endokrin
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endokrinTRANSCRIPT
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FARMAKOLOGI ENDOKRENDr.Sunarni Zakaria,dr.,Mkes
Dep.Farmakologi FK Unair
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ANALOG & ANTAGONIS HORMON Definisi:Analog hormon :adl.zat sintetik yg berikatan dg reseptor
hormon, yang merangsang sintesis, sekresi dan afinitas hormon pd reseptor
Contoh :- sulfonil urea mergs sekr.insulin endogen
pe- kadar gula darah
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Antagonis hormon :adl.zat sintetik yg berikatan dg reseptor
hormon, yang menghambat sintesis, sekresi dan afinitas hormon pd reseptor
Klomifen menghbt kerja estr.pd mek.
umpan balik shg sekresi
gonadotropin tetap tinggiAnti tiroid menghbt sint.Tiroid utk terapi hipertiroid
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PREPARAT H.SINTETIK/SEMI SINTETIK
Sifat :- mendptkan sifat tertentu yg tdk ada pd
h.alam- tahan thd.enz.pencernaan- ms.kerja lebih panjang- efek samping lebih ringan tahan thd enzym pemecah dan dapat
berikatan dengan reseptor spesifik
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HORMON THYROID
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AXIS H.THYROID
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Istilah penting Goiter : pembesaran kel.thyroid Grave’s disease : gangguan autoimun yang
menyebabkan hipertiroidisme selama fase awal dan dapat berkembang menjadi hipotiroidisme jika ada kerusakan kelenjar pada tahap selanjutnya
Thyroglobulin : protein yang disintesa di kel. Tyroid, merupakan bahan residu utk pembentukan h.thyroid
TSH : hormon pituitary ant berfgs untuk pertumbuhan gl.thyroid dan produksi h.tyroid
Thyroid storm : severe thyrotoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis : sindromeatau gejala disebabkan
kelebihan h.thyroid Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) : sintesa protein
diliver untuk transport h.thyroid kedalam darah
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BIOSINTESA H.THYROID
Scn,Clo4
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FUNGSI H.THYROID
Efek h.Thyr : pertumbuhan normal, perkembangan organ organ saraf, otot dan sitem reproduksi ,kontrol metabolisme lemak, protein, karbohidrat, vitamin
Mech.of act T4 dan T3 T3 efeknya lebih poten dari T4 ,karena T4 akan dikonversi menjadi T3 pd sel target ,liver dan ginjal.
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PREPARAT H.THYROID
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PREPARAT H.THYROID SINTETIK
- levothyroxine (T4) - liothyronin (T3) Onset cepat dan d.o.a cepat
Preparat anti thyroid syntetik :A.Thioamides : - methymazol - propil thiouracil(PTU)B. Garam Yodide dan yodineC. yodine radio active ( I133 )D. Iodinated radiocantrast media : - diatrizoate
peroral - iohexol I.VE. obat lain :propanolol, amiodarone
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A.THIOAMIDES
- methymazol
- propil thiouracil(PTU)
efektif utk px muda dg pembesaran kel.thyroid dan peny yg tidak parah.
m.o.a : menghbt yudonisasi dr tyrosine residu dan
ik.thyroglobulin (MIT, DIT )
Efek tosik :
ringan : skin rash
berat : vaskulitis,agranulositosis,
hipoprothrombinemia, disfgs liver
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B.GARAM YODIDE DAN YODINE
Mech o.a : menghambat Yudonisasi dan release dari h.Thyroid menurunkan vaskularisasi dari kel.Thyroid yang
hiperplasia
Indikasi utk px dg kadar thyroid yg tinggi terutama
px yg akan dioperasi (hyperactive thyroid)
E.S rash, panas, perdarahan, reaksi anafilaktik
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C. YODINE RADIO ACTIVE ( I133 ) Jarang digunakan dan hanya utk kasus kasus
thyrotoksikosis yg tdk dioperasi K.i : wanita hamil dan menyusui
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D. IODINATED RADIOCANTRAST MEDIA
Preparatnya - ipodate - diatrizoate peroral - iohexol I.V
m.o.a : menghambat perubahan T4 - T3 di liver, ginjal dan jar.periferal lain
Indikasi : Thyrotoksikosis
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E. OBAT LAIN
m.o.a : menghbt konversi T4-T3
1.Beta blockers : propanolol bekerja langsung pada jantung yaitu
menanggulangi kelainan jantung terutama tachycardia pada severe thyrotoksikosis
2.Amiodarone efek anti aritmia indikasi : utk px goiter dg multinodule Cr pemberian : biasanya digunakan bersama
thioamides dan kortikosteroid
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hormon Cortiko steroid
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C.steroid horm adalah hormon yg diproduksi oleh cortex adrenal
menghslkan 2 mayor fisiologik & pharmacologic groups :
1. glukokortikoid (memp.efek penting pada metabolism,catabolisme, respon immune, inflamasi )
2. mineralokortikoid (meregulasi reabs sod, potasium pd mikrotubulus ginjal )
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EFEK ORGAN DAN JARINGAN
a. efek metabolik menstimulasi glukoneogenesis kadar
glukosa me- stim.sekr.insulin, katabolisme prot.otot
Stim lipolisis dan lipogenesis, me↑ deposisi lemak pada area ttt ( face moonfaced an bahu dan punggung (buffalo hump)
b.efek katabolik katab.prot, pada otot,jar.lymph, lemak, kulit, osteoporosis. pd anak menghbt pertumbuhan
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3. Efek immunosupresif C.St menghbt fgs cell mediated immunologic
terutama pada sel limfosit, mengaktifasi lymfosit
penting u/tx kanker Obat ini tdk mempengaruhi perkembangan
normal sist immune acquired tetapi pd organ transplantasi terjadi reaksi rejection walaupun lambat.
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4.anti inflamasi Meningkatkan neutrofil,menghambat limfosit,
eusinofil, basofil,monosit. Menghbt migrasi leukosit Mek.biokimia pada efek selluler menghbt
phospholipase 2, menurunkan mRNA u/ Cox-2, menurunkan IL-2,IL-3, dan menurunkan PAF dan sitokine inflamasi
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5. efek lain meningkatkan sekr as.lbg, menurunkan pertahanan mukosa usus dalam
pembentukan ulkus
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PREPARAT PREPARAT PENTING GLUKOKORTIKOID
1.cortisol (hydrocortisone) : Sekr.cortisol diregulasi oleh ACTH/ adreno
cortikotropin yg sekresinya sangat bervariatif tertinggi pada pagi hari dan paling rendah pada malam hari.
retensi garam hati hati pada px hipertensi
2. Sintetik glukokortikoid :Preparat nya : prednisolon, dexamethasone , triamcinolone ,
beclomethasone, budesonid
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beclomethasone, budesonid memp efek kuat menembus mukosa sal.nafas , durationnya cepat ,onset cepat sehingga efek sistemik dan toksisitas cukup cepat
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PENGGUNAAN KLINIK :
1. Addison disease : insufisiensi fungsi adrenal o.k. infeksi ,trauma dll.
2. peny.non adrenal : asma, rejection organ transplant penyakit penyakit collagen tx kanker kelainan neurologi
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TOKSISITAS :
hambatan pertumbuhan Diabetes Osteoporosis retensi garam kelelahan otot psikosis.
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H.gonadotropin
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PREPARAT H.GONADAL :
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GONADAL H (OVARIAN H)
terutama pada wanita (puber menopause)
Diregulasi o/FSH dan LH Fgsnya : - pematangan folikel - sekr.estrogen - release ovum - peran progesteron pd C.Luteum
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Mek kerjanya dipengaruhi oleh : Cr masuk kedalam sel Ikatan dg sitosolik reseptor Translokasi ik.obat-reseptor didlm nukleus
( modulasi gene ekspresion ).
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1. H.ESTROGEN
Prep. Estradiol Pemberian : transdermal,vag.cream, IM inj. Mac.preparat : Estradiol cypionat (im inj) Ethynil estradiol Mestranol Dietylstilbesterol
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Efek : -pertumbuhan normal pd wanita ( terut
pertumb organ reprod.wnt ) -efek metabolisme level serum protein -pertumb. Tulang (regulasi resorbsi tlg) -meregulasi faktor-faktor koag.darah - metab. lemak (LDL, trigliseride) - bersama prog utk kontrasepsi
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INDIKASI
Tx hypogonad pd remaja putri HRT pd wnt dg menopause Preventive bone loss & osteoporosis Kontrasepsi
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EFEK SAMPING
Ca endometrium Hipertrigliseridism Nousea,vomit Migrain Batu empedu Hipertensi thromboembolik
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PREPARAT ANTI ESTROGEN Tamoxifen, Toremifen
Mek.kerja : agonist & antagonis reseptor
Ind : tx breast Ca ( antagonis res )
preventif osteoporosis ( agonis res ) Raloxifen =tamoxifene
Clomifen
Mek.kerja : menstim ovulasi pd wnt yg anuvulasi
Fulvestrant ( estr antagonis)
Ind : tx breast Ca yg resisten pd Tamoxifen
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Inhibitor sint estrogen aromatase inhibitor Prep. : Anastrazole,letrozole Exemestane Ind : Tx breast Ca inhib enzym P450Prep : DanazolInd : endometriosis, fibrocystic disease pd
mammae
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2.PROGESTERON
Preparat ; Medroxyprogesteron L-norgestrel norethindrone
Efek klinik ;
- Stabilisasi endometrium pd kehamilan- Preventif endometrial Ca- Pusat pengatur suhu
Toksisitasnya jarang
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Anti progestin mifepriston Mergs abortus pd kehamilan muda
E.S nousea,vomit,diarhee vaginal cramp perdarahan
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ANDROGEN
Prep :- Testosteron- DehydrotestosteronPe+ hrs inj karena peroral metab.cepat Ind ; hipogonadism
Anti androgen : Menghbt reseptor : flutamide,spironolactone Menghbt enz 5 α reduktase : finasteride u/tx prostat hypertrophy, d.kecil u/botak
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KONTRASEPSI HORMONAL
macam-macam kontrasepsi hormonal 1. Pil Oral Kombinasi (POK) ( E + P)
- monophasic- multiphasic
2. Pil yang mengandung progestin saja - mini pill 3. Pil kontrasepsi post coital - morning after pill
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MEK.KERJA
POK bekerja dg mempengaruhi :
1. Ovulasi2. Implantasi3. Transpor gamet4. Fungsi korpus luteum5. Lendir cerviks
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PIL ORAL KOMBINASI (POK)
Dasar POK : meniru proses-proses alamiah
minum pil E+P banyak beredar diperifer ( FSH+LH ) menghbt releasing factor
menghbt ovulasi
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2. IMPLANTASI
E & P yg tinggi di perifer
kdr puncak FSH & LH terganggu
Kadar P me -
Pola endometrium abnormaltdk baik u/implantasi
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3. TRANSPOR GAMET /OVUM
E tinggi P tinggi
peristaltik tuba - peristaltik tuba -
transpor ovum transpor ovum dipercepat diperlbt
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4.LUTEOLYSIS
Ketidak seimbangan E & P
degenerasi corpus luteum
jar.endometrium dibuang
kelangsungan kehamilan dihbt
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5.LENDIR CERVIKS
Estr tdk mempengaruhi lendir cerviksProgs lendir cx mengental
motilitas & daya penetrasi sperma -
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KANDUNGAN POKE + P
Estrogen :- ethinyl estradiol (EE)- mestranol
Progesteron :norethindore norgestrel* Norethindrone * norgestrel* Norethindrone asetat *
levonorgestrel * Ethynodiol diaseta * desogestrel* Linestrenol * gestodene* Norethinodrel
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EFEK SAMPING
disebabkan o/ estr :- pertambahan BB secara siklik- gravid simptom- Thrombo emboli- Tumor2 yg tumbuh membesar- Flek pada kulit wajah- me- nya kualitas & kuantitas ASI- Pe - activitas sist.fibrinolitik
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DISEBABKAN PROGESTERON
nafsu makan me- BB - depresi dan rasa lelah acne dan kulit berminyak pe- kadar LDL kolesterol/ pe - HDL kolesterol Hirsutisme Pe - tek.darah Pe - toleransi glukosa amenorrhoe
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CARA MINUM POK
cara memulai minum POK : - mulai dr hr ke 1 haid - mulai dr hr ke 5 haid - mulai dr hr ke 8 haid - mulai dr hr ini bila yakin tdk hamil Bila minum pok yg berisi 28 pil hrs
diminum terus Bila minum pok yg berisi 21 pil setelah
habis istirahat 1 mgg
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H.PROLAKTIN
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Growth hormone
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H.PERTUMBUHAN
Definisi : Adalah h.peptida yg dihasilkan oleh hipofise
anterior ,diperlukan selama masa kanak kanak dan remaja utk mencapai uk.tubuh dewasa normal
Diperantarai oleh fakt.pertumbuhan 1 ( IGF-1/ins-like GF1, somatomedin C ) dan faktor pertumbuhan 2 ( IGF-2 )
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ISTILAH PENTING
acromegaly : syndr.kelebihan GH dg karakteristik pertumb.jar abnormal, metab.abnormal dan dysfungsi jantung
Gigantisme : syndr.kelebihan GH dg karakteristik epiphyse pd tulang panjang yg terbuka
IGF-1 : merup.faktor pertumb dan mediator dr efek GH
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DWARFISM ACROMEGALI/ GIGANTISM
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PREPARAT GH AGONIS PERORAL
somatropin Somatrem Mecasermin (khusus u/anak yg defisiensi IGF-
1) ES : pd pemberian mecasermin
hipoglikemia
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INDIKASI
1.Tx pd anak kasus Turner syndr &Prader Willy syndrome ,
keduanya merupakan peny.genetik dg tinggi badan yg pendek. Pd Prader Willy terdapat kege-mukan dan KH intolerance
2. Pada orang dewasa , juga diberikan utk kasus AIDS dg penurunan BB yg sangat drastic,
Pada penderita dg pemotongan usus dan penderita dg syndr malabsorbsi memperbaiki fgs GITr
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3. Sbg anti aging walaupun pada penelitian ditemukan GH dan IGF-1 mempunyai masa kerja pendek .
4. digunakan oleh atlet untuk meningkatkan massa otot dan penampilan atletis ,sehingga masuk dalam UU sport termasuk dopping.
Pada orang dewasa pemberian GH tidak sebaik pada anak anak
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GH ANTAGONIS
1. Octreotide : menghbt release GH , glucagon,
insulin dan gastrin - merup.long acting synthetic analog of somatostatin. indikasi : u/ acromegaly,tumor endokren pemberian secara s.c 2-4 x/sehari, slow
release i.m.form e.s : gangguan GITr, batu empedu,
gangg.konduksi jantung
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H.INSULIN
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HORMON PANKREAS
Insulin amilin Glucagon Somatostatin Pancreatic Polypeptide
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KEL.PANKREAS
Ekskresi dari pankreas bercampur dg cairan pankreas kedalam duodenum setelah makan
Dihasilkan oleh sel langerhans yg tdd dari beberapa type sel
- sel beta , mensekresi insulin and amylin; - sel alfa , mensekresi glucagon; - sel delta , mensekresi somatostatin - sel gamma, mensekresi polypeptide.
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RESEPTOR INSULIN
Affinity : . hydrocortisone . Growth Hormone . insulin
desensitization (obese)
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EFEK INSULINHepar : (peran Glut 2) Meningkatkan penyimp glukosa dr glykogen me↑ synt Enz.piruvat kinase, phospho
fructokinase,glucokinase Me↓katabolisme proteinOtot skelet ( peran Glut 4) ↑sint glikogen & sint proteinJar.adipose ( Glut 4 ) ↑ glukosa transport kedlm sel ↑ penyimp trigliseride melalui enz
lipoprotein lipase
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DIABETES MELITUS
type 1 DM Characterized: absolute deficiency of
insulin . Immune destruction of pancreatic β - cells . idiopathic . Environmental : infections, chemical,
dietary
Type 2 DM Heterogenous disorders : Insulin resistance & relative deficiency or β-
cell dysfunction Hyperinsulinemia & obesity; hypertension, dyslipidemia
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PREPARAT INSULIN
(1) Rapid –acting (Insulin Lispro, Insulin aspart, Insulin glulisine ) pemberian sebelum makan
Ind : diabetic ketoacidosis
(2) Short- acting (Regular Insulin) Rapid onset of action (sc 30 min. and last 5 – 7
h) Ind : bila PP tinggi
(3) Intermediate and Long-acting Insulins NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) :intermediate act. Ind : kontrol basal glukose tanpa hypoglikemia
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EFEK SAMPING INSULIN
Hipoglikemia Hiperaktivitas otonomik ,simp
(takhikardia,palpitasi, berkeringat,gemetar ,kejang s/d coma ).
Bila sudah kronis tanda tanda ini hilang dis dg. “hypoglycemic unawarness” ( tanda tanda awal yg hilang)
Alergy & resisten Lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy ( sudah
berkurang o.k preparat dibuat sesuai dg PH netral )
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DRUG INTERACTIONS
Drug induced hypoglycemic states : obat obat yg menyebabkan meningkatnya efek
hipogli kemia y.i ethanol, β - adrenergic receptor antagonists,
Salicylates, (Pentamidine).
Drugs cause hyperglycemia : epinephrine, glucocorticoids Phenytoin, Clonidine, Ca channel-blocker, K+ depletion
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NON-INSULIN ANTIDIABET A.Insulin secretagogues :
SulfonylureaGlimepiride,glipizide,glimepirideTolbutamide,chlorpropamideRepaglinide,nateglinide
Mek.kerja :Menutup Na chanel pd membran sel β
pankreas Mergs Insulin release
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Indikasi : DM + obesitas E.S : hypoglikemia
B.BiguanideMenghbt me↑ kdr glukose PP dg menghbt
glukoneo-genesis di hepar dan ginjal, ↑ glukose uptake & glikolisis pd jar.perifer,↓ abs glukosa di GITr,
↓ glukagon level diplasma Prep : metforminE.S: hypoglikemia
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C. THIAZOLIDINEDIONEMek.kerja : me↑ sensitivitas terhdp insulin pada
jar.target melalui aktivasi PPAR-ץ reseptor (peroksisom proliferator activated res.ץ )
me↑ uptake glukose di jar.otot dan adipose menghbt glukoneogenesis di hepar menghbt hiperglikemia ppE.S : hepatotoksikPrep : rosiglitazone,pioglitazone
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D. ΑLFA GLIKOSIDASE INHIB
Mek.kerja : menghbt enz alfa-glukosidase didlm usus yg khusus u/ transport KH dr lumen usus kedlm drh
Pemberian sebelum makan, secara tunggal maupun kombinasi
Toksik efek gangg Gitr : flatulance,diarhe,abd pain disbbkan me↑ fermentasi karena KH tdk diabs ,
Preparat : Acarbose,miglitol
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E.PRAMLINTIDE
Analog amylin ( produk sel β pankreas )Mek.kerja :- Menghbt release glukagon- Memperlbt pengosongan lambung- Menghbt pusat makan di SSPIndikasi :Mengontrol kdr glukosa PPE.S :Hipoglikemia & ggn fgs GITr
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