell cept) 500 mg 1 tab TID(Aldazide) 25 mg 1 tab BIDDiphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) 50 mg 1 cap HSSodium Bicarbonate 650 mg 2 tab BIDFurosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
IVF Left carpal vein - PNSS 1L + 20 mEqs NaCl x 60 cc/° Side drip - D5W 500 c + 100 mEqa NaHCO3x24°x 2Right carpal vein - PNSS 500 cc x KVO O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula
Medical ManagementDrugs;
Amlodipine (Norvasc) 5 mg 1 tab ODHydrocortisone 250 mg IV q8hTelmisartan (Micardis plus) 40 mg 1 tab ODEpoetin alfa recombinant (Renogen) 2,000 units 3x/weekChlorpromazine hydrochloride 50 mg ¼ tab HSRanitidine hydrochloride 50 mg IV q8hMetoclopramide (Plasil) 10 mg IV q8hMycophenolate mofetil (Cell cept) 500 mg 1 tab TID(Aldazide) 25 mg 1 tab BIDDiphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) 50 mg 1 cap HSSodium Bicarbonate 650 mg 2 tab BIDFurosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
IVF Left carpal vein - PNSS 1L + 20 mEqs NaCl x 60 cc/° Side drip - D5W 500 c + 100 mEqa NaHCO3x24°x 2Right carpal vein - PNSS 500 cc x KVO O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula
Laboratory and Diagnostic TestUrinalysisHematologySerum electrolytes test: Potassium, chlorideSerum creatinieABG analysisUltrasound: KUB
Laboratory and Diagnostic TestUrinalysisHematologySerum electrolytes test: Potassium, chlorideSerum creatinieABG analysisUltrasound: KUB
END-STAGE RENAL DISEASEEND-STAGE RENAL DISEASE
NURSING MANAGEMENT
37
A. Concept Map of Nursing Problems
38
Impaired gas exchange r/t decreased O2
carrying capacity of the blood
End – Stage Renal FailureCc : vomiting
7. Altered comfort r/t persistent hiccup.
6. Pain r/t the accumulation of
toxic substances 2° impaired
renal function.
5. Fluid volume excess r/t the excessive accumulation of
fluid in the interstitial space 2° to ↑ hydrostatic pressure.
4. Impaired urinary elimination r/t diminished
renal function.
3. Imbalance nutrition: less than body requirements r/t
loss of appetite and vomiting.
Ineffective renal tissue perfusion r/t decreased
hemoglobin concentration in blood.
8. Risk for impaired skin integrity r/t the accumulation
of fluid in the interstitial space 2° imbalanced
nutritional state.
39
Impaired gas exchange r/t decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Subjective:
“Daw nabudlayan pa guid ko gyapon
magginhawa”, as verbalized.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) DOB
(+) fatigue
(+) weakness
(+) pallor
(+) anemia
(+) confusion
Hematology:
Hct = ↓ 15 vol.(fr)
Hgb = ↓50 gms/L
RBC = ↓1.75 X 10^12/L
ABG:
pCO2 = ↓21.1 mmHg
pO2 = ↑154.1 mmHg
Renogen 2,000 units 3x/week
O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula
4. Impaired urinary elimination r/t
diminished renal function.
Subjective:
“Indi ako kaihi”, as verbalized.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
(+) anasarca
Distended urinary bladder
(+) Oliguria
(+) fatigue
(+) weakness
Pain @ hypogastric area
No urine output for 7 hours
(+) tenderness
Intake exceeds output. I = 230 cc, O =
120 cc
Difficulty upon urination
Adm. Dx: CKD 2° to nepholithiasis
Urinalysis:
RBC/hpf = ↑3 – 8 / hpf (hematuria)
WBC/hpf = ↑8 – 23 / hpf (pyuria)
KUB:
Diffuse renal parenchymal disease, both
kidneys.
Renal cyst, inferior pole, right kidney
Furosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
Aldazide 25 mg 1 tab BID
3. Imbalance nutrition: less than
body requirements r/t loss of
appetite and vomiting.
Subjective:
“Wala ako gana magkaon”, as
verbalized.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) DOB
(+) fatigue
(+) weakness
(+) anorexia
(+) nausea & vomiting.
(+) anasarca
(+) right arm muscle cramps
(+) dry skin & lips
Serum electrolytes:
K = ↓ 3.27 mmol/L
Na = ↓ 129.5 mmol/L
Renogen 2,000 units 3x/week
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride 50
mg ¼ tab HS
2. Ineffective renal tissue perfusion r/t decreased hemoglobin concentration in
blood.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
(+) DOB
(+) anemia
(+) oliguria
Serum creatinine = ↑1679.6 umol/L
Serum electrolytes:
K = ↓ 3.27 mmol/L
Na = ↓ 129.5 mmol/L
Hematology:
Hct = ↓ 15 vol.(fr)
Hgb = ↓50 gms/L
RBC = ↓1.75 X 10^12/L
ABG:
pCO2 = ↓21.1 mmHg
pO2 = ↑154.1 mmHg
Urinalysis:
Protein = +3
RBC/hpf = ↑3 – 8 / hpf (hematuria)
WBC/hpf = ↑8 – 23 / hpf (pyuria)
KUB:
Diffuse renal parenchymal disease, both kidneys.
Renal cyst, inferior pole, right kidney.
Renogen 2,000 units 3x/week
Amlodipine (Norvasc) 5 mg 1 tab OD
Telmisartan (Micardis plus) 40 mg 1 tab OD
Aldazide 25 mg 1 tab BID
Furosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula.
40
8. Risk for impaired skin integrity
r/t the accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial space 2° imbalanced
nutritional state.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) anasarca
(+) anemia
(+) dry skin
Serum electrolytes:
K = ↓3.27 mmol/L
Na = ↓ 129.5 mmol/L
Creatinine = ↑1679.6 umol/L
Hematology:
Hct = ↓ 15 vol.(fr)
Hgb = ↓50 gms/L
RBC = ↓1.75 X 10^12/L
ABG:
pH =↓ 7.263
pCO2 = ↓21.1 mmHg
pO2 = ↑154.1 mmHg
NaCO3 = ↓9.2 mmol/L
7. Altered comfort r/t
persistent hiccup
Subjective:
“Ginasinidoh ako”, as
verbalized.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) DOB
(+) facial grimace
(+) persistent hiccup
(+) weakness
(+) fatigue
Chest pain progresses
during hiccups.
6. Pain r/t the accumulation of toxic
substances 2° impaired renal
function.
Subjective:
“Gasakit man gyapon akon dughan”,
as verbalized.
Objectives:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21
(+) DOB
(+) weakness
(+) fatigue
(+) pallor
(+) hiccups
(+) facial grimace
(+) anterior chest pain with a pain scale
of 5.
(+) anorexia
Adm. Dx: CKD 2° to Nephrolithiasis.
Serum creatinine = 1679.6 umol/L
O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula
5. Fluid volume excess r/t the excessive
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial
space 2° to ↑ hydrostatic pressure.
Subjective:
“Nagpalanghabok gidman sa”, as
verbalized by the folks.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) DOB
Abdominal girth = 94 cm
(+) anasarca
(+) anorexia
Distended urinary bladder
(+) of bruits in 4 abdominal quadrants upon
auscultation.
(+) weight gain over a short period of time.
Weight before admission = 68 kg, current
weight = 72 kg.
Fluid intake exceeds output. Intake = 230
cc, output = 120 cc.
(+) fatigue
(+) weakness
Furosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
Aldazide 25 mg 1 tab BID
O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula
B. Nursing Care Plan
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:
“Daw nabudlayan pa gid
ko gyapon magginhawa”,
as verbalized.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) DOB
(+) SOB
(+) fatigue
(+) weakness
(+) pallor
(+) anemia
(+) confusion
Hematology:
-Hct = ↓ 15 vol.(fr)
-Hgb = ↓50 gms/L
-RBC = ↓1.75 X
10^12/L
1. Impaired gas
exchange r/t
decreased oxygen
carrying capacity of
the blood.
To provide adequate
oxygenation within the
shift.
Dependent:
Administered Renogen
2,000 units 3x/week
Provided O2 @ 2 Lpm
via nasal cannula.
Independent:
Monitored VS.
Positioned with HOB
elevated.
It has the same biologic
effects as endogenous
erythropoietin that
stimulate RBC
production and thus
elevate or maintain The
RBC level.
To provide oxygen
needed by the body for
functioning.
To determine alteration in the vital signs which includes the RR, BP,
CR.
Promotes better lung
expansion & improve
gas exchange
Goal met.
Bp = 130/90 mmHg
RR = 20 bpm
No any complaints of
DOB.
41
ABG:
-pCO2 = ↓21.1
mmHg
-pO2 = ↑154.1
mmHg
Provided rest periods to
prevent fatigue.
Recommended quietatmosphere and
bed rest if indicated.
Encouraged toperform foot exercises
every hour whenawake.
Encouraged a deep breathing exercise.
Even simple activities such as bathing can
increase oxygen consumption & cause
fatigue
This enhancesrest to lower
body’s oxygenrequirements andreduces strain on
the heart andlungs.
This will promotevenous return andbetter circulation.
Promotes optimal lung expansion.
42
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
(+) DOB
(+) anemia
(+) oliguria
Serum creatinine =
↑1679.6 umol/L
Serum electrolytes:
-K = ↓ 3.27
mmol/L
-Na = ↓ 129.5
mmol/L
Hematology:
-Hct = ↓ 15 vol.(fr)
-Hgb = ↓50 gms/L
-RBC = ↓1.75 X
10^12/L
ABG:
-pCO2 = ↓21.1
mmHg
-pO2 = ↑154.1
2. Ineffective renal
tissue perfusion r/t
decreased hemoglobin
concentration in blood.
To demonstrate
adequate oxygenation
and perfusion within the
shift
Dependent:
Administered Renogen
2,000 units 3x/week
Adminitered Amlodipine
(Norvasc) 5 mg 1 tab OD
Administered Telmisartan (Micardis plus) 40 mg 1 tab OD
It has the same biologic
effects as endogenous
erythropoietin that
stimulate RBC
production and thus
elevate or maintain The
RBC level.
Inhibits transmembrane
calcium flow which
slowing of the velocity of
conduction of the cardiac
impulse, depression of
myocardial contractility &
dilation of coronary
arteries & arterioles and
peripheral arterioles lead
to decreased cardiac
work.
Selectively blocks the
binding of angiotensin II
Goal met.
Bp = 130/90 mmHg
RR = 20 bpm
(-) DOB
43
mmHg
Urinalysis:
-Protein = +3
-RBC/hpf = ↑3 – 8
/ hpf
(hematuria)
-WBC/hpf = ↑8 –
23 / hpf
(pyuria)
KUB:
-Diffuse renal
parenchymal
disease, both
kidneys.
-Renal cyst,
inferior pole,
right kidney.
Administered Aldazide
25 mg 1 tab BID
Administered Furosemide 20 mg IVTT
q8h
Provided O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula.
to specific tissue
receptors found in the
vascular smooth muscle
and adrenal gland
leading to decrease BP.
Promotes water and Na
excretion and hinders
potassium excretion by
antagonizing aldosterone
in distal tubule that leads
to decrease Bp.
Inhibits reabsorption of
Na & Cl from the
proximal and distal
tubules & ascending limb
of the loop of Henle,
leading to a Na-rich
dieresis that leads to
decrease Bp.
To provide oxygen needed by the body for
functioning.
44
Independent:
Monitored VS.
Maintained bed rest, provide quiet environment,
To monitor patient from any changes in his
status. Elevated VS may indicate poor circulation
and oxygenation.
To decrease oxygen and blood demand.
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:
“Wala ako gana
magkaon”, as verbalized.
Objective:
Bp = 140/100 mmHg
RR = 21 bpm
(+) DOB
(+) fatigue
(+) weakness
(+) anorexia
(+) nausea &
3. Imbalance nutrition:
less than body
requirements r/t loss of
appetite and vomiting.
To be able to
demonstrate selection of
food necessary for
weight gain and
consume adequate
nourishment within the
shift.
Dependent:
Administered Renogen
2,000 units 3x/week
Administered
Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride 50 mg ¼
It has the same biologic
effects as endogenous
erythropoietin that
stimulate RBC
production and thus
elevate or maintain The
RBC level.
Has significant
antiemetic, hypotensive,
and sedative effects;
Goal partially met,
Consumed 50% of
served foods.
(-) nausea & vomiting
(+) anorexia
45
vomiting.
(+) anasarca
(+) right arm muscle
cramps
(+) dry skin & lips
Serum electrolytes:
-K = ↓ 3.27
mmol/L
-Na = ↓ 129.5
mmol/L
tab HS
Independent:
Discouraged beverages
that are caffeinated or
carbonated.
Encouraged range of
motion exercise.
Ensured a pleasant
environment.
Facilitated proper
position by elevating
HOB.
Provided good oral
hygiene and dentition.
moderated
anticholinergic and
extrapyramidal effects.
These may decrease
appetite and lead to
early satiety and will
make the client feel
full easily.
Metabolism and
utilization of nutrients are
enhanced by activity.
It gives a relaxed
feeling and will not
spoil her appetite.
Aids in swallowing and
reduces risk of aspiration
Noxious tastes, smells, and sight
are prime deterrents to
46
Eliminated smells from
the environment.
Instructed to avoid gas-
producer, very hot & very
cold foods
Instructed toavoid junk foods.
Educated regarding the importance of healthy
foods and it’s benefits to his body.
Encouraged to eat.
Taught about foods what & not what to eat
appetite and can produce nausea and
vomiting with increasedrespiratory difficulty.
Reduces gastric stimulation & vomiting
response
To prevent abdominal
distention
Junk foods have
empty calories thatprovide no nutritional
help to the client.
To provide ampleinformation and
awareness.
To provide nourishment
needed by the body for
metabolic demand.
To make him aware about his diet that is
needed for his nourishment.
47
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“Indi ako kaihi”, as verbalized.
Objective: Bp = 140/100 mmHg (+) anasarca Distended urinary
bladder (+) Oliguria (+) fatigue (+) weakness Pain @ hypogastric
area No urine output for 7
hours (+) tenderness Intake exceeds
output. I = 230 cc, O = 120 cc
Difficulty upon urination
Adm. Dx: CKD 2° to nepholithiasis
Urinalysis:-RBC/hpf = ↑3 – 8
/ hpf (hematuria)
-WBC/hpf = ↑8 – 23 / hpf (pyuria)
4.Impaired urinary elimination r/t
diminished renal function.
To relieve abdominal discomfort & eliminate
retention of urine after 30 mins of nursing
intervention.
Dependent:Administered
Furosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
Administered Aldazide 25 mg 1 tab BID
Independent:Monitored VS.
Monitored I & O.
Maintained clienton semi-fowler’s orposition of comfort
Inhibits reabsorption of Na & Cl from the
proximal and distal tubules & ascending limb
of the loop of Henle, leading to a Na-rich
dieresis.
Promotes water and Na excretion and hinders
potassium excretion by antagonizing aldosterone
in distal tubule.
To evaluate any manifestation caused by abdominal discomfort &
bladder retention like BP, RR, AR.
Provides information about kidney function
and presence of complications.
Allows relaxation of abdominal & perineal muscles to promote bladder emptying.
Goal met.
Obtained 80 cc of clear urine after
catheterization.
Reported relief of hypogastric area.
Total urine output within the shift = 210 cc.
48
KUB:-Diffuse renal
parenchymal disease, both kidneys.
-Renal cyst, inferior pole, right kidney.
Foley catheter inserted & secured as order.
Demonstrated proper positioning of catheter
drainage tubing and bag.
Provide catheter care.
Instructed to limit Na & fluid intake.
Maintained acidic environment of the
bladder by the use of agents, or vit. C from fruits and buko juice.
Instructed to avoid caffeinated and
carbonated beverages.
To facilitate elimination of urine that can
decrease abdominal discomfort.
To facilitate drainage and prevent reflux.
To prevent ascending UTI which may
aggravate the condition
To prevent further water retention that causes
edema.
To discourage bacterial growth.
To prevent bladder irritation.
49
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“Nagpalanghabok gidman sa”, as verbalized by the folks.
Objective: Bp = 140/100 mmHg RR = 21 bpm (+) DOB Abdominal girth = 94
cm (+) anasarca (+) anorexia Distended urinary
bladder (+) of bruits in 4
abdominal quadrants upon auscultation.
(+) weight gain over a short period of time. Weight before admission = 68 kg, current weight = 72 kg.
Fluid intake exceeds output. Intake = 230 cc, output = 120 cc.
(+) fatigue (+) weakness
5. Fluid volume excess r/t the excessive
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space
2° to ↑ hydrostatic pressure.
To stabilize fluid volume within the shift.
Dependent:Administered
Furosemide 20 mg IVTT q8h
Administered Aldazide 25 mg 1 tab BID
Provided O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula.
Independent:Monitored & recorded
vital signs
Instructed to limit fluid & Na intake.
Elevated edematous extremities.
Inhibits reabsorption of Na & Cl from the
proximal and distal tubules & ascending limb
of the loop of Henle, leading to a Na-rich
dieresis.
Promotes water and Na excretion and hinders
potassium excretion by antagonizing aldosterone
in distal tubule.
To provide oxygen needed by the body for
functioning.
To obtain baseline data
To monitor kidney function and fluid
retention
This increases venous return and, in turn, decreases edema.
Goal met.
Bp = 130/90mmHg
RR = 20 bpm
(-) DOB
Total urine output within the shift = 210 cc.
Total fluid intake = 190 cc.
50
Reduced constriction of vessels by avoiding crossing of legs or
ankles
Encouraged quiet, restful atmosphere.
Implemented comfort measures& safety
precautions to prevent skin breakdown.
Encouraged not to lie on bed all the time.
Assisted to a semi – fowler’s position.
This prevents venous pooling.
To conserve energy & lower tissue oxygen
demand.
Edema can cause skin to breakdown faster.
To reduce tissue breakdown & risk of skin
breakdown.
To facilitate movement of diaphragm, thus
improving respiratory effort.
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“Gasakit man gyapon
akon dughan”, as verbalized.
Objectives: Bp = 140/100 mmHg RR = 21 (+) DOB (+) weakness (+) fatigue
6.Pain r/t the accumulation of toxic
substances 2° impaired renal function.
To demonstrate a relief of pain as evidenced by decreased pain scale of 2 or 3 after 4 hours of nursing intervention.
Dependent:Provided O2 @ 2 Lpm via nasal cannula as
ordered.
Independent:Provided comfort measures & an
environment conducive for rest.
To provide an oxygen needed by the body for
compensation.
Promotes relaxation, reduces muscle tension, and enhances coping.
Goal met as evidenced by a decreased in pain
scale of 2.
RR = 20 bpm
(-) DOB
(-) facial grimace
51
(+) pallor (+) hiccups (+) facial grimace (+) anterior chest
pain with a pain scale of 5.
(+) anorexia Adm. Dx: CKD 2° to
Nephrolithiasis. Serum creatinine =
1679.6 umol/L
Monitored V/S.
Assisted to sit on chair.
Encouraged to limit intake of fluid & Na – rich
foods.
Encouraged a deep breathing exercises & relaxation techniques.
Provided diversional activities like watching
TV & talking with others.
Elevated the head of bed.
To monitor client’s pain status. Pain can cause
elevation of VS.
This position makes patient comfortable &
helps in relieving client’s pain.
Water and Na retention in the body may
contribute to the chest pain & discomfort as the fluids accumulate in the
chest cavity.
Promotes relaxation and reduces muscle tension.
Promotes relaxation and helps client refocus
attention on something besides discomfort.
This position makes patient comfortable &
helps in relieving client’s pain.
52
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“Ginasinidoh ako”, as verbalized.
Objective: Bp = 140/100 mmHg RR = 21 bpm (+) DOB (+) facial grimace (+) persistent hiccup (+) weakness (+) fatigue Chest pain
progresses during hiccups.
7. Altered comfort r/t persistent hiccup.
To provide pt’s comfort within the shift.
Independent:Provided rest periods.
Provided diversional activities like watching TV
and talking with others.
Provided relaxation techniques and cheerful
conversations.
Maintained a calm & quiet environment.
Provided a dim and light but providing good
Ventilation.
To facilitate comfort, sleep, and relaxation.
Distraction techniques heighten one’s
concentration upon non-painful stimuli
to decrease one’s awareness
Relaxation exercises Techniques are used
to bring about a state of physical and
mental awareness and tranquility.
To minimize stimulus that could
aggravate the condition.
To add comfort to the pt.
Goal partially met.
Still have a complaint of discomfort but the
episodes had lessen.
“Nag-ayo-ayo na yanda‘, as verbalized.
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Objective: Bp = 140/100 mmHg RR = 21 bpm (+) anasarca (+) anemia
8.Risk for impaired skin integrity r/t the
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space
2° imbalanced nutritional state.
To maintain skin integrity & prevent skin
breakdown within the shift.
Independent:VS monitored &
recorded.Changes in vital signs may indicate infection
caused by skin breakdown
Goal met.
No signs of skin breakdown or complaints
53
(+) dry skin
Serum electrolytes:-K = ↓3.27 mmol/L-Na = ↓ 129.5
mmol/L-Creatinine =
↑1679.6 umol/L
Hematology:-Hct = ↓ 15 vol.(fr)-Hgb = ↓50 gms/L-RBC = ↓1.75 X
10^12/L ABG:
-pH =↓ 7.263-pCO2 = ↓21.1
mmHg-pO2 = ↑154.1
mmHg-NaCO3 = ↓9.2
mmol/L
Use safety measures in changing the position.Encouraged use of lift
sheets to move patient in bed and discourage
patient or caregiver from elevating HOB
repeatedly.
Demonstrated good skin hygiene by washing
thoroughly and pat dry carefully.
Instructed to maintain clean & dry clothes,
preferably cotton fabric.
Encouraged not to lie on bed all the time and
provide range of motion exercise.
Recommended elevation of lower extremities
when sitting.
These measures reduce shearing forces on the
skin.
Maintaining clean & dry skin provides barrier to
infection. Patting skin dry instead of rubbing
reduces risk of dermal trauma to fragile skin.
Skin friction can cause by stiff or rough clothes
leads to irritation of fragile skin & increase
risk for infection.
Lying on bed all the time can increase risk of skin
integrity wherein a pressure is being applied
in the tissue. ROM exercise facilitates
circulation.
To enhance venous return & & reduce edema
formation.
of discomfort in the bony prominences.
54
DISCHARGE PLANNING
edications
Encourage the patient to have a strict compliance with regards to the medication to
attain therapeutic effects.
Explain to the patient the use and side effects of the medications so that he will be
aware of its effects.
Give adequate instructions to the significant others about the importance of the following
medications and dietary regimens so that the patient’s condition can remain stable as
soon as possible.
1. Renogen 2, 000 units 3x a week
2. NaHCO3 650 mg 2 tabs TID
3. Cellcept 500 mg 1 tab TID
4. Micardis plus 50 mg 1 tab OD
5. Amlodipine (Norvasc) 5 mg 1 tab OD
6. Aldazide 25 mg 1 tab BID
7. Chlopromazine 50 mg ¼ tab HS
xercise
Instruct the patient to practice moving his lower extremities to promote blood circulation
and even to improve the range of motion of his foot or feet so that he could somehow,
able to ambulate with himself in later times.
Educate the patient about bed exercises such as leg exercise, since patient is always on
bed and have limitations on his physical activity because his still weak.
Teach how to perform range-of-motion exercises because it helps reduce stiffness and
maintain or increase proper joint movement and flexibility.
reatment
Aware the patient to avoid over work for the following days and must have adequate bed
rest to regain energy or strength.
By means of anticipating the needs on the course of healing and curing process,
train the patient to focused to himself by not always depending on the interventions that
are not highly needed just to ease or prevent any health problem regarding his condition.
ome teaching
To promote adherence to the therapeutic programs. Teach the following:
Weighed self every morning to avoid fluid overload.
Drink limited amounts of fluid only when thirsty.
Measure alloted fluids and save some for ice cubes, sucking on ice is thirst quenching.
Eat food before drinking fluids to alleviate dry mouth.
55
Use hard candy or chewing gum to moisten the mouth.
Environmental sanitation is needed to provide a therapeutic way of curing himself.
Teach the patient and family how to measure blood pressure.
Teach the patient the importance of hand washing to avoid the spread of
infection.
ut-patient
Remind the patient that he must come back to the hospital one week after, for the follow-
up check-up to confirm if the patient’s condition is really restored. Also to know if there
are complications sited during the check up to know if patients condition have worsen or
not.
Advise patient and the family to report to the physician if any recurrence or severity of
symptoms, any adverse effects to the medication, and any development of
complications.
iet
Instruct him to avoid foods high in phosphorus, potassium & sodium because it can lead
to high probability of current of many diseases. These foods also can build up in the
bloodstream & can cause harm when they cannot eliminate by the kidneys.
Encourage cessation of toxic substances such as alcohol and illegal drugs in order to
prevent totally the worsening again of the problem and it can damage the kidneys by
causing a decrease in renal blood flow, obstructing urine flow, directly damaging
tubulointestinal structures or by producing hypersensitivity reaction.
Advise to eat nutritious food would somehow help the patient on regaining some
strengths or energy to his body, such as green leafy vegetables
Inform the client and the client’s relatives on the specific types of food that may help
speed up the recovery from the condition.
pirituality
Encourage the patient to read the Bible and pray to God always, ask for guidance and
pray for the healing and restoration of health.
Ask the patient to reflect on the Bible Scripture, “For I will restore health to you and heal
you on your wounds.” says the Lord. (Jeremiah 30:17).
Always seek spiritual advice and go on Sunday masses.
56