energetic a india 18

• Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Project Assessment

• Biomass – A Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India

• Solar Pioneers in India : AIC Solar Projects

• Photovoltaic Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Market: the Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

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EDITORIALDear Readers,

Over the last couple of months, the fi nancial closure of solar projects under Phase I of NVVN

seemed to dominate every headline and every conversation in the industry. The day turned

out to be a dampener with many companies just submitting an undertaking that they will

be responsible for the fund raising of their projects. We are sure the industry is waiting on

how seriously NVVN authorities handle this. This is surely expected to have an effect on

the Gujarat solar projects, the upcoming Phase II under NVVN and the State policies of

Rajasthan and Karnataka.

The Indian wind industry meanwhile had some good news with the Tamil Nadu Elec-

tricity Board (TNEB) making payments for pending dues for the power purchased over the

last 6-8 months. With Tamil Nadu being the State with highest number of wind farms,

companies were postponing setting up of new projects till a clear picture emerged on the

payments. The dues were approximately Rs.1200 crores.

The good news continues with the government fi nally agreeing to take into account

the rising pressure of raw material in biomass projects. Managing fuel supply chain through

contracts is diffi cult as there is no price guarantee in the market. MNRE has asked The

Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to review tariff determination norms for

biomass projects.

Meanwhile India’s central bank The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has shocked investors

by raising interest rate by another 50 basis points in July 2011. The measure is seen as a

step to contain the persistently high infl ation in the country. With this 11th rate rise by RBI

since March 2010, India now has a repo rate of 8%. We are sure the Indian power industry

will need to further look at innovations and technology to beat the effect on the bottom

line.

Recently, the industry also saw India and South Korea sign a civil agreement allowing

India to tap into South Korea’s nuclear technical expertise. India has been in negotiation

with Japan for a similar agreement but has still not reached the signing stage.

Energetica India also encourages new technology and as a part of the mission, we are

including an article on wave energy. We welcome technical experts to help us promote this

technology to our readers.

As always, Energetica India has been involved in energy events across the country

including the EPC Sphere in Mumbai from 18th-19th July 2011 and the National Energy

Investment Summit in New Delhi from 21st-22nd July 2011. Both the events represented

different aspects of India’s energy value chain and we believe it is an interesting trend in the

Indian market. More information on the post events can be found inside.

Energetica India welcomes the newest member of the team Mr.

Bharat Vasandani. Bharat has a background in consulting and fi nancial

services across industries with the last 2 years focused on renewable en-

ergy in India. He has assisted foreign solar companies enter the Indian

market through acquisitions, joint ventures and tie-ups. Bharat comes

with a good understanding of the renewable energy industry econom-

ics in India. His education background includes a graduate in Biomedical

Engineering from Mumbai University followed by a Masters in International Business from

ESC-Grenoble, France. [email protected]

Energetica India are exhibiting at the 5th Renewable Energy India 2011 Expo, one

of India’s biggest renewable energy platforms supported by the government. Feel free to

visit our stand 7C38 where you can avail your free copy of Energetica India and our special

Energetica India tee-shirt for the event.

Once more we welcome your comments and suggestions.

Team Energetica India

EDITOREUGENIO PÉREZ DE LEMA

[email protected]

DIRECTORGISELA BÜHL

[email protected]

PR DIRECTORANDREW CALLAWAY

[email protected]

INDIA

DIRECTOR SALESCHINTAN VALIA

[email protected]+91 9004 772277

JOURNALISTBHARAT VASANDANI

[email protected]+91 7738 977567

SPAINALVARO LÓPEZ

[email protected]

GERMANY, AUSTRIA & SWITZERLANDERHARDT EISENACHER

[email protected]

FINANCIAL DIRECTORCARLOS FERNÁNDEZ

[email protected]

SUBSCRIPTIONSBELA ANGELOVA

[email protected]

Layout & DesignDANIEL CONEJERO

Contras-T

The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all of the

text and images contained therein are protected by copyright. If you would like to use an article from Energetica India or our

website www.energetica-india.net you may obtain the rights by calling OMNIMEDIA, S.L.

OMNIMEDIA, S.L.Rosa de Lima 1 bis, Edif. Alba,Offi ce 104, 28290 Las Matas

Madrid – SpainTel + 34 916 308 591Fax + 34 916 308 595

One Indiabulls CentreTower 2, Wing B, 7th Floor, Unit 703

Jupiter Mills Compound, Senapati Bapat Marg Lower Parel, Mumbai, 400 013 - India

Tel: +91 22 6740 6800

[email protected]

© 2011 OmniMedia SL

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• Editorial 4

• Take advice 8

• Energy News 10

• Events reports 80, 81

• Products 82

• Service Guide 87

BIOFUELS

• From peanut oil to methane gas – Volvo Technical Department 70

BIOMASS

• Biomass – A sustainable renewable energy source for IndiaRitesh Pothan , Natural Group 74

COMPANY PROFILE

• Emmvee Solar 77

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

• Increased energy effi ciency with energy management systemsDr. Michael Bunk, Tüv Süd Industrie Service, and Dr. Silvio Kammer, Innospec Leuna 78

OCEAN POWER

• Creating power from the sea, Bharat Vasandani, Energetica India 64

PROCESS ENGINEERING

• Practical thermal profi le expectations in a dual lane dual speed refl ow ovenFred Dimock, MGR. Process technology BTU International, Inc. 65

SOLAR POWER

• First solar CDM programme of activity (POA) in India Apoorva Jain, Development offi cer, SENES Consultants India Pvt Ltd 30

• Solar pioneers in Orissa Solar PV power plant report – AIC Solar Projects 32

• Can I or I can´t? A developer in dilemma and update of solar PV projects development in Gujarat – Nilesh Patel, Project Consultant – Movya Consultancy 38

• Performance degradation in solar plants – Solon Technical Department 40

• Design of fi xation and rack solutions for frameless thin fi lm modules based on numerical calculations, – Dr. Ing Cedrik Zapfe, Dr Zapfe Gmbh and Schletter Gmbh, 43

• Photovoltaic safety and performance standards in a global market: The challenge for backsheet manufacturers – Marina Temchenko, MADICO 47

• Mitigating project risk and uncertainty for bankable solar project assessment Marie Schnitzer, Director of solar services at AWS Truepower, LLC 50

• Photovoltaic impulse to rural and remote electrifi cation José Luis Iribarren & Dr. Raquel Ferret, Zigor 54

• New investment in thin fi lm capacity – Fast-changing PV cost and capacity landscape Chris O´Brien, Head of market development, Oerlikon Solar 56

WIND POWER

• Riding out the gridlock, – Tobias Gehlhaar GL Garrad Hassan Renewables Certifi cation 58

• High temperature superconductors enable the world´s largest and most powerful wind turbine Martin Fischer, Vice President of American Superconductor, General Manager of AMSC Austria & Sudhir Gadh, Country Manager; India AMSC 60

CONTENTS

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• Energy Scene of India – Consulting Engineers• Pioneering the Indian Solar Age – Lanco Solar

• Sensitivity of Solar Power Plants – Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency

• Intersolar Europe 2011

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TS ad 5_APAC_Energetica India-210-297-July 2011.pdf 1 2011/7/19 15:55:14

• Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Project Assessment

• Biomass – A Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India

• Solar Pioneers in India : AIC Solar Projects

• Photovoltaic Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Market: the Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

VOLUME 18 | JULY|AUGUST 11

COVER

FLABEGFLABEG produces a full range of high-performance mirrors for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV) and other solar technologies, including parabolic trough, power tower, linear Fresnel and dish applications. It is the only company offering more than 30 years of fi eld experience and setting the industry standard for the production of solar mirrors using a proprietary bending process, resulting in the highest possible degree of precision.

TAKEADVICE

8 JULY | AUGUST11 energética india

5TH RENEWABLE ENERGY INDIA EXPODate: 10-12 August 2011Place: New Delhi (India)Organiser: Exhibitions India GroupTel: + 91 11 4279 5000E-mail: [email protected]: www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com

WIND TURBINE SUPPLY CHAIN & LOGISTICSDate: 29- 31 August 2011Place: Berlin (Germany)Organiser: IQPCTel: +49 3020913222E-mail:[email protected]: http://www.box.net/shared/si4mzzm6y1

WORLD SMART GRID INDIA WEEK 2011Date: 13- 16 September 2011Place: MumbaiOrganiser: SZ&W GroupTel: + 86 021 5830 0710E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.szwgroup.com/smartgrid/

ASIA SMART GRID 2011Date: 2-4 November 2011Place: SingaporeOrganiser: Reed ExhibitionsTel: +65 6780 4653 E-mail: [email protected]: www.asiasmartgrid.com.sg

2ND ANNUAL RENEWCON INDIA 2011Date: 27-30 September 2011Place: MumbaiOrganiser: UBM India Pvt LtdTel: +91 (022) 4046 1466E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.renewcon-india.com/

INDIA ELECTRICITY 2011Date: 12-14 October 2011Place: New DelhiOrganiser: FICCI and Ministry of Power, Government of IndiaTel: + 91-11-23738760-70E-mail: [email protected]: www.indiaelectricity.in

INTERNATIONAL SOLAR PV EXHIBITIONDate: 11-13 August 2011Place: Guangzhou (China)Organiser: Guangzhou Grandeur Exhibition ServiceTel: + (86-20)28314758/68/78E-mail: [email protected]: www.gzxny.com

26TH EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION (26TH EU PVSEC)Date: 5- 6 September 2011Place: Hamburg (Germany)Organiser: WIP-Renewable Energies Tel: + 49 89 720 12 735E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.photovoltaic-conference.com

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY, WATER & ENVIRONMENT (ICEWE 2011)Date: 17 September 2011Place: Bhubaneswar, OrissaOrganiser: Interscience Research Network (IRNet)E-mail: [email protected]: www.interscience.ac.in/ICEWE/icewe.html

GREEN BUILDING CONGRESS 2011Date: 20-22 October 2011Place: Pragati Maidan - DelhiOrganiser: Indian Green Building Council - CIIE-mail: [email protected]: http://igbc.in

INDIA POWER SUMMIT 2011Date: 30 september-1 october 2011Place: ITC - Grand Maratha. Mumbai Organiser: Sparta StrategyTel: + 91 (22) 65250250E-mail: [email protected]: http://spartastrategy.com/event/event.html

GREEN CONCLAVEDate: 13-14 October 2011Place: Hotel Taj Mahal, New DelhiOrganiser: Gateway MediaPvt. Ltd.Tel: +91 40 2330 006E-mail: [email protected]: www.greenconclave.in

ISES SOLAR WORLD CONGRESSDate: 28 August-2 Sept 2011Place: Kassel (Germany)Organiser: ISESE-mail: [email protected]: www.swc2011.org

WORLD ENERGY POLICY SUMMITDate: 6- 7 September 2011Place: The ITC Maurya, DelhiOrganiser: WEPS Tel: + 91 11 2613 7812E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.worldenergypolicysummit.com

POWER-GEN ASIADate: 27-29 September 2011Place: Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaOrganiser: PennwellE-mail: [email protected]: www.powergenasia.com

Date: 29 February-02 March- 2012Place: Valencia- SpainOrganiser: Five Continents Exhibitions / Feria ValenciaTel: + 0034 91630 8591E-mail: [email protected]: www.egetica-expoenergetica.com

THE CARBON CONGRESS 2011Date: 5-7 october 2011Place: New Delhi Organiser: CINB conferences and EventsE-mail: [email protected]: www.cinbcorp.com/tcc.html

WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESS- INDONESIA: BALI 2011Date: 17-19 October 2011Place: Bali, IndonesiaOrganiser: The Indonesian Renewable Energy Society (IRES)E-mail: [email protected]: www.wreeec2011bali.com

Energetica News

10 JULY|AUGUST11 energetica india

Energetica NewsThe minister for new and renewable energy visits the fi rst solar thermal power plant in IndiaAbengoa is nearing the completion of the plant that has been scheduled for August 2011.

Abengoa’s solar thermal plant developed for the Indian Institute of Technology,Bombay (IITB) had some distinguished personalities visiting the facility in the month of July. Notably, Dr. Farooq Abdul-lah, minister for new and renewable energy, and Mr. SushilKumar Shinde,union cabinet minister for power, during their visit showed keen interest in under-standing the intricacies of the solar collectors.

The solar fi eld em-ploys the parabolic trough technology and is able to reach 3 MW(t) of power. The works are racing to-wards a completion, be-ing scheduled for August 2011. This is a prestigious project, as it is being set up under the ministry of new and renewable en-ergy mission for the gov-ernment of India, to carry out R&D purpose with the aim of achieving grid parity by 2022. This Pro-ject has been developed by Abengoa’s subsidi-ary in India. The contract includes the design and engineering, supply and commissioning.

Moser Baer Solar doubles the Mechanical Warranty of its PV modules

Moser Baer Solar Limited (MBSL), the largest Indian pho-tovoltaic (PV) module manu-facturer has doubled the Me-chanical Warranty of the latest models of its PV modules to 10 years. The in-house R&D activi-ties undertaken during the last couple of years to implement stringent process control in the manufacturing processes & EOL (end of life) test have re-sulted in raising this standard. The company continues to of-fer a 25 year Performance War-ranty on its solar PV modules.

Commenting on the de-velopment, Vivek Chaturvedi, Senior Vice President, MBSL, said, “This is yet another sig-nifi cant step by Moser Baer to make our Panels more Banka-

ble in every sense”. He further added, “We have raised the bar yet again by offering mod-ules with a 10 year mechanical warranty in India and across the globe simultaneously.”

MECHANICAL WARRANTY - 10 years warranty for Manufacturing De-fects - MBSL warrants that for the term of this warranty, the Module(s) sold hereunder shall be free from defects in materials and workmanship under stand-ard application, installation, use and service conditions. If dur-ing the term of this warranty, the Module(s) is/ are found to be having Manufacturing De-fects, then the company will either (i) repair, or (ii) replace such Module(s) which is/are

found to be having Manufactur-ing Defects with an equivalent Module(s), or, (iii) refund the purchase price of the module as measured by the then prevailing price of similar modules.

PERFORMANCE WARRANTY- is a warranty assuring that the Module(s) will generate the output of nominal power of at least 90% of the minimum module peak power stated in the datasheet for a period of 12 years from the Warranty applicable date, and nominal power of at least 80% of the minimum module peak power stated in the data sheet for a period of 25 years from War-ranty applicable date under standard test conditions.

Alstom is further strengthen-ing its position in the fi eld of ultra high voltage (UHV) pow-er transmission as it collabo-rates with Power Grid Corpo-ration of India Ltd (Powergrid) to introduce 1200 kV alternat-ing current (AC) transmission equipment in India. In June 2011, Alstom Grid, through its Indian subsidiary Areva T&D India Limited*, entered into a Memorandum of Understand-ing with Powergrid to provide Ultra High Voltage technol-ogy for Powergrid’s upcom-ing 1200 kV UHV AC National

Test Station at Bina in Madhya Pradesh province. The devel-opment of this test centre will facilitate fi eld testing of equip-ment prior to commercial de-ployment of the technology in the Country’s fi rst 1200 kV Ultra High Voltage AC trans-mission system, at Bina. Ac-cording to the MoU, Alstom Grid will provide 1200 kV capacitor voltage transform-ers (CVTs), disconnectors and digital current transformers. All these high-end products have been developed, manu-factured and tested locally in

the world class factories at Hosur and Padappai (Chen-nai). President of Alstom Grid, Mr Gregoire Poux-Guillaume commented, “The develop-ment of advanced technolo-gies and strong local support of our customers have long been at the heart of Alstom’s strategy, particularly in India. We are proud to support Pow-ergrid and India in their ambi-tious step towards the world’s fi rst 1200 kV electrical grids, by delivering ultra-high volt-age technologies from our In-dian facilities.”

Power Grid Corporation & Alstom Grid collaborate to provide 1200 kV Ultra High Voltage Transmission Technology in India

energetica india JULY|AUGUST11

Best Manufacturer Exporter Award, Category Gold for Emmvee

“Largest off-grid Solar CDM Project in India or perhaps the World”

The Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FKCCI) have award-ed Emmvee Photovoltaic Power Private Ltd. with the prestigious export excellence award. Alongside 42 other organisations, Emmvee claimed the large category gold awards for its export achievements. This year, the award has been given to the winners by the Minister for Large and Medium Scale Industries, Mr Murugesh R. Nirani in a ceremony at the Le Meridien in Bangalore.

“The total export of Karnatakta last year was Rs. 1,20,00 crore and manufacturing still forms 50 per cent of exports,” said S. S. Patil, the President of the FKCCI in the online edi-tion of The Hindu.

“We are very honoured to receive this award. It shows that we are on the right track with our international engagements. There are demanding markets in Europe and also in other places. There is a huge potential if you understand what the needs are and then

cater to it. However, the Indian market will soon be much bigger, too!” says D.V. Man-junatha, founder and managing director of Emmvee.

The Export Excellence Award is present-ed annually to recognize the achievements of Karnataka’s exporters. The award was im-plemented in 2006 and criteria encompass: net foreign exchange earnings, percentage growth and products exported. The Federa-tion of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry has represented the interest of over 2500 members from the industry, trade and services for some 95 years.

Emmvee uses the finest components from the market leaders in their field to ensure long reliability of the photovoltaic systems. „There is a demand for absolute quality in the European markets. If you can’t prove your product is the best, then people simply do not buy it,“ says D.V. Manjunatha, founder and managing director of Emmvee.

In an attempt to promote & increase aware-ness on usage of solar energy The Rajasthan State Government has signed a MOU with Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited (REIL) to empower the computers in about 10,000 panchayat samitis and panchayats of Rajasthan under the largest off-grid so-lar power project in India or perhaps in the world. Under this project, REIL will set up so-lar power packs at 249 panchayat samitis and 9,169 panchayats in Rajasthan with the total installations expected to reach ~11 MW. It is being implemented under the Bharat Nirman Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendra Scheme, which is aimed at providing access to information on National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and other rural development pro-grammes and also facilitating dissemination of technology and operation training labs. The MOU also included subsequent five-year maintenance. Some of the salient features of the project:• Rajasthan is the largest state of the India

by area and covers an area of 132,150

sq m. The proportion of the state’s total area to the total area of the country is 10.41%.

• Online monitoring of all 9417 systems for smooth functioning. The online monitor-ing is important to take care of service problems due to scattered remote loca-tions.

• Electricity problem at rural area is addressed by providing renewable energy power backup

• The project is expected to assist in timely es-tablishment of Seva Kendra with the pro-gress. – Progress of each and every stage of the project posted in website.

• The system is designed in such a way that the user can directly log in to complain on-line or via phone call or by SMS in case of system / performance failure.

As the project falls under the eligibility of getting revenue in the form of carbon credits by UNFCCC, the REIL has already intimated the UNFCCC for the consideration of carbon credits for the project.

Energetica News


Unlimited power for your future

Suntech's Global Headquarters is powered by one of the world's largest solar façades.

© 2011 Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd.

Technology, it’s what drives an unlimited future. With the industry leading investment in research and development, Suntech believes the future for solar is unlimited. And today, anyone can harness the sun's unlimited power. As the world's largest producer of solar panels, Suntech has delivered more than 15,000,000 solar panels, more than 3,300MW, to thousands of partners in more than 80 countries. A green future starts today!www.suntech-power.com

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Interim AD-2.pdf 2011-6-23 17:44:28

Bankability issue is finally being addressed

According to the July edi-tion of the India Solar Compass, In-dian banks are now taking a

more positive view on financ-ing solar power projects. Being over-expose to the conventional power sector, banks move to-wards diversifying their portfolio in the renewable energy field.

The Indian government approved a Payment Secu-rity Scheme for projects under phase 1 of the National solar Mission on June 2nd 2011. Ac-cording to the quarterly report issued by Bridge to India, this will likely decrease the reserva-tions of financial institutions with regard to the payment default risks inherent in the PPA´s and lead to a higher will-ingness to grant loans. Further, the report explains that given the technology risks, banks are able to apply margins of up to 300 basis points on their debt which offers them attractive profit opportunities. The report states that despite these devel-opments, the bankability issue has not been solved yet. It ex-plains that banks are still con-cerned about the remaining larger package of risks that in-clude the lack of performance data and the inadequate track record of developers. In order to tackle these, banks have started to seriously consider developers that are partnering with established EPC compa-nies and module manufactur-ers mostly from abroad.

Siemens Technology meets Key Standards for Smart Grid SolutionsSiemens’ Spectrum Power range of power control sys-tems and protection equip-ment, substation automation systems and Ethernet switches from Siemens Energy satisfy all requirements specified by international standards IEC 61968 and IEC 61850 in the framework of future smart Grid solutions. This is con-firmed by their successful per-formance in interoperability tests recently conducted at the French power utility EDF in Paris by the users’ association UCA. The UCA tested the net-work control systems for data interchange capability in com-pliance with the power distri-bution management standard IEC 61968. Siemens’ energy automation products passed the interoperability test called for by the communication standard for substation auto-mation, IEC 61850. Siemens is one of the biggest providers of products and systems designed

to this standard. Over 170,000 units of the company’s hard-ware meeting this standard are currently in use around the world.The successful interop-erability tests performed by the international users’ association UCA (Utilities Communica-tions Architecture) prove that the tested Siemens products for automating power systems can be integrated into systems comprising products made by other manufacturers without posing any interface problems. “To be able to offer technol-ogy and solutions with a global future, we have always been closely involved in the most im-portant standardization bod-ies and play a pioneer role in setting the latest standards. So it goes without saying that we take these standards into account when developing our own products,” says Jan Mrosik, CEO of the Energy Au-tomation Business Unit within Siemens’ Energy Sector.In the

IEC 61968 test, the Siemens network control systems satis-fied all the data exchange crite-ria of the CIM (Common Infor-mation Model) standard. IEC 61968 defines standards for the integration of distribution network management solu-tions, including the data model for distribution networks to the CIM standard. The IEC 61850 interoperability test was performed on Siemens’ Siprotec protection relays, the Sicam PAS substation control system, and Ethernet switches of the Scalance series. Passing these tests with flying colors reaffirms Siemens’ pioneer role in the implementation of these standards. The distribu-tion management standard IEC 61968, the IEC 61850 communications standard for energy automation, and the CIM model are nowadays rec-ognized worldwide as the key standards for the smart grid solutions of the future.

Tata Power, in continua-tion with its efforts to light up lives of its communities through renewable energy re-sources, has installed 10 solar street lights in the catchment area of four village hamlets- Satwaiwadi, Akhadewadi, Dhangarwasti and Donger-wadi around Thokerwadi, Mulshi, Maharashtra. The endeavor was initiated in the four village hamlets covering 75 houses with a population of around 330 family mem-bers. The villagers were fac-

ing frequent power failures and load shedding which dis-rupted their daily routine at home and work. Tata Power helped the villagers overcome the problem, by installing so-lar street lights at these Ham-lets through Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA). The Tata Power initi-ative was well received by the local villagers who rendered a helping hand for the activity. The villagers’ enthusiastically volunteered for the instal-lation of the 10 solar street

lights which required utiliza-tion of about 88 man days of the villagers. Speaking about the initiative, Mr. Ma-hesh Paranjpe, Head-Hydros, Tata Power, said, “We at Tata Power are delighted that the initiative has benefited the villagers and has helped to provide them electricity. The successful installation of 10 solar street lights in the four villages, reiterates our com-mitment towards rural elec-trification and our focus on renewable energy resources.”

Tata Power lights up Lives of Villagers around Thokerwadi with Solar Energy

Unlimited power for your future

Suntech's Global Headquarters is powered by one of the world's largest solar façades.

© 2011 Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd.

Technology, it’s what drives an unlimited future. With the industry leading investment in research and development, Suntech believes the future for solar is unlimited. And today, anyone can harness the sun's unlimited power. As the world's largest producer of solar panels, Suntech has delivered more than 15,000,000 solar panels, more than 3,300MW, to thousands of partners in more than 80 countries. A green future starts today!www.suntech-power.com

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Interim AD-2.pdf 2011-6-23 17:44:28

Energetica News


Release of Simulator Software for Designing of Solar Thermal Power PlantsNew computer simulation soft-ware for design optimization of solar thermal power plants was launched by Secretary, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Shri Deepak Gupta in New Del-hi . The software is equipped to handle user defined con-figurations and carrying out optimization through multiple simulation approach under In-dian climatic conditions. It will be useful to various stakehold-ers for design optimisation of solar thermal power plants. The software was developed as part of the R&D project titled “A megawatt-scale national solar thermal power research facility” sanctioned by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy to IIT Bombay in 2009

with total project cost of over Rs 40.0 crore for a duration of 5 years. The project aims at to establish a solar thermal pow-er test facility at Solar Energy Centre of the Ministry. IIT Bom-

bay is implementing the pro-ject in a consortium mode with the participation of several in-dustries including Tata Power, Tata Consulting Engineers, Larsen and Toubro, Heavy wa-

ter Board and Clique Develop-ment Industries. This facility is one of its kind in whole Asia, and when commissioned, will be used for hands on train-ing of the Indian solar ther-mal power plant developers. The software will be available through web for use and feed-back for its further refinement. It is planned to have advanced versions of the software af-ter incorporating suggestions and feedback received, and to make it more user friendly. This is a major step forward to develop capacities in the field of solar energy in the country, which would ultimately con-tribute, to achieving targets of Jawaharlal Nehru National So-lar Mission (JNNSM).

IPCL - DPSC to invest Rs 26,450 crore in the Power SectorIndia Power Corporation Ltd. (IPCL) and DPSC Ltd., power generation and distribution group embarks on an invest-ment plan of Rs.26,450 crore in the next few years in the power sector across India. DPSC is a 91 year old genera-tion and distribution company under Andrew Yule group which was taken over by IPCL last year. IPCL has been in the power generation business since 2006 having wind power plants in Karnataka and Gu-jarat. IPCL – DPSC are having an installed capacity of power generation of about 77.4 MW adding another 4362 MW with an investment of about Rs.25,000 crore. The various locations are Rajasthan, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. In Rajasthan 60 MW wind power is under implementation and expected

to be commissioned by 31st March, 2012. In West Bengal, a 450 MW thermal coal Plant in Haldia and 540 MW plant in Raghunathpur will be commis-sioned within 2013 and 2014 respectively. 1320 MW in Bi-har, 1320 MW in Gujarat and 660 MW in Madhya Pradesh are at various stages of project development. To strengthen its Distribution Network, DPSC plans to set up 220 and 400 KV stations within the licensed area to provide required con-nectivity with the National and State grid. It also plans to strengthen the Distribu-tion Network by augmenting its lines and setting up several 33 kV Substations across its network to provide better ser-vices to its consumers. In this segment, the new investment will be around Rs 1,450 crore in the next few years capable

to cater to a load growth of 1000 MVA in the license area. Post expansions, there will also be enhanced connectiv-ity with Central Transmission Utilities (CTUs) and the T&D losses could further be re-duced to 2% or below, once these projects are in place.Commenting on the develop-ment, Mr. Hemant Kanoria, Chairman, DPSC Ltd said, “DPSC as a power utility has always been dedicated to the industrial growth in the State of West Bengal for the last 91 years. In furtherance to the vi-sion of the new Government to make West Bengal self suf-ficient in power, IPCL – DPSC has embarked on an ambitious growth plan. We will endeav-our to provide quality power to industries at an optimum price which will enhance their competitiveness.”

Krempel to present a unique red variant PV backsheet during EU PVSECEuropean Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Ex-hibition (EU PVSEC) in Ham-burg (Hall A1, Stand A10) the KREMPEL-GROUP will dem-onstrate how quality can be realized for a wide range of re-quirements with photovoltaic backsheet of the AKASOL® brand: with the new PV back-sheet AKASOL® PVL 2-1000V + Primer, the experienced spe-cialist for solar materials offers IEC-tested KREMPEL-quality for price-oriented applications. To facilitate integrated architec-tural design with PV-modules, KREMPEL will present a unique red variant in addition to black and transparent PV backsheet.

Energetica News

15energetica india JULY|AUGUST11

Conergy expands Indian manufacturing footprintAddressing India’s need to turn to renewable energy sources, Conergy Energy Systems (In-dia) Pvt. Ltd., one of India’s most successful solar energy companies, has expanded its manufacturing footprint with a new solar PV and solar thermal facility in Bangalore. Conergy (India) expects increased output and improved operational effi -ciencies by shifting its solar PV and thermal production to the White Field factory from its old site in the NGEF Ancillary Indus-trial Estate in Mahadevapura, Bangalore. The decision to move was prompted by con-siderations of larger volume requirements and long term production effi ciencies. Ac-cording to Mr. Srinivasan, Chief Operations Offi cer of Conergy

Energy Systems (India), “By moving to the new site, Con-ergy has increased its annual production capacity from 10 MW to 25 MW for solar PV modules. At least 50 new jobs have been created and over 2 million euros was invested by Conergy on the new 5,000 sqm plant.” Conergy’s solar energy solutions for both stand-alone and grid-connect applications offer high outputs at attractive price-performance ratios and consist of products primarily made in India. Most of the vol-ume produced from this plant is designed to cater to the local and export market. This unique product advantage in com-bination with a strict compli-ance to global technical quality standards has helped Conergy

achieve a strong market posi-tion in India. Conergy (India) will produce its entire stand alone solar PV portfolio from this new factory which consists of 5Wp to 230Wp Multi/Polycrystalline PV modules, solar water heat-ing systems and solar off grid systems. This new facility is ISO 9001-2008 and ISO 14001 certifi ed while the company’s SunTechnics range of SPV mod-ules are IEC and CE-certifi ed. Production from this facility is expected to support Conergy’s continued expansion into In-dia’s high-growth solar energy market. “The goal for the new factory is to manufacture solar PV modules and solutions that exactly meet the needs of the Indian solar energy market and adhere to local content require-

ments,” according to Prakash Shetty, President of Conergy Energy Systems (India). “Clean energy is now very high up on the agenda of both the private and government sectors in In-dia. After the Fukushima and Gulf of Mexico catastrophes, clean energy has once again become a global priority. With the comprehensive feed in tariff support structures the National Solar Mission and individual states have provided, India can be a role model for solar energy in the region. With Conergy’s new plant, we hope that we can contribute to the strategic transformation of India’s power generation industry, create jobs and facilitate economic devel-opment in this very important and very new industry.”

The directors and shareholders of Zynergy Projects and Servic-es Pvt Ltd (ZPSPL) announced the offi cial launch of their solar energy businesses, headquar-tered in Chennai. Incorporated in January 2011 to address the shortage of electricity and the growing need for renewable and clean energy in Tamil Nadu and the wider region, ZPSPL

brings together Indian and for-eign technical expertise, access to both local and international funding and joint venture part-nerships in each subsidiary company to form an integrat-ed solar energy business. ZP-SPL is owned 55% by Zynergy Capital Pte Ltd, incorporated in Singapore, and 45% by the Nath Family. Mr Rohit Rabind-

ernath, CEO Zynergy Projects and Services Pvt Ltd. comes from a well known commercial family who have had business interests in Chennai for seventy years. He has two decades of business management and entrepreneurial experience in logistics, infrastructure and the service sector, and owns real estate in Chennai. ZPSPL ema-

nates from Mr Nath’s vision to help address the shortage of electricity in Tamil Nadu and the region in an environmen-tally friendly manner. Over the next fi ve years ZPSPL and its partners will invest 2000 crores (US$440 million) in panel and component manufacturing, and 5500crores (US$1.2 bil-lion) in solar power generation.

Zynergy Projects and Services enters in the Solar Business

Energetica News


Ad_Energetica_India_August_edition_en_path.indd 1 25.07.11 15:46

UC Berkeley and CPV Consortium release study on environmental impact of CPV

Vijai Electricals Hands over 1200 kV, Power Transformer to Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd

A new report finds that con-centrator photovoltaic (CPV) solar systems have distinct envi-ronmental advantages as com-pared with other energy tech-nologies, in most cases using less land, water and materials than other solar technologies. The report was released by the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berke-ley, and commissioned by the CPV Consortium, a global non-profit organization that sup-ports the development of the CPV industry. The report looks at the technology from incep-tion to retirement, taking all as-pects of the life cycle into con-sideration. The study provides information on the life cycle as-sessment (LCA) elements such as energy payback, embedded greenhouse gases, and cradle-

to-cradle footprint, whereby CPV systems lead the industry based on data available at the time of the study. Taking into account the increasing efficien-cies of CPV, it is projected that CPV continues to increase in its competitive edge in these areas today as well as in the future. Water and land use are ex-amined as well. Compared to solar thermal generators, CPV water usage is minimal mak-ing the technology optimal in dry, desert areas with a high solar resource. The land foot-print and impact is also found to be lower; as efficiencies of CPV systems increase this will become even a bigger benefit. “We are always looking for technologies to allow us to dra-matically increase the amount of energy output per built area

in order to minimize the foot-print on the ground,” said Dr. Daniel Kammen, director of the Renewable and Appropri-ate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley. “Concentrating solar minimizes overall land area use to a degree that almost noth-ing can beat.” “Solar energy is a critical driver of the energy transformation taking place around the world, but as these technologies are deployed it’s imperative that we consider the environmental impact of these new systems,” said Nan-cy Hartsoch, chairman of the CPV Consortium board. “This study demonstrates that CPV technology is not only eco-nomically viable, but environ-mentally advantaged through its entire life cycle. With CPV, we don’t need to compromise

between economics and the environment.” The report uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology that includes energy, emissions, water use and land use. Additionally, the report contains details about the CPV deployment using UC Berkeley’s SWITCH model (an electric power system capacity expansion model of Western North America that plans long-term grid investments while minimizing the cost of electric-ity in a given policy context), and emissions benefits of CPV projects in power systems. The SWITCH model demonstrates the economic viability of CPV as a power generation tech-nology for that region. The full report can be found on the Consortium’s website at www.cpvconsortium.org.

Vijai Electricals Limited, a Hy-derabad based company and one of the largest and lead-ing manufacturers - export-ers of Power and Distribution Transformers celebrated the handing over of the world’s Highest voltage Power Trans-former on 17th July, 2011. In a glittering ceremonial function, Mr. Jai Ramesh, the CMD of Vijai Electricals Limited handed over the 333 MVA, 1200 kV class, Ultra High Voltage Power Trans-former to Mr. S.K. Chatur-verdi, the Chairman & Man-aging Director of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. Several dignitaries graced the occasion : Mr. C Damodar

Raja Narasimha - Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Mr. T. Nandeshwar Goud - Member of AP Legis-lative Assembly, Patancheru, Ms. Sudha Malhotra, Chief General Manager - MCG II, State Bank of India, Hy-derabad, Mr. Shingo Wada - C.E.O, Power Transformer Division, Daihen Corpora-tion, Japan and other key persons of Power Utilities, Industrialists and senior Gov-ernment officials. 1200 kV is the highest voltage which no other country has. Vijai Elec-tricals took the challenge of developing a 333 MVA, 1200 kV single phase autotrans-former and accomplished

the same. Commensurate with Government of India’s plan for augmentation of installed Power Generation capacity and corresponding Transmission Corridors, the country would need in the near future, 1200 kV AC as next transmission voltage for bulk transfer of power of the order of 3000 to 6000 MW per line from power genera-tion complexes in East and North East to load cent-ers located in Northern and Western Regions. 1200 kV AC shall be the highest trans-mission voltage (UHV) in the world. To develop this Fron-tier Technology indigenously, Power Grid Corporation of

India took a lead to estab-lish a 1200 kV Test station at Bina (Madhya Pradesh) with experimental line of 1.6 km and this transformer developed by Vijai Electricals Ltd. will be installed at the substation. Welcoming the guests on the occasion, Mr. Jai Ramesh, the CMD of Vijai Electricals Limited informed, “Vijai Electricals created a history when its magnum opus, 333 MVA, 1200 kV sin-gle phase auto transformer was successfully developed with in-house technology, know-how and expertise, at our World Class manufac-turing facilities at Rudraram works, Hyderabad.”

Ad_Energetica_India_August_edition_en_path.indd 1 25.07.11 15:46

Energetica News


Schott AG appointed Mr. Mohan Joshi “Representative Director India”Mr. Joshi will be supporting the activities of all of SCHOTT’s business units in India, includ-ing Pharmaceutical Packaging, Solar, Home Tech, Optics and Electronic Packaging. His main objective will be to develop a strategic mid to long term busi-ness strategy for SCHOTT Glass India and act as the face of the company in India for all of the group’s business units. Mohan Joshi has been with SCHOTT

Glass India since its inception in India in 1998. He joined the company as General Manager of the sales office and was re-sponsible for its early business development activities in India. In early 2007, Mohan Joshi was appointed President of SCHOTT’s Pharmaceutical Tub-ing manufacturing site located near Vadodara. During his ten-ure, the company more than doubled its production and

started manufac-turing FIOLAX, its high-quality special glass tubing for the pharmaceutical industry, in India. The position that Joshi leaves vacant will be filled by Georg Sparschuh, a SCHOTT employ-ee from Germany with many years of experience in pro-duction site man-agement. Mohan Joshi holds a bach-elor’s degree in chemical engineer-ing from B.I.T.S. Pilani and an M.B.A. from the University Business School in Chandigarh. Prior to joining SCHOTT, Joshi held several

export and sales positions at leading Indian companies like Borosil Glass, ACG Group and Torrent Pharmaceuticals.Anwell Technologies Limited

announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, Sungen In-ternational Limited, has won a contract worth approximately US$20 million to supply the Group’s in-house produced amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film solar panel for a solar farm project in India. The thin film panel has been scheduled for delivery in the second half of this year. Anwell’s expan-sion into India’s lucrative solar market is opportune as the country is aggressively expand-ingits solar power capacity. The Government of India has rolled out its National Solar Mission, a major 3-phase so-lar roadmap to meet a 20GW large scale grid-connected so-lar power capacity target by 2022. The 20GW solar mas-terplan is expected to attract an overall investment of about US$70 billion. “This contract marked a significant expan-sion of oversea partnership for

Anwell’s solar panel business. We look forward to building more long-term partnership with leading solar companies worldwide as we further ex-pand our footprint. Coupled with our strong research and development capability, our plan to increase the thin film solar panel production capac-ity to 1.5GW within 5 years will allow us to capitalize on fast-growing global demands forthin film solar panel,” said Franky Fan, Executive Chair-man & CEO. Anwell is moving firmly towards become a ma-jor producer of thin film solar panels worldwide. In June this year, the Group made two an-nouncements on securing a total of RMB 1.2 billion long-term funding from the munici-pal governments of Dongguan and Anyang in China. These funds are to be used for the construction of Anwell’s so-lar panel production plants in these two cities.

India has called for enhancing cooperation with the USA in the field of renewable energy by extending it to new areas such as small hydro power, technology transfer and stor-age of renewable energy. The two countries discussed a range of possibilities for coop-eration in the field of renewa-ble energy during the meeting between Minister of New & Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah and Deputy Secre-tary, Department of Energy, USA, Mr. Daniel B. Poneman in New Delhi . The Indian side also suggested cooperation in the integration of solar and wind

energy, small grid and policy framework for enhancing de-ployment of renewable energy in energy mix. The two leaders noted that Solar Energy, Wind Energy and Bio-fuels have been identified for cooperation be-tween the two countries under the Indo-US Energy Dialogue. Dr. Abdullah explained the ini-tiatives and steps taken by In-dia to enhance deployment of renewable energy in the coun-try. In this respect, he made a special mention of the Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mis-sion which aims at harnessing the vast potential of solar en-ergy in India.

Anwell breaks into India solar farm market with US$20 million thin film solar panel order

India Calls for expanding cooperation with the USA in Renewable Energy

Energetica News


Minister of New & Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah in-augurated the world’s highest efficiency solar thermal cooling system at the Solar Energy Cen-tre in Gurgaon in Haryana. Min-ister of Power, Shri Sushilkumar Shinde was also present on the occasion. The new 100 kw Solar Air-Conditioning System works at 30% higher efficiency than the current available systems and has several unique features. It is based on the new triple ef-fect absorption cooling technol-ogy. The system has indigenous-ly built medium temperature high efficiency parabolic troughs for collection of solar energy and effective solar thermal energy storage in the form of Phase Change Materials. The present system will cater to air-condi-tioning needs of 13 rooms of

solar Energy Centre. To achieve this, 288 sq mtr of Solar Collec-tor area has been installed which generates nearly 60 kW of 210 °C Pressurized hot water. This heat is used in Vapour Absorp-tion Machine to generate 7 °C Chilled water which in turn cir-culates through the Fan coil unit installed in the thirteen rooms. The major attraction of this sys-tem is that the hottest days have the greatest need for cooling and simultaneously, offer the maximum possible solar energy gain. The system has been de-veloped in joint collaboration by Solar Energy Centre with M/s Thermax Limited, Pune and is expected to meet the growing demand for air-conditioning in India in highly efficient and cost effective way through use of di-rect solar energy.

India achieves major breakthrough in solar thermal cooling system technology

Dr. Farooq Abdullah dedicates first Suzlon S97 wind turbine in Tejuva, Rajasthan

New wind farm for Maharashtra with IFC investment and ReGen Vensys 1.5 MW turbines

The Honourable Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah, inaugurat-ed and dedicated to the nation Suzlon’s latest offering – the S97 – 2.1 MW wind turbine, in a ceremony in Tejuva, Rajas-than on Tuesday, 26th of July 2011. Speaking at the event, Dr. Abdullah said: “Renewable energy has a critical role to play in the nation’s development – and wind energy has been one of the most important con-tributors in this space. “India is today the fifth largest wind power market in the world. It is also a leader in exporting wind turbines to mature and emerg-ing markets. Suzlon’s S97 is an-other example of our nation’s leadership in this important and fast-growing sector.” Speaking at the event, Mr. Tulsi R, Tanti, founder, Chairman and Man-aging Director, Suzlon Group said: “This is a proud moment for us. The S97 is an enhance-ment of our proven S88 tech-nology platform, and extends our reach in medium and low wind speed sites abundant in India and around the world. “This development would not have been possible without the visionary policies and encour-agement from our Central and State governments, as well as the regulatory bodies and nodal agencies. Rajasthan in particu-lar has been a leader in driving wind power development, and we are happy to inaugurate our first S97 installation in the world here today. “We stand proud of our contribution to the wind sector in India, the national economy, and society at large.” Also attending the event were, Dr. Jitendra Singh - Minister for Energy, Govern-

ment of Rajasthan; Sh. Sud-hansh Pant - Director, Rajasthan Vidyut Prasaran Nigam; Sh. Nareshpal Gangwar – CMD, Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited; Sh. B.L. Khamesra, MD, Jodhpur DIS-COM; Sh. Chhotusingh Bhati - MLA, Jaisalmer; Sh. Saleh Mohammad - MLA, Pokhran; Sh. M P Swami - Collector, Jaisalmer District; Sh. Abdullah Fakir - Pramukh, Zilla Parishad; and Sh. Babulal Singhvi - CMD, Friends Group of Companies. Suzlon S9X portfolio:The S9X suite is an evolution of Suzlon’s proven S88 – 2.1 MW technol-ogy platform and is built around a core doubly fed induction generator-based technology. A compact and modular DFIG de-sign allows ease of serviceabil-ity and meets the latest grid re-quirements for smoother wind power plant connectivity. New blade designs, with a rotor di-ameter of 95 meter and 97 me-ters, offer a larger swept area add to this with greater energy capture and power production from moderate to low wind speeds. To ensure the highest standards in quality, Suzlon’s blade testing far exceeds indus-try baseline by simulating total life cycle of blade (one million cycles) in most extreme onsite conditions. The turbines boast variable tower heights of 90 or 100 meters, leading to low cost optimization and higher power generation. The S9X turbines also comply with low voltage regulation requirements, this leads to better compliance with grid regulation. Additionally, improved sub-systems – like the new pitch and yaw systems – have increased system reliability of the machines.

BEL is an IFC investee compa-ny (IFC holds a 5.24% stake in the Company) that wants to develop, own and operate a 51 MW wind farm, in Vil-lage Kukudwad, located in the Satara district, in the Ma-harashtra State in India.

The Project will be built under a fixed all inclusive EPC contract with ReGen Pow-ertech, an Indian company that designs, manufactures and installs gearless wind turbine generators using german technology licensed

from Vensys AG. The project will utilize 34 ReGen Vensys 1.5 MW turbines. The Pro-ject output will be sold to the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company utility under a 13 year Power Pur-chase Agreement (PPA). In addition, the Project will be eligible to receive Generation Based Incentives (“GBI”).The expected total project cost is approximately $71.5 million. IFC will provide up to $15 million of a loan to the pro-ject company.

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Energetica News


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Ex-Im Bank finances US $9.2 million of Abound solar modules to Punj Lloyd Solar Power

Number of Countries using Wind energy is growing rapidly, increasing to 86 Countries

The Export-Import Bank of the United States announced that it is providing a $9.2 million long-term loan to support ex-ports of thin-film solar photo-voltaic modules from Abound Solar Inc. in Loveland, Colo., to Punj Lloyd Solar Power Ltd. In conversations with Energetica India , Russ Kanjorski, vice pres-ident of marketing, Abound Solar said: “India is a very promising market for US solar companies and can help con-tinue to drive the PV industry toward global maturation and market diversification.” He also stated. “As a US-based, bank-able solar manufacturer and net exporter of solar modules, Abound Solar believes Ex-Im plays an important role in help-ing US companies tap world markets to create domestic jobs. We look forward to col-laborating with the Ex-Im bank and Punj Lloyd Solar Power.” he finally added. Abound Solar’s exports will be used in the con-struction of a five-megawatt (MW) solar project located on a 62.5-acre site near the village

of Bap, about 145 kilometers from the city of Jodhpur in the state of Rajasthan. The project is one of the first to be developed under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which aims to develop over 20,000 MW of installed solar power by 2022. Ex-Im Bank is the first in-ternational financing institution to approve solar-power projects under India’s National Solar Mission and one of the first to approve financings under the solar-power policy of the state of Gujarat. In fiscal year 2011 to date, the Bank has approved financing totaling approximate-ly $75 million for four solar projects in India. The Bank also has about $500 million of India solar projects in the pipeline that will generate an estimated 315 MW of solar power. “In-dia has set ambitious goals to increase solar-energy produc-tion and is creating incentives to encourage solar companies to develop this market. Ex-Im Bank is pleased to partner with Punj Lloyd to enable a robust solar-power sector in India. We

are working with U.S. export-ers make sure that they have the competitive financing they need to participate in these important initiatives,” said Ex-Im Bank Chairman and Presi-dent Fred P. Hochberg, who announced the transaction to-day in New Delhi. Hochberg is conducting a week-long busi-ness development mission in India, including participation in the U.S.-India Strategic Dia-logue meeting in New Delhi on Tuesday, July 19, that is being headed by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodman Clinton. Atul Punj, chairman of the Punj Lloyd Group said, “We are ex-tremely proud to have U.S. Ex-Im Bank’s support to achieve the financial closure for our project. This sets the founda-tion towards our goal of be-ing a leading developer and an engineering, procurement and construction player within the solar utility-scale sector in India.” “The ability to finance solar photovoltaic projects is as important as the quality of the components used. Abound

Solar is excited to have the sup-port of Ex-Im Bank to expand the export of our U.S.-manu-factured solar modules to cus-tomers in India and elsewhere around the world,” said Russell Kanjorski, Abound Solar vice president of Marketing. The repayment of Ex-Im’s 18-year loan is based on the cash flows generated by the sale of elec-tricity to NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd. (NVVN), the wholly owned power trading subsidi-ary of India’s National Thermal Power Corp and the agency responsible for the purchase and sale of solar power under the first phase of the National Solar Mission. The Indian gov-ernment has provided special power price incentives through NVVN. Ex-Im Bank has also provided or assisted in financ-ing U.S. solar-energy exports to three other projects in India in FY 2011 to date: the Dalmia Solar Project in Rajasthan, the Azure Solar Project in Rajasthan and the ACME Solar Technol-ogy Project in the state of Gu-jarat.

The number of countries us-ing wind energy for electricity generation increased in the first half of 2011 to 86. All wind turbines installed worldwide have crossed 200 Gigawatt and can generate 430 TWh per an-num, equalling 2,5 % of the global electricity consumption.These and many other figures of the wind energy market are published in the 4th edition of WWEA’s international year-

book, Wind Energy Interna-tional 2011/2012, which has now been released. The book is a culmination of reports from experts around the world. It in-cludes updated and complete information on the worldwide status of wind energy by 76 country reports describing the wind energy situation in almost 100 countries on all continents. Authors from these countries have provided first-hand infor-

mation in a comprehensive for-mat. In addition, the yearbook also incorporates 32 special reports detailing policies, indus-trial trends, financing, grid in-tegration, offshore, small wind systems, community power, education, training & capacity building.With the accelerating switch of the worldwide energy system towards more renew-able energy, in particular wind power, Wind Energy Interna-

tional 2011/2012 is indispensa-ble for all decision-makers in the industry, amongst policy-makers and everybody involved in the energy and environment sector. Best practices from around the world have been carefully ana-lysed and presented in the year-book. These include successful feed-in tariff, community pow-er, financing developments that support the widespread diffu-sion of wind energy.

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Energetica News


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PV Inverter Market to fall below $6bn in 2011, but exceed $10bn by 2015

PROINSO seals four new Supply projects reaching 33 MW in India

Despite the analyst firm pre-dicting global installations to grow this year, inventory over-hang from 2010 and high price pressure will drive industry revenues down this year the report reveals. IMS Research’s report “The World Market for PV Inverters” which relies on revenue and shipment data from more than 100 suppliers revealed a very mixed outlook for the PV inverter industry this year. “We predict that in-stallations will grow by 16% in 2011, driven by demand in Asia and Americas, however shipments of PV inverters will in fact fall by around 5% due to the oversupply into the mar-ket towards the end of 2010. In addition, both like-for-like and average prices will fall re-sulting in a decline in industry

revenues“, commented Ash Sharma, Senior Research Direc-tor for PV at IMS Research and co-author of the report’s 4th edition. Suppliers of inverters have faced intense pricing pres-sure in 1H’11 and like-for-like prices have fallen already by 10-15% in some cases, “Some major suppliers have made even steeper cuts particularly in emerging markets to buy mar-ket share. However product mix change caused by new markets gaining share, introductions of new models, such as those with reactive power capability, and shifts in some segments to smaller inverters will help main-tain average prices.” added Sharma. As such the research firm’s report predicts that over-all inverter prices will fall by only 8% in 2011.

Despite the outlook for in-dustry revenues looking bleak, it is not all bad news accord-ing the report and industry revenues in 2011 will still be significantly higher than 2009. “2011 will still be a good year for the PV inverter industry, but of course not so good when compared to the phenomenal 2010. Shipments will still ex-ceed 20 GW again and reve-nues around $6bn – more than double the amount generated back in 2009”, commented Sharma. Whilst total PV in-verter industry revenues may fall this year, major growth op-portunities are still possible for some suppliers: “Despite a ma-jor slowdown in some Europe-an markets in 2011, we predict robust growth in many Asian countries as well as the USA

which will benefit some suppli-ers more than others. Further-more we’re forecasting excel-lent growth for large inverters used in MW-scale installations as well as small 3-phase string inverters for commercial appli-cations” commented Sharma. “Small 3-phase string invert-ers grew by a massive 560% in 2010 driven by high demand in commercial systems due to their ease of installations and scalability. Their penetration is forecast to increase further in almost every geographic market”, concluded Sharma. Although it predicts industry revenues will decline this year, the report from IMS Research shows a very positive long-term outlook for the indus-try with revenues exceeding $10bn by 2015.

The Spanish company PROIN-SO- specialized in the distri-bution of modules, inverters, trackers and fixed structures for photovoltaic solar instal-lations, has closed two new agreements for photovoltaic solar energy projects in India together reaching 33 MW and are located in the city of Chara-kana (Patan District of Gujarat) and in Maharastra. These pro-jects are distributed as follows:

• Gujarat 1 5 MWs• Gujarat 2 20 MWs• Maharastra 2 4 MWS• Majarastra 3 4 MWsWith the projects to date

and the one previously signed in June 2011 - Maharastra 1 for 2 MWS -, - PROINSO reaches the contracted figure of 35 MW in India. The project began the supply in the month

of July when it began to re-ceive the first materials and will be completed before De-cember 2011. All projects will have SMA technology with the OUTDOOR model and polycrystalline modules.The two new agreements are in addition to the first contract in India PROINSO closed last June for the supply of a 2 MW so-lar project located in the state of Maharashtra (central west of the country). This agree-ment confirms the entry of the Spanish multinational with force into the Indian market for solar photovoltaics, which could become a reference for the different companies that are developing EPC projects in India, given the good re-ception it is receiving on the market. In fact, PROINSO and

MECASOLAR – tracker manu-facturing companies part of the Grupo OPDE plans to open before the end of the year an office in India, a market of great interest to both compa-nies given its growth potential (solar energy in India is ex-pected to reach 10,000 MW installed by 2020). PROINSO first began to approach the India market through a re-verse trade mission organized by SECARTYS and SOLARTYS and in collaboration with Te-resa Solbes Commercial Eco-nomic Adviser for the Spanish Embassy and the Solar Society India.This reverse mission was held in May 2010, attended by many Indian companies, accompanied by Dr. Farooq Abdullah, the Honourable Minister of New and Renew-

able Energy presented the OPDE Group - company that MECASOLAR-PROINSO forms part of – with the investment opportunities within the Solar Nation program and the sup-port that companies who in-vest in this technology in India will receive.Recent participa-tion in a direct trade mission in April 2011 to India by the Spanish Association for the Internationalisation and In-novation of Solar Companies (SECARTYSSOLARTYS), has allowed PROINSO and MEC-ASOLAR to strengthen com-mercial relationships with leading companies in the pho-tovoltaic industry. Later this year the two companies will participate in the INTERSOLAR INDIA Fair to be held from 14 to 16 December.

5th Renewable Energy India Expo Meyer Burger Hall 11 / Booth 11.14010 – 12 August 2011 Roth & Rau Hall 11 / Booth 11.82Pragati Maidan, New Delhi

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Represented in India by: Meyer Burger India Private Ltd

[email protected] / www.meyerburger.com

Energetica News


The president of ACCIONA Energy, Carmen Becerril, and the CEO of Navantia, Luís Cacho, today signed a co-operation agreement in the field of offshore wind power. Both companies are committed to de-veloping projects and industrial and technological activities with different institutions aiming to contribute to the launching of an offshore wind industry with great growth potential, technological development and job creation ca-pacity. The event took place at the premises of the Navantia shipyard in Puerto Real (Cadiz, Spain). Both parties have agreed to co-operate in joint technological or offshore business development projects in different areas along the value chain. These include the develop-ment of fixed and floating foun-dations for the installation of wind turbines, electrical substations, meteorological towers, vessels and platforms for installing foundations and/or wind turbines, as well as for maintaining and disassembling fa-cilities. Joint efforts will also include logistics surveys and capacity analy-ses of Spanish ports and Navantia’s own facilities to serve the offshore wind industry. The two companies have stressed the need to establish efficient regulatory procedures in Spain that will enable the growth of offshore wind energy and support the continuity of the technologi-cal achievements of this country in the development of onshore wind power generation. Spain holds the second place in Europe and the fourth place worldwide in onshore wind energy production and both companies agree that it should seize the opportunities arising from the spectacular growth expected in the coming decades and avoid being displaced from the group of countries that will lead the use of offshore wind to produce electric-ity. For Navantia, making inroads in

this sector reflects a strategy that seeks to diversify its activities and make efficient use of its industrial facilities in both the Bay of Cadiz and in other shipyards, which are conveniently located for imple-menting offshore wind farms. These facilities also have a suitable infrastructure for carrying out the assembly, installation, operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms. As a naval and marine tech-nologist, Navantia is carrying out key R&D work in projects that are already underway for the design of weather stations, floating struc-tures and ships for the installation and support of offshore wind farms in deep water. The company is already working with Acciona in some activities in this field. Acciona is a leader in the field of renewable energies, present throughout the value chain —from project devel-opment, engineering, construction and wind turbine manufacturing, to the operation of facilities and electricity sales— that owns 220 onshore wind farms (6380 MW) and develops projects in the off-shore wind industry. In this area, ACCIONA is currently very active, producing new technological solu-tions for offshore wind farms and participating in R&D projects with a total budget of close to 100 mil-lion euros. The projects mainly focus on the design of structures conceived for great depths, ideal for countries such as Spain, which has a very narrow continental shelf. Both companies want to leverage the synergies resulting from their respective capabilities, convinced that maintaining Spain’s current leadership in wind power will de-pend substantially on its presence in the offshore wind industry, with technological solutions in both wind turbines and foundations, engineering and logistics, among other aspects. The participation of

both companies in joint projects will allow them to acquire tech-nological, industrial and manage-ment capabilities in deep water off-shore wind energy technology. The offshore wind sector is currently led by Europe -mainly in the Baltic and North Sea-, where there were 3514 MW in place by late 2010, virtually all of the offshore power implemented globally (3616 MW). This is a small figure compared to the almost 200,000 MW installed onshore worldwide. However, forecasts point to dramatic growth over the next decade, when off-shore wind power is expected to reach the figure of 75,000 MW by 2020. Of these, more than 52,000 MW would be located in Europe and the rest mainly in China (19,600 MW), followed at a considerable distance by the U.S. and Canada (2000 MW between them), according to the specialist consultants BTM Consult ApS. The 52,000 offshore MW expected in Europe by 2020 account for al-most 23% of all wind power ex-pected to be installed on the main-land (230,000 MW), compared to 4% today. By 2030, the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) expects accumulated offshore wind power in the continent to stand at 150,000 MW and annual investments in the sector to reach 16.5 billion euros, with a cumula-tive investment during 2020-2030 approaching the 140 billion euro figure.This outstanding growth in offshore wind power will result in the creation of more than 200,000 jobs in Europe alone. Furthermore, the contribution of offshore wind power is essential for the EU to be able to meet its commitments on climate change and renew-able energies, which can be sum-marised in the 20-20-20 target: a 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, a 20% contribution of

renewable sources to end user en-ergy demand and a 20% increase in savings and efficiency by 2020. All of these goals have been rati-fied by Spain.

Eltek Valere awarded first Contracts for new Solar ProductEltek Valere has been awarded two contracts in Italy for the solar inverter systems Theia PV Power Station, the first orders for this new solar product line. The total contract value is NOK 21 million and includes shelters with approximately 11 MW solar inverters.We released the Theia PV Power Station at In-tersolar in Germany last month, and are pleased that we are already being awarded impor-tant contracts. The PV Power Station provides a turnkey so-lution for converting energy from large solar arrays to the medium voltage electricity grid. Eltek Valere’s PV power station provides the highest efficiency in the market, and the orders show that Eltek Valere is com-petitive in the market for large PV installations, says EVP Ingvar Apeland, who is responsible for Eltek’s Renewable division.

Eltek Valere is a lead-ing supplier of high efficiency power electronics. The solar inverter market is an important and rapidly growing part of the company’s business. We expect much from the solar market in the coming years. The un-derlying demand and growth is solid and these important new contracts in Italy prove we have some of the best products in the market place, says CEO Jørgen Larsen in Eltek ASA.

Acciona and Navantia join Forces to co-operate in the Development of Offshore Wind Energy

Energetica News


Satcon partners with Wipro EcoEnergy for 40 Megawatts of PV Plant Development in India

Satcon Technology Corporation, a leading provider of utility-scale power conversion solutions for the renewable energy market, to-day announced that it has been selected by Wipro EcoEnergy for a total of 40 megawatts (MW) of PV plant development over multi-ple utility-scale sites in India. Wipro EcoEnergy will leverage Satcon’s PowerGate Plus 500 kW inverter for these installations, which con-stitute the largest privately devel-oped solar projects in India to date. “In the rapidly growing Indian economy there is a strong demand for reliable and affordable electric-ity and we are now uniquely posi-tioned to provide that energy se-curity,” said G.K. Prasanna, Senior Vice President and Global Head at Wipro EcoEnergy. “Wipro is best positioned to help make India one of the world’s leading solar power markets. Partnering with a leader in utility-scale solar power solu-tions like Satcon will help us deliver world-class solar energy solutions across India.”

Satcon’s PowerGate Plus in-verters are the industry’s most deployed large-scale inverter so-lutions, with over 2.5 gigawatts (GW) sold worldwide. All of Sat-con’s solutions include advanced utility-ready features to enable simplified grid interconnection, and can be easily integrated into SCADA systems through standard-ized communication interfaces. Wipro EcoEnergy will be providing turnkey design, procurement, con-struction and commissioning, as well as real-time remote infrastruc-ture monitoring, operations, and maintenance for these facilities.

Energetica News


Energy Advantage Inc., a lead-ing North American energy and sustainability management services provider, announced its entrance into India’s energy and environmental manage-ment services market. This move is a key element of the company’s global growth strat-egy. Energy Advantage has taken a measured approach to this expansion beginning last year with the outsourcing of some of its back-room clerical functions and IT development work to India through Inforica (a Canadian technology ser-vices company with operations in Canada, the GCC and India). This initial partnership has led to the formation of Energy Ad-vantage India, a joint venture with Inforica, which will pro-vide Energy Advantage with marketing and service delivery capabilities in India. Energy Ad-vantage India has hired Pankaj Gupta to be Vice-President In-dia Operations. Pankaj is a Me-

chanical Engineer with a Mas-ters Technology in Energy and Environmental Management from IIT-Delhi. He has 20 years of experience in energy and environmental management within the building services and technology industry with specific expertise in air-con-ditioning and refrigeration, building automation, and the cold chain supply channel. Pankaj most recently worked with Trane (now Ingersoll-Rand) in Dubai, UAE and In-dia for 15 years as Country Manager, Building Automa-tion System Division, and as General Manager, Refrigera-tion Solutions. “Energy Ad-vantage is extremely excited to expand its business into India and capitalize on the business opportunity afforded by work-ing directly within one of the highest growth markets in the world. We believe there’s a large and rapidly growing de-mand for energy and energy

related environmental servic-es with little resident energy management capability today. There is a strong Canadian/In-dian business community, and the governments of Canada and India are both actively promoting increased trade between the two countries”, says Rob Kirkby, CEO, Energy Advantage. “This represents a significant market opportu-nity for Energy Advantage as the growth in India is expect-ed to derive more from light manufacturing and commer-cial services than from heavy industry. Energy Advantage’s energy and environmental ser-vices are primarily focused on these commercial sectors and their building centric energy efficiency demands. As there is a shortage of peak demand power, the need for energy-efficiency in buildings is of prime importance for India to-day”, says Pankaj Gupta, Vice-President, India.

The “CIS Cluster Tool” project is starting its work on the de-velopment of new manufac-turing procedures for copper indium selenide-based thin film semiconductors (CIS) as part of a sponsoring project within the “Photovoltaics Innovations Al-liance”. The research project is being carried out in coop-eration of leading German companies in the photovoltaic industry. The project is to make a significant contribution to se-curing the global competitive-ness of the German photovol-taics and supply industry in the medium and long term.

The substantial and sus-tainable expansion of renew-able energies is one of the central tasks of our time. The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity (photovoltaics) represents high quality tech-nology that is of particular interest amongst all possible procedures. In order to secure the leading role played by Ger-many in the high-tech photo-voltaic sector, the Federal Min-istry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Federal Min-istry of the Environment, Na-ture Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) announced the

“Photovoltaic Innovations Alli-ance” sponsorship programme last year. From just under 120 applications received, the CIS Cluster Tool joint project, which is dedicated to researching a new manufacturing process for CIS semiconductor panels, was chosen amongst others as particularly promising. CIS technology, which is based on semiconductor film made from copper (Cu), Indium (In) and Selenide (Se) as well as Gallium (Ga), is one of the most prom-ising photovoltaic technologies and offers significant future potential.

Energy Advantage expands to India

Start of the “CIS Cluster Tool” Project on the Research of a new Manufacturing Process and to increase the Efficiency of CIS Thin Film

Commissioning of India’s First “Renewable Smart Mini-Grid”India’s Smart Grid policy is an emerging part of its nationwide energy policy. The policy is being jointly developed by a collabora-tive grouping of central and state governmental bodies and subject matter experts from industry, academia and non-governmen-tal research and development organizations. TERI (The Energy & Resources Institute) in collabo-ration with Solar Energy Centre (SEC) India and CSIRO Australia, has designed and developed In-dia’s first-ever Renewable Smart Mini-Grid (SMG) to streamline the distribution system with the help of an Intelligent Dispatch Controller using smart control techniques. TERI RETREAT of TERI Gram, Gual Pahari, hosts the first-of-its-kind Smart Mini-Grid in India. The varying load of RE-TREAT is intelligently and effec-tively managed through various distributed energy resources.

Following are the key fea-tures of Smart Mini-Grid:• Integration of multiple DERs,

ensuring maximum utilization of renewable energy sources

• Resource and load profiling, controlling, and forecasting

• Centralized control (Smart Hy-brid Controller/Intelligent Dis-patch Controller) for resource optimization and demand management

• Load prioritization • Integrated, high-speed, FPGA-

based digital communication on • LabVIEW platform• Real-time data acquisition and

monitoring of thousands of electrical and physical signals

• Minimized outages and fast response to network distur-bances through automatic connect/disconnect of system components

Energetica News


Delta India Electronics’ Rudrapur plant LEED certifi ed

Delta India Electronics Pvt. Ltd., the world’s leading provider of power management and ther-mal management solutions, today announced its Rudrapur plant has successfully achieved LEED certifi cation as “Gold-rated” green building and received the honor from the Indian Green Building Coun-cil (IGBC). LEED certifi cation is an international standards system for green building de-sign based on the U.S. Leader-ship in Energy & Environmen-tal Design (LEED) system. The Rudrapur plant was built in 2008 to support Delta’s com-mitment to the environment. Yancey Hai, Vice Chairman and CEO, Delta Electronics, Inc., said, “With our corporate mis-sion: “To provide innovative, clean and energy-effi cient so-lutions for a better tomorrow,” Delta continues to develop eco-friendly, energy-effi cient manufacturing and products and we are committed to constructing all future Delta facilities as green buildings. The LEED certifi cation of the Rudrapur plant not only serves as signifi cant recognition for our green practices, but also demonstrates Delta’s dedica-tion to a green and sustain-able Earth environment.” The Rudrapur factory consumes 35% less energy compared to a conventional building of the same size. It is designed using energy effi cient architecture, natural sky-lighting and ven-tilation, rain water harvesting and water re-cycling, as well as using eco-friendly building materials that provide a clean, healthy and safe workplace for

employees.For harmony with nature and the local commu-nity, every detail of the fac-tory is in sync with the green building spirit. For instance, approximately 60% of the total area of the factory has been kept open and green. Dalip Sharma, Managing Di-rector of Delta India Electron-ics, said, “The LEED certifi ed green factory in Rudrapur incorporates Delta’s renew-able energy technologies and solutions. The certifi cation recognizes all of our efforts in reducing the environmental impact of our business oper-ations, daily processes, prod-ucts, buildings and R&D. We are committed to energy sav-ings and environmental pro-tection that helps diminish the serious threat of global warming. In addition, it also confi rms our efforts to go be-yond mere compliance with ecological guidelines.” Del-ta India currently has three manufacturing units located in Rudrapur, Gurgaon, Pondi-cherry and two R&D centers in Gurgaon and Bangalore. Among them, the new cor-porate offi ce in Gurgaon has also applied for a platinum rating in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. LEED and IGBC standards. Over the past few years, Delta has become a renowned name in telecom power solutions, un-interruptible power systems (UPSs), display solutions, industrial automation, and components, and has many top-tier clients for its various product lines in the Indian market.

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SpireSolar_Energetica India June_HalfPg.pdf 1 6/24/2011 1:46:23 PM

The First Solar Program of Activities (PoA) in India under CDM of UNFCCC was launched in December 2010 for projects up to 15 Megawatt of capacity. Now, any solar power project across India can avail auto registration without having to undergo UNFCCC scrutiny and providing detailed additionality thereby mitigating the risk of registration. The concept of POA for CDM Projects has been formulated by UNFCCC to save time / cost / simplify CDM cycle.

APOORVA JAIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OFFICER SENES CONSULTANTS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

First Solar CDM Program of Activity (PoA) in India

It is to be noted that a number of wind and biomass power projects from India have been rejected by the UN Executive Board

in the past due to various reasons varying for inexperience of CDM consultants or the pro-moters, not following the set procedure which was to be repeated for each project and vari-ous other reasons including not being able to prove the additionality. These projects were not able to get CDM benefit in spite of reduc-ing Green house gases. A Programme of Ac-tivities (PoA) is a program coordinated by an entity that provides the organizational, finan-cial, and methodological framework for emis-sion reductions to occur. The specific meas-ures through which the emission reductions are achieved are “CDM Program Activities” (CPAs). Availing carbon revenue using PoA offers distinctive advantage under economies of scale over alternative stand alone project-based approach. PoA is advantageous over project-based approach in many ways since it reduces transaction cost, saves time and reduc-es risks of registration etc. Moreover there is no need of showing additionality at project level, additionality will only be done at PoA level. Any future solar power project thus automatically is additional under the PoA.

PoA ConceptA programme of activities (PoA) is a voluntary coordinated action by a private or public entity which coordinates and implements any policy/measure or stated goal (i.e. incentive schemes and voluntary programmes like reducing GHG through solar implementation), which leads to anthropogenic GHG emission, via an unlimited number of CDM programme activities (CPAs).

Project activities under a programme of activities can be registered as a single Clean Development Mechanism project activity thereby substantially reducing cost, time and uncertainty. A PoA is made up of CDM Pro-

gramme Activities (CPAs). Multiple CPAs (like future solar projects across India in the next 28 years) can be included under a PoA at the time of registration and additional CPAs can be add-ed at any point in the life of the PoA. Lifetime of PoA is 28 years.

PoA AdvantageThe classical structure of CDM uses a project-by-project process for registering and verify-ing projects. This approach involves very high transaction costs, a long time to market, and a high risk of non-registration. It is not feasi-ble to implement such a process where an average project size tends to be smaller, so relative transaction costs are higher. In order to reduce transaction costs in CDM and expand the mechanism’s applicability to micro project activities, the CDM Executive Board launched the Programme of Activities modality. Under this modality, a PoA Coordinating/Managing Entity (CME) develops a PoA which defines broad parameters for project activities (referred to as CDM Programme Activities or CPAs) that are eligible for inclusion in the PoA. Whereas stand-alone CDM projects must be approved individually by the CDM Executive Board, a PoA needs to be registered only once by the CDM Executive Board. After that, it can in-clude an unlimited and unspecified number of individual CPAs without recourse to the CDM Executive Board

1.Saves Time: Individual CPAs have a drastically shorter time to market for project operators who wish to secure CER revenues since the inclusion of CPAs in a registered PoA no longer require approval from the CDM Executive Board in Bonn. With the PoA ap-proach, approximately 18 months of time is saved by avoiding following steps:

• Global Stakeholder Consultation (1 month)• Additionality (2 months)• Detailed Baseline analysis (1 Month)• Detailed Validation (5 months)• Requesting Registration Fee (7 days)• Completeness Check (3 months)• Information and Reporting Check (1 month)• Commenting Period (1 month)• Request for Review (3 months)• EB Approval (1 month)

2.Saves Cost: Adding CPAs leads to substan-tially lower transaction costs than stand-alone CDM projects because the registra-tion and verification processes for CPAs are streamlined. In PoA there are simplified documents, hence low validation and con-sultancy fee (50% savings while adding a new CPA). Other than this, there is unified verification & hence low verification fee (80% savings in the event more than 5 CPA). Project could CERs on a better price through economies of scale

3.Reduced Risks: Add as many projects at any date during the lifetime of PoA, which is 28 years. Opportunities to convert future car-bon revenues into upfront carbon finance by reducing the risk of non-registration and shortening the lag before CDM income is realized. This point is particularly important, as this can improve the factual additionality of CDM projects, by making carbon-related revenues tangible at the point of financial closure.

SOLARPOWER


There are two types of entrepreneurs in the Indian solar energy scenario. Those who like to be in the forefront, courageous enough to face the risks of being a first mover and those who prefer to wait and enter the market when it is well established. AIC Solar Projects Pvt Ltd. an Indo-German joint venture company, has commissioned the first grid connected 1 MW solar PV plant in Orissa by taking a proactive approach. This plant is also the third in India amongst the projects being implemented under India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).

AIC SOLAR PROJECTS

Solar Pioneers in Orissa

BackgroundIndia is located in the Sun Belt region of the earth. The country receives solar ener-gy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh per year. The daily average global radiation is around 5 .0 kWh/m2 in north-eastern and hilly areas to about 6.0 kWh/m2 in western regions and cold dessert areas with the sunshine hours ranging between 1800 and 2300 per year.

Such abundant radiation has prompt-ed one of the most ambitious solar pro-grams of our planet at the end of 2009, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mis-sion (JNNSM) and converted the term “Solar” into an Indian buzzword. The am-bitious solar plan is part of the initiatives listed in the Indian government’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) developed in 2008.

JNNSM’s target is to reach 20,000 MW installed solar power until 2022. In the next two decades, India’s electricity demand is expected to grow at an aver-

age annual rate of around 7% to sustain the 8% annual growth rate of the coun-try.

The launch of JNNSM attracts world-wide attention and despite all difficulties companies may face during the initial phase, India is considered the next world solar hub. JNSSM has sparked European and North American solar companies to seriously explore and participate to grab a major share of the market.

AIC Solar Projects anticipated this market scenario and pioneered the first

grid connected 1 MW solar PV plant in the Indian state of Orissa.

The parent company of AIC Solar Projects is located in Chemnitz in the Ger-man state of Saxony and is an engineering and architectural company with around 130 design engineers. AIC Projects GmbH is part of the Hörmann Holding GmbH & Co. KG with 3600 employees.

AIC Projects has vast experience in project planning of PV plants of vari-ous sizes in Germany and abroad. As an EPC contractor, they are capable to offer turnkey solutions for PV power plants. In the past, AIC GmbH has provided its ser-vices for the Indian industrial sector. This experience opened up the door for the joint venture agreement with Raajratna Energy Holdings Private Limited (REHPL). The Indian company has been so far well known as a project developer of hydro-electric power plants. Currently they have focused their attention in the renewable energy sector, specifically on solar power.

SOLARPVPLANTREPORT


IN THE NEX T TWO D ECADES, INDIA’S ELECTRICITY DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO GROW AT AN AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF AROUND 7% TO S USTAIN THE 8% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF THE COUNTRY

The locationWhen professionals start talking about solar energy in India, they would auto-matically have in mind Rajasthan or Gu-jarat. But now Orissa has positioned itself on the Indian solar map with the inaugu-ration of the first grid connected solar PV plant under JNNSM. According to Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA) Orissa has a solar power poten-tial of 14,000 MW.

The state of Orissa (also known as Odisha) is situated on the east coast of India by the Bay of Bengal with a 480 km long coast line. Orissa shares its borders with the states of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

According to the Orissa Climate Change Action Plan (OCCAP) the state is poised for rapid industrial development and large use of electricity for industrial purpose for which the demand of elec-tricity is continuously increasing. To meet the growing needs, the government of Orissa has treaded on an aggressive plan to generate more power. Orissa is on the way to becoming an energy supplier to the grid. In the next 10 years the state ex-pects to generate 60,000 MW of power, most of what are based on coal (a multi-ple increase from the current 4,000 MW). On the demand side there is a potential on reducing T&D losses, energy efficiency promotion/DSM and also tapping the un-realized potential for renewable energy particular solar and biomass.

There are voices that criticize the pro-motion of thermal power plants based on coal which is strongly promoted by OC-CAP so the impact of the successful com-missioning of the first 1 MW PV power plant connected to the grid perhaps could change the conventional point of view into a stronger renewable future.

The PlanT DeveloPmenT:Orissa’s first PV plant has been set up in a remote area in the village of Sadeipalli about 6 km from Bolangir town. REHPL, the project developer of this plant is one of the ninety project proponents who have been allocated for such JNNSM pro-jects in India under the “Rooftop & Small Solar Power Generation Programme”.

When AIC Projects entered into the joint venture agreement with REHPL to

engage in the business for providing EPC solutions for the solar Industry, REHPL had already has finished the financial closure for the 1MW project in Orissa. The invest-ment for the solar plant is 170 million INR and has been financed by the Rural Elec-trification Corporation Ltd. (REC). To find an appropriate location and land acquisi-tion along with achieving financial closure are the two most difficult obstacles for the solar plant development in India. The difficulties that arise in achieving these goals have been the reason for a lot of project proponents to delay their commis-sioning of their solar power plants.

Nevertheless, AIC Solar Projects suc-cessfully managed the obstacles by opt-ing for state (IDCO) allocated land of 8 acres in a shade free terrain.

The EPC contract was signed at the end of December 2010. AIC Solar Projects started in January 2011 with the planning and the design of the power plant. To forecast and calculate the possible yields of the solar park, AIC Solar Projects used PV SOL software tools.

In March 2011 the construction works were initiated and on June 30th, 2011 the plant was commissioned. To complete the whole installation AIC solar Projects needed 4 months. Currently the company has a 10-person engineering team in India composed of civil, electrical, mechanical, high voltage, logistics and planning specialists, able to develop and commission solar projects.

Matthias Gerhardt Head of Project Dev. & Project Management commented to Energetica India the difficulties that his team faced during the plant construction. “Since we were working in a very rural area, we must solve the material pro-curement and find skilled labor.” A 100

m road access to the solar PV plant was constructed to facilitate the arrival of the plant material.

The infrastructure for efficient trans-port of material and skilled workers is one of the outstanding problems during the solar power plant erections in India. An-other problem they had faced in Orissa during the construction period were the extremely hard weather conditions with

SOLARPVPLANTREPORT


TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE MODULE TYPE TW-SF 100 (TIANWEI AMORPHOUS SILICON THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC FRAMELESS MODULES.)

Electrical Characteristics

According to STC* TW-SF100• Power Output Pmpp 100 W• MPP Voltage Vmpp 104 V• MPP Current Impp 0.96 A• Open-circuit Voltage Voc 138 V• Short-circuit Current Isc 1.22 A• Output Tolerance -2 W / +3 W• Tolerance of Electric Parameter ±3 %• Maximum System Voltage VDC 1000 V (TÜV), 600 V (UL)* STC (Standard Test Conditions): 1000 W/m²

irradiance strength with a spectrum of AM 1.5 at a module temperature of 25°C.

According to NOCT** TW-SF100• Power Output Pmpp 81 W• MPP Voltage Vmpp 101 V• MPP Current Impp 0.80 A• Open-circuit Voltage Voc 135 V• Short-circuit Current Isc 0.99 A• Nominal Operation Cell Temperature 46 °C ±2 °C** NOCT (Normal Operating Cell Temperature):

Electrical data is measured to the irradiance of 800 W/m² and a wind velocity of 1m/s.

Mechanical Characteristics:

• Type TW-SF100• Cell Design: amorphous silicon single-junction• Construction: glass-glass-laminate,Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) thickness: 0.76 mm• Cables: 800 mm / 2.5 mm²• Plug Connector: MC4 compatible• Junction Box: conform to IP65 bypass diodes: 3 A, 1300 V• Front Cover:white float glass, thickness: 3.2 mm• Back Cover: tempered float glass, thickness: 3.2 mm• Dimensions: 1300 mm x 1100 mm x 6.8 mm• Weight: approx. 24 kg

• Certifications: CE, TÜV, CQC, UL 1703, IEC 61646, IEC 61730, And ISO9001:2008• Certification Institute: TÜV Rheinland, UL, CQC

• Transformerless DC-AC converters are not permitted• Temperature range -40°C to +85°C, humidity max. 85 % (rh)• Upright assembly, laser lines running vertically

Temperature Coefficient• Pmpp a -0.21 %/K• Voc c -0.28 %/K• Isc b +0.04 %/K• Vmpp e -0.29 %/K• Impp s +0.09 %/K

THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EFFICIENT TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL AND SKILLED WORKERS IS ONE OF THE OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS DURING THE SOLAR POWER PLANT ERECTIONS IN INDIA

SOLARPVPLANTREPORT


temperatures around 45º C in the period between March and May, changing to se-vere thunderstorms and heavy rains with the beginning of the monsoon season around mid-June.

The Main Sub ContractorsAIC Solar Projects only works with re-nowned sub-contractors to avoid quality issues for the future and reduce risk. The key sub-contractors involved for the Orissa project were Ascent Engineers from Hy-derabad, who were in charge for all elec-trical DC and AC works and Nuevo Sol, Hyderabad who was responsible for the mounting structure for the PV modules.

REHPL, opted for the a-Si thin film modules from Baoding Tianwei Group Co., Ltd. Tianwei’s thin film products have certified by UL, CE, IEC, TUV and ISO9001 and other many international certifica-tions, ensuring their quality. These thin film modules are manufactured through Oerlikon turnkey production lines. The modules don’t use polluting or toxic ma-terials.

10,000 PV modules with a capacity of 100 Wp/module were erected in the 1MW PV plant. These modules assure very good annual returns even under weak or diffuse lighting conditions. The a-Si modules offer excellent properties at high temperatures and also higher yields. In climate zones as India and during the

monsoon season the a-Si modules have shown an excellent low light perfor-mance. In comparison crystalline silicon panels can lose in these circumstances as much as 25% of their efficiency.

Other main component of any solar PV plant is the inverter. AIC Projects GmbH has erected all its solar parks installing SMA inverters. The German SMA Group is the global leader in the PV inverter mar-ket. For the Bolangir project were chosen two units SUNNY CENTRAL 500CP (SMA SC 500CP), a model that represents the new inverter outdoor generation. For the Indian climate conditions the SMA CP SC 500 offers excellent conditions. The mod-el is weather resistant and an operating range up to 50º C outside temperature. On the other hand it incorporates an in-novative ventilation technology. SMA also provided the Sunny String Monitor equipment-SSM- for a detailed monitor-ing. By measuring and comparing the in-dividual string currents, power deviations in the PV array are detected and analyzed by the inverter. According to preference, the device can be delivered either in an enclosure for wall mounting or as a distri-bution board. In addition to string current measurement, the Sunny String-Monitor features string fuse protection as well as an overvoltage protection device.

Two transformers were supplied by PETE a manufacturer company lo-

cated near Hyderabad. PETE is a leading manufacturer of Power and Distribution transformers in Andhra Pradesh, India with over 22 years of experience. PETE manufactures up to 50MVA 132KV Class, Dry Type Transformers up to 3MVA 11KV Class and Furnace / Arc Furnace trans-formers up to 30MVA.

The scope of supply for AIC Solar Projects included also string boxes from Spelsberg with WAGO connectors. The PV solar cable comes from German He-lukabel one of the most successful com-panies in the field of cables for renewable energy applications. They have developed cables with special properties that take into account environmental conditions and plant-specific parameters. In the field of solar and wind energy, these are the changing weather conditions and some-times extreme mechanical stresses. Other important project participants were the Indian company Polycab for Underground cables and medium voltage cables and Nuevo Sol located in Hyderabad has pro-vided the mounting solution for the pro-ject. The electricity is directly feed into the grid at the border of the solar plant, al-though there is substation 2km far away from the plant.

Civil engineering (roads, cable trenches), construction (foundations for inverters and transformers, control room, security service), the same as the founda-tions for sub-structures were arranged with reputed local sub-contractors under the supervision of AIC Solar Projects.

For a profitable and reliable solar park operation, AIC Solar Projects has been entrusted with the O&M responsibility. For this purpose they have a permanent O&M Team on site.. This fact shows the job creating benefits coming from green technologies, also in remote areas.

To achieve maximum yields the solar modules must be clean. During the mon-soon season, there is no extra cleaning

THE PIONEERING ATTITUDE GIVE AIC SOLAR PROJECTS A HUGE ADVANTAGE IN COMPARISON TO OTHER COMPANIES

SOLARPVPLANTREPORT


Sun in, electricity out.

If only everything in the future could be so predictable.

* In a long-term study conducted by the Fraunhofer-Institute the SCHOTT Solar modules still achieved over 90% of their original performance even after 25 years.

Solar modules from SCHOTT Solar have what it takes for long-term attractive revenues: high performance stability*, the quality of a renowned German technology company and experience in solar technology since 1958.

More information at schottsolar.com/solar-yield

INCREDIBLY STABLE FORECAST.

Schott Solar Energetica India S60101747 910261 910261 910261

210 mm x 297 mm 210 mm x 297 mm ISO Coated V2

100 % 16.05.2011 j. luh

Anzeige PV-Int inkl. Test 220/290

PP_SC_210x297_PV-Int_Internat_220_290_EnergeticaIndia.indd 1 16.05.2011 14:47:40 Uhr

required. But AIC Solar Projects leaves nothing to chance. The water supply is established by bore wells that will allow regular cleaning at an appropriate fre-quency.

Currently AIC Solar Projects is actively involved in the Indian solar energy mar-ket. AIC Solar projects have started on the construction of a new 1 MW plant in Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh for its client Amrit Jal Ventures.

Other projects in the 2 -10 MW range are also in the pipeline for AIC Solar Pro-jects. It’s not necessary to explain that AIC

Solar Projects has recognized the Indian solar potential in the earliest phase. The pioneering attitude give AIC Solar pro-jects a huge advantage in comparison to other companies. They consider that the national and state policies in India offer excellent business opportunities along with the solar specific renewable power purchase obligation that will soon come up. AIC Solar projects is also look-ing forward to the stand-alone solution (non-grid connected) and roof top sector, which will be the next segment that will be developed strongly in India.

TECHNICAL DETAILS INVERTER :

Type designation SC 500CP-10

Input (DC) • Max. DC power (@ cos φ=1): 560 kW • Max. input voltage 1): 1000 V / 1100 V optional • MPP voltage range (@ 25 °C / @ 50° C at 50 Hz): 449 V – 820 V / 430 V – 820 V 2) • MPP voltage range (@ 25° C / @ 50° C at 60 Hz): 449 V – 820 V / 436 V – 820 V 2) • Rated input voltage: 480 V • Max. input current: 1250 A • Minimum input voltage / VMPP_min at IMPP < IDCmax: 429 V / 430 V • Number of independent MPP inputs: 1 • Number of DC inputs: 9 / 32 (Optiprotect)

Output (AC) • Rated power (@ 25 °C) / nominal AC power (@ 50 °C): 550 kVA / 500 kVA • Nominal AC voltage / range: 270 V / 243 V – 297 V • AC power frequency /range: 50 Hz, 60 Hz / 47 Hz ... 63 Hz • Rated power frequency / rated power voltage: 50 Hz / 270 V • Max. output current: 1176 A • Max. THD: < 3 % • Power factor at rated power / adjustable shift factor: 1 / 0.9 overexcited ... 0.9 underexcited • Feed-in phases / connection phases: 3 / 3 Efficiency 7) • Max. Efficiency / European efficiency / CEC efficiency: 98.6 % / 98.4 % / 98.5 %

Protection • Input side disconnection device: Motor-driven switch-disconnector / circuit breaker (Optiprotect) • Output side disconnection device: AC circuit breaker • DC overvoltage protection / AC overvoltage protection: Surge arrester type II / surge arrester type II • Grid monitoring: yes • Ground fault monitoring / Remote ground fault monitoring opt. / opt. • Insulation monitoring: optional • Surge arrester for auxiliary supply: yes • Protection class (as per IEC 62103) / overvoltage category (as per IEC 60664-1): I / III

General Data • Dimensions (W / H / D): 2562 / 2279 / 956 mm (101 / 90 / 38 inch) • Weight: 1800 kg • Operating temperature range: -20 °C ... +50 °C • Noise emission 5): 60 db(A) • Max. self-consumption (in operation) / self-consumption (at night): 1700 W 4) / < 100 • External auxiliary supply voltage: 230 / 400 V (3 / N / PE) • Cooling concept: OptiCool • Degree of protection: electronics / connection area (as per IEC 60529): IP54 / IP23 Application: Unprotected outdoors

• Maximum permissible value for relative humidity • (non-condensing): 15 % ... 95 % Maximum operating altitude above MSL: • Fresh air consumption: 3000 m³/h Features • DC terminal: Ring terminal lug / cage terminal (Optiprotect • AC terminal: Ring terminal • Display: opt. opt. opt. opt. opt. • Communication protocols: Ethernet (optical fiber optional), modbus • Sunny String-Monitor: RS485 / is not required (Optiprotect) • Color of enclosure, door, base, roof: RAL 9016 / 9016 / 7005 / 7004 • Certificates and approvals (more upon request): EN 61000-6-2, EN 61000-6-4, EEG conformity, Arrêté du 4/23/08, R.D. 1663 / 2000, R.D. 661 / 2007, BDEW-MSRL / FGW / TR8 6)

1) Startup at DC voltage < 1000 V2) At 1.05 VAC, nom and cos φ = 14) Self-consumption during nominal operation5) Sound pressure level at a distance of 10 m6) With complete dynamic grid support7) Efficiency measured without internal power supply

IMPORTANT PROJECT FEATURES:

1. Project Owner: Raajratna Energy Holding Private Limited (REHPL)

2. EPC: AIC Solar Projects Pvt Ltd.3. Project location: Sadeipalli Village, Bolangir

District, Orissa4. Technology: Solar PV, Thin film, Ground

mounted5. Plant capacity: 1MW6. PV Modules: 10,000 a-Si thin film modules 7. Annual output (expected): Around 1.6 million

kWh.8. Land area: 8 acre9. Construction Period: 4 months10. Project Cost: 170 million INR11. Financing: Rural Electrification Corporation

(REC)

Sun in, electricity out.

If only everything in the future could be so predictable.

* In a long-term study conducted by the Fraunhofer-Institute the SCHOTT Solar modules still achieved over 90% of their original performance even after 25 years.

Solar modules from SCHOTT Solar have what it takes for long-term attractive revenues: high performance stability*, the quality of a renowned German technology company and experience in solar technology since 1958.

More information at schottsolar.com/solar-yield

INCREDIBLY STABLE FORECAST.

Schott Solar Energetica India S60101747 910261 910261 910261

210 mm x 297 mm 210 mm x 297 mm ISO Coated V2

100 % 16.05.2011 j. luh

Anzeige PV-Int inkl. Test 220/290

PP_SC_210x297_PV-Int_Internat_220_290_EnergeticaIndia.indd 1 16.05.2011 14:47:40 Uhr

Nearly 1000 MW of eye popping allotment by Gujarat government to private players last year, pundits of renewable electricity market had rejoiced. Now all things seem perfectly black and white. 30 developers out of 68 allocated are now boarded the burning train, I mean got fi nancial closure already. Destination is 31st December 2011.

NILESH PATEL PROJECT CONSULTANT - MOVYA CONSULTANCY

Can I or I can’t? A Developer in Dilemma and update of Solar PV Projects Development in Gujarat

Now the Can I or I can’t question is the big brain twister for them. The complexity of importing ma-

terial on time, transporting to project site and then starting implementation in this rainy season does not seem that easy. Top-

ping that, acute labor shortage in Gujarat and untrained subcontractors can make things worse for the developer when they

SOLARPOWER


Developer Capacity Place Progress

Lanco Solar 35Bhadrada, Patan, 10MW

Chadiyana, Patan, 15 MWSolar park, patan ,10 MW

5 MW completed, other 5 MW completed this week at chandiyana, 10MW progressing very fast at chandiyana.

Moser Baer 145 CC

Gunthavada, BanaskanthaDhanera, BanaskanthaRananvav Porbandar

Surendranagar

30 MW is commissioning on 30th July. Other 15 MW by end of September.

Sun edison 20 CC Dhama, Surendranagar 10 MW to be completed by august end. Other 5 MW by end of October. Other 5 MW out of ground.

Sunbourne energy 10 Smakhiali, bhachau, kautchh Mechanical work in progress.

Waa solar – madhav power 10 Tikar, surendrangar Land acquisition completed, progress status unknown

Solar Semiconductor 20 Shivalakha, kutchh Land acquisition completed. Project in full swing.

Sunkon Energy 10 Vadodara Unknown

Abelleon energy/ claris lifescience 3 Modasa, bhatkoda Module fi nalized, self EPC

Backbone 10 Rapar kutchh Land acquired, Project progressing fast

Integrated coal mining 9 Rapar kutchh Land acquired, Project out of ground

Jaihind projects 5 Chandiyana, radhanpur, Patan Civil work complete, self EPC

Lourex bioscience 25 Sujangadh, Surendranagar Land acquisition in progress,

Enam properties 25 Dasada, Surendranagar Land acquisition in progress

Mono steel 10 kutchh In fi nancial closure

APCA power 5 Rajkot Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast

Green Infra 10 Rajkot Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast

Texus power 5 Bhuj, kutchh Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast

Arravalli Infra 5 Rajkot Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast

Kemrock 10 Jambusar,baroda Land acquired, Civil work in progress

Aathash powerAlex AstralCoastal projectCornerstoneEmamiGMRKiranKunverjiNKG infraRoha dyechem

52525510252051025

Solar Park, Charanaka, Patan Though land acquisition is complete, no project has taken off yet. Most developers are planning to start EPC by this month mostly.

SOLARPOWER


are shooting the deadline. FYI, no one cares about penalty these days, if one can complete before December deadline the penalty is not a big issue any more.

But the race has begun. Let’s taste the real scenario of a few of those developers, by revisiting progress made by them and other new starters.

As I wrote in my last article, this dead-line threat is really working and if the pro-gress keeps the same pace, 200-250MW for Gujarat is not far and can be doable by December 31st. Better off the govern-ment side, now GETCO, (Gujarat electricity Transmission Company) having very small task force for bringing new infrastructure so fast for this solar project has also taken some serious decisions too and are asking all new project starters to get their power evacuation line to be set up by themselves privately. GETCO will provide all material now and labour charges later.

On other note of news from Guja-rat, Other than this traditional allotment,

GSPC has awarded 5 MW EPC contract to Lanco solar and GMDC has allotted 5 MW EPC tender to TATA BP solar. GPCL 5 MW tender has almost allotted to qualified winner but somehow GPCL is not moving forward even though they too have 31st December deadline.

Anyway it’s the much awaited rainy season in Gujarat. So get wet yourself and celebrate the season with having hot and spicy bhajiya with Gujarati sweet tea.

Till then… take care.

Nilesh Patel is project consultant for solar PV and Solar Thermal power genera-tion. He owns business Movya consultancy dealing in project consultancy, govern-ment liaison, Allotment, signed PPA/ Eq-uity trading and Land banking. He is also independent freelancer expresses his un-derstanding of current issues alike. If you have questions on above article or busi-ness please contact him on [email protected]. For his business visit http://www.movya.com/

SOLARPOWER

The precision, reliability andquality of Komax Solar production solutions help togive your modules the edgeover the competition.

QUALITY THAT WILLALWAYS SHINE THROUGHTHE WAY TO MAKE IT OUTSTANDING


We use unique expertise and provide the optimum assembly process forour clients’ solar modules. Implementing our best in class technology,we ensure that they get a cost-efficient solution that constantly deliversboth precision and quality. They get the way to make it.

To find out more about the way to make it, visit us at www.komaxsolar.com

Komax Solar Inc.20 Innovation Drive York, PA 17402 USAPhone +1 717 755 6800

Komax Automation India Pvt. Ltd.HO: 690, Phase-5 , Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Harayana Ph: +91 124 4599100 E-mail: [email protected]: 204, Oxford Chambers, Rustambagh, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Karnataka Ph: +91 80 41150963 E-mail: [email protected]

Please visit us at :International Exhibition & Conference10-12 August, 2011Hall No. 11 Booth No. 217URL: http://www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com

In photovoltaic modules, an initial drop in efficiency is a well-known phenomenon. Known as light induced degradation, it has long been included in the performance guarantees offered by producers in the industry or the calculations of project developers and plant operators. Light induced degradation can cause an approx. 2% decrease in system performance in the first few hours of operation of any new pv- installation.

SOLON TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

Performance Degradation in Solar Plants

In 2006, a new form of performance degradation began to be noticed. The effect was discovered first in so-

lar plants whose modules used a certain brand of high-performance cells. Initial suspicions turned to the specific design of these cells, which differed substantially from industry-standard cells. In these cas-es, a concentration of charge carriers at the cell surface was blamed, caused by the

potential difference between the cells and the ground potential.

It has now been established that this new type of degradation – christened po-tential induced degradation (PID) or high voltage stress (HVS) – is indeed promoted by the special technology used in these cells. However, the phenomenon has also been observed in standard and thin-film cells. Its cause is seen in the high voltages that can occur in serially interconnected modules of all cell types.

The comparatively late discovery of PID in standard solar cells is a direct prod-uct of the boom of solar power and the increasing size of solar plants: until ap-proximately five years ago, most solar power installations took the form of do-mestic, small-scale rooftop plants. PID only came to people’s attention when the first solar power plans were constructed and put into operation with their typically high system voltages.

SOLON first came across the problem in early 2009. SOLON’s business revolves around the production of solar modules and PV systems as well as the develop-ment and construction of large-scale roof-top installations and ready-for-use solar power plants. We also offer maintenance services for SOLON plants. In our work, we encountered a growing number of instances of PID. We immediately under-stood the risk of PID for the successful growth of large-scale solar power plants with their great promise for our switch to a renewable energy future. By affecting the long-term sustainability of system perfor-mance, PID touches on a key element of solar technology that virtually all financing concepts in the industry rely on.

SOLARPOWER


PID ONLY CAME TO PEOPLE’S ATTENTION WHEN THE FIR ST SOLAR POWER PLANS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND PUT INTO OPER ATION WITH THEIR TYPICALLY HIGH SYSTEM VOLTAGES

The precision, reliability andquality of Komax Solar production solutions help togive your modules the edgeover the competition.



We use unique expertise and provide the optimum assembly process forour clients’ solar modules. Implementing our best in class technology,we ensure that they get a cost-efficient solution that constantly deliversboth precision and quality. They get the way to make it.

To find out more about the way to make it, visit us at www.komaxsolar.com

Komax Solar Inc.20 Innovation Drive York, PA 17402 USAPhone +1 717 755 6800

Komax Automation India Pvt. Ltd.HO: 690, Phase-5 , Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Harayana Ph: +91 124 4599100 E-mail: [email protected]: 204, Oxford Chambers, Rustambagh, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Karnataka Ph: +91 80 41150963 E-mail: [email protected]

Please visit us at :International Exhibition & Conference10-12 August, 2011Hall No. 11 Booth No. 217URL: http://www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com

SOLARPOWER


High voltage is stressing the cellsIn order to understand PID, we need to understand how a solar cell works and how it interacts with other materials in the module: in simplistic terms, a standard cell consists of a thin film of negatively doped (polarized) silicon on top of a thicker layer of positively doped silicon. When exposed to sunlight, so-called electron-hole pairs are produced in the space between the two layers, the depletion zone or space-charge region. Positively charged holes move in the direction of the positively doped semiconductor, whereas negatively charged electrons move to its negatively doped counterpart. The charge carriers are then conducted to the next cell.

The serial array of the cells now means that the voltage increases from cell to cell in the module. The same applies to the in-dividual modules in the system, also con-nected in series. The maximum voltage in such a system can reach up to 1000V – which is accepted, since the system is af-fected less by the power losses caused by the higher DC currents created in parallel arrays.

At the same time, these high system voltages can lead to unwanted leakage currents between the solar cells, the bed-ding materials, glass, and the grounded module frame. This allows a positive charge to build up on the anti-glare coat-ing at the surface of the cells. The result is a temporary short circuit in the affect-

ed cells, which means a decrease in cell voltage and a drop in efficiency – an ef-fect that is only reinforced even more by high temperatures or humidity around the modules.

Possible solutions for PIDPotential induced degradation can be tackled in different ways, ideally prevent-

ing the phenomenon from occurring at all. In our view, the ideal solution would be to prevent the problem by modifying the cell itself and thus grasping the problem at its roots.

Solving the problem on the level of the system is another option, albeit one with some noticeable drawbacks.

One such solution would be to ground the negatively charged modules in the sys-tem, which are subject to the risk of PID. This would concern the half of the mod-ule string that is closest to the negative pole of the converter. At the same time, this is only an option in installations that use inverters with integrated transformers, which is usually only the case in older sys-tems, since the lower efficiency of these inverters has virtually removed them from the market.

Systems that use transformerless in-

verters can be depolarized by using so-called PV offset boxes that build up a temporary counter-potential in the PID-affected parts of the system – a solution that produces additional costs.

The only source for a complete solution without compromising performanceSuch solutions on the level of systems might have their place in established plants, but they will not be the final an-swer for the issue of PID. The ball is now in the court of the cell producers who can tackle the problem at its root by modifying the anti-glare coating on their cells. But a solution might be a long time coming.

This is why SOLON is tackling the problem where we, as a leading producer of solar modules, know best: on the indi-vidual model. By using specially developed bedding materials that offer higher levels of insulation and thus avoid the problem of leakage currents, we are able to offer an effective and sustainable prevention of PID. Since January 2011, SOLON has been using these new materials, which have passed all typical tests and certifications in the industry with flying colours.

We believe that PID can now be con-sidered a problem of the past – but we will continue to research and we will let the producers of solar cells benefit from our findings. We want to learn more about the mechanisms at work in potential in-duced degradation and pave the way for optimum performance on the level of in-dividual modules and, in particular, whole systems. One of the tenets of our philoso-phy is that a premium product offers more than exceptional quality: long life and reli-ably high output for the long term are our marks of distinction.

SYSTEMS THAT USE TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS CAN BE DEPOLARIZED BY USING SO-CALLED PV OFFSET BOXES THAT BUILD UP A TEMPORARY COUNTER-POTENTIAL IN THE PID-AFFECTED PARTS OF THE SYSTEM – A SOLUTION THAT PRODUCES ADDITIONAL COSTS

IN SOLON WE BELIEVE THAT PID CAN NOW BE CONSIDERED A PROBLEM OF THE PAST – BUT WE WILL CONTINUE TO RESEARCH AND WE WILL LET THE PRODUCERS OF SOLAR CELLS BENEFIT FROM OUR FINDINGS

POTENTIAL INDUCED DEGRADATION CAN BE TACKLED IN DIFFERENT WAYS, IDEALLY PREVENTING THE PHENOMENON FROM OCCURRING AT ALL

In view of permanently decreasing compensations for electricity from photovoltaic plants fed into the grid the requirement for economically efficient operation forces innovative optimizations of the system in order to reduce the system costs, until the fundamental target of grid-parity is reached. Besides the increase in the specific module performance, which forms the focus of the increase of cost – efficiency, also the system components have to make an appropriate contribution to the reduction of costs. In this context a forceful material utilization to the limits of the used materials allows a certain saving potential. Further opportunities could be provided by the optimization of mounting and construction maintenance.

DR.-ING. CEDRIK ZAPFE. ENGINEER’S OFFICE FOR CONSTRUCTION, CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOLAR TECHNOLOGY – DR ZAPFE GMBH, SCHLETTER GMBH

Design of Fixation and Rack Solutions for Frameless Thin-film Modules Based on Numerical Calculations

Photovoltaic plants generating elec-tricity through solar energy are ex-posed to the environmental condi-

tions of their respective locations. Wind, snow and temperature impacts create loads, which the modules and their bearing components have to bear reliably through-out the life cycle of the plant. Building regulations in Europe stipulate that, pho-tovoltaic plants are to be regarded as parts of a building or buildings themselves. The designs of these plants are governed by principles of structural engineering and hence static calculations need to be done as per accepted rules of technology and architecture. Due to the political guideline of permanently decreasing compensa-tions for electricity fed into the grid, the economic operation of photovoltaic plants determines rationalizations in the area of module technology, which go along with higher utilization factors of all system com-ponents. In this context, thorough static analyses in combination with experimental verifications are indispensable, in order to avoid damage during the operating life of the system.

Fig. 1 contains a sample of fixation methods. There are fundamental require-ments on a solar module from both a con-structional and a construction operational point of view. Thereby, the characteristic of cost-efficiency is in the focus. Besides the consideration of the material use and the production expenditure the factors construction maintenance and handling

during assembly also play a considerable role. The minimization of the construction maintenance costs leads to the need for frameless modules, for example, so that no drain water can accumulate at the frame, which would lower the yield and require cleaning works in certain cycles. Therefore the use of framed modules becomes more and more limited to architectural applica-tions. In the sector of open area plants with high piece numbers, a considerable cost-reduction can be realized by using frameless modules.

An essential question is the optimum size of the solar modules. On first thought, the basic idea of ever-bigger modules seems to be target-aimed, because that

way the number of repetitive mounting steps, the number of connections, and the cabling effort could be reduced. On the other hand, this requires the use of machines for mounting, because, among other aspects, under the aspect of module weight the handling gets more and more difficult for the installers. But mechaniza-tion often requires the presence of opti-mum conditions, for example still air in case of roof mountings or solid, un-weak-ened subsoil in case of open area mount-ings. In order to be able to grant planning reliability for the progress of the project, independently of weather conditions, the demand for lighter modules which can be handled by persons, is evidently pre-sent. In turn, from that derive a consistent minimization of the glass thicknesses of glass-glass-modules and the adherence to reasonable module measurements. In the most convenient case, one single person should be able to move and mount the module, because then no coordination will be required.

Mechanical Conditions for Glass-Glass LaminatesIn case of laminate safety glass often a PVB – encapsulant or an EVA – encapsulant is used between the glass plates to produce the laminate. An essential characteristic of the laminate materials is a distinctively temperature-dependent load deforma-tion behaviour. In Fig. 2I this correlation is shown by means of a stress-strain dia-

SOLARPOWER


Fig. 1. General fixation concepts (backrail / clamps / spot fastener).

SOLARPOWER


gram. This chart makes evident that this material reacts in a very inflexible manner at low temperatures T < 0°. Therefore, in case of open area applications under the condition of a possible snow load, there is only a laminate effect with considerably lower flexibility between the glass plates, as it would be the case in midsummer con-ditions. At temperatures of over 60°C the flexibility of the examined material is so high that the condition of an independent carrying capacity of the glass plates would have to be regarded as the ultimate limit value.

Besides the temperature depend-ence the load duration is important in a similar way, because the modulus of shear decreases under permanent load. Under snow load, this leads to an increase of the stresses. With increasing flexibility of the laminate joint (low shear modulus of the laminate encapsulant), the deformations and also the tensions at the edges increase considerably. It is an essential ascertain-

ment in this context that the laminate is only loaded by its own weight and wind impacts during the warm season, whereat the wind has to be regarded as a tempo-rary phenomenon.

Calculation Methods The static calculation of glass - glass mod-ules with an elastic composite-layer film is a complex task. In this case the finite ele-ments method offers a suitable instrument to analyze and visualize the non-linear correlations. Thereby, all components are divided into small elements and put in a numeric equilibrium.

Fixation ConceptsAt present, a clamping with four module clamps or alternatively inlay-systems have to be regarded as the state of technology in the fastening of unframed glass-glass modules. In the former case, tension con-centrations arise in the direct clamping area. For the measuring, the maximum tensions in the clamping area at the sensi-tive module edge are decisive, whereas the tolerable tensions in the field area are only partially exploited.

Fig. 4 clarifies this correlation for current module sizes. Whereas in case of the module size 1200x600x6,8 with 2∙3,2 mm glass and 0,76 mm PVB encapsulant the tolerable tensions of float glass (with-out safety factor) are adhered to, they are significantly exceeded in case of the module size 1300x1100 with 2∙3,2 mm glass and 0,76 mm PVB encapsulant. In the field area the tensions are on a level of about 40 % compared to the clamp-ing area.

Therefore, it seems consequent to relocate the module fastening away from the critical area at the edges of the module towards the inner area of the module sur-face. Appropriate solution approaches lie in a punctiform or linear mounting, with the fastening elements being glued to the lower side of the modules. Thus, the uti-lized adhesive has to be considered as the critical point, which has to durably transfer the stresses caused by external loads (self weight/wind/snow) as well as tempera-ture-related restraints for the whole op-erational life span of the module. In that case two-component silicone adhesives are a good choice, as there is long-term

Fig. 2 Temperature dependent strain-stress-diagram of TROSIFOL MB.

Fig 3. Stress distributions in different thermal conditions and long term loading.

Fig. 4 Stress distribution at clamped modules (1200x600x6,8 and 1300x1100x7,0).

SOLARPOWER


experience from the field of car production for these products. VHB Tapes showed a critical behaviour in internal applicability tests, whereas defined limit values con-cerning the tolerable shear stresses are available for short-term loads, the evalu-ation of permanent shear stress is more difficult. Typically, additional mechanical connections are required in this case. Fig. 5 shows tensions in the glass plate of a mod-ule equipped with two backrails and the measurements 1300x1100 as well as the shear stresses in the adhesive joint under DIN IEC load (5400 Pa). Even if the glass tensions in case of using backrails can be lowered significantly, permanent shear stresses from composite action arise. The shear stress level is 8-10 times higher than from downhill-slope forces.

Shear stresses in the adhesive joint due to the laminate bearing effect be-tween glass-glass-laminate and thermal

restraints can be avoided by choosing spot fasteners in the optimum fastening spots instead of the linear mountings.

Fig 6 shows the maximum tensions in a 1300x1100 mm and 3,2 mm glass-glass-laminate with the Optibond® system by the Schletter solar mounting GmbH (limited company) with a specific glueing area of 120 cm2 per fastening spot. Due to the system, the reduction of the ten-sions in the glass does not reach the level of the large-surface linear mounting of backrails. Anyway, the glass tensions are within the range of tolerable glass ten-sions. Due to a low material usage and a

significantly smaller glueing area the ap-plication of glued-on punctiform – fasten-ers seems reasonable from an economic point of view, especially as no limitations concerning safety are to be expected.

ConclusionsSystematic numeric analyses allow the de-velopment of technically and economically optimized fastening strategies for frame-less glass – glass laminates. In the course of the examinations of the present report it could be shown that a change from a clamp fastening at the edges of the mod-ules to glued punctiform fastenings allows a significant enlargement of the modules without an increase of the glass thickness-es. Based on this basic consideration, it is to be expected that in the future a module size will establish itself, which takes the general requirements of cost-efficiency and module handling into account.

Fig 5 Stresses with backrails (1400x1100x7,0).

Fig 6 Stresses with Optibond (1300x1100x7,0).

All pictures under the Copyright of Schletter

The broad global demand for installed solar energy is unprecedented. The rapid market growth has occurred in front of global standardization of module performance, most notably safety standards. The challenge for module manufacturers is to develop panels to meet safety and performance requirements that are not only unclear but vary by market region. Each of the three major consuming regions (Asia, North America, and Europe) have formed their own regional safety requirements. This evolution of safety requirements challenges the PV module manufacturer, who typically produces from a single plant location but supplies globally.

MARINA TEMCHENKO

Photovoltaic Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Market: The Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

The real industrial cost for the unde-fined standards is, however, one level deeper.

Over the last several years, numerous new polymeric materials have emerged for PV applications. This is a very positive phe-nomenon, as new materials allow for more choices and the potential to reach lower cost and higher performance products. However, both the test protocols and the interpreta-tion of the results are far from ideal and it is difficult to ensure rigorous performance, when PV module manufacturers are chal-lenged to make informed safety decisions.

Material leaders, with long vested inter-est in the market, have done what they can to be proactive in this area. This includes, aggressively testing and certifying their backsheet products to exceed all current standards. In the interim, tests are being

conducted in anticipation of how standards will evolve. The testing is long, expensive, and absolutely necessary to ensure material use with confidence on longevity in product safety and performance.

Currently the IEC, UL and other cer-tifying group’s standards outline testing procedures for polymeric materials for PV applications and are used as guidelines. Some of the specific shortcomings in these standards are outlined below.

Time required for TesTing compleTion: Current procedures such as Damp Heat, UV Exposure and other tests re-quire 2-3 months for completion. Even

though current standards necessitate only 1000 hours of exposure to Damp Heat, backsheet and module manufac-turers extend this procedure to 2000 hours or longer to ensure that the ma-terial performs adequately upon aging. Such lengthy procedures contribute to the delayed introduction of materials to the PV market. Most companies, in an attempt to shorten accelerated ag-ing, utilize alternative test procedures. For example, HAST (highly accelerated stress test) has become popular among PV module component and PV modules manufacturers. However, the HAST pro-cedure needs to be standardized and correlated with Damp Heat and out-door performance.inTerpreTaTion of The requiremenTs: Some standards do not clearly define the per-

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Marina Temchenko received her M.Sci. in Polymer Chemistry from Moscow State University in Russia and is a Senior Scientist at Madico, Inc., 64 Industrial Pkwy, Woburn, MA 01801 USA; ph.: 781-935-7850; email [email protected]

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formance expectations of polymeric materials upon completion of the tests. For example, backsheet manufacturers perform damp heat testing, then meas-ure and report adhesion values between the layers of the backsheet or between the backsheet and the encapsulant as a function of exposure to damp heat. Currently, the damp heat test protocol does not indicate what results are ex-pected at the end of the test.

There needs to be unity between different parties, (including certifying agencies) about interpretation of the re-quirements described in the IEC and UL standards. For example, UL 746 C states that only materials directly exposed to sunlight have to be tested with respect to UV stability. This statement raises a lot of questions. Is this a requisite ap-plicable to backsheets? How does the test need to be performed? Should it be done by a certifying agency or will the internal test results suffi ce?

The Relative Thermal Index (RTI) value requirement is even more compli-cated. RTI is a measure of the thermal stability of the polymeric material and determines whether the material is suit-able for continuous use at certain tem-peratures. Usually, backsheets are multi-layer structures; currently, the standard states that the RTI value of one layer can be assigned to the full construction. It is unclear, however, which value should be assigned to the full construction in the case where individual layers possess different RTI values. Certifying agencies

offer different opinions on this matter.Flammability is certainly a key per-

formance concern for solar modules and requires clear standards and testing protocols. For example, does the testing require the backsheets and components alike to meet fl ammability standards vs. testing the module as a whole? How will the standards be set when fl ammability requirements vary between regions? For example in North America the housing and building materials are wood based and tend to be more fl ammable. Ad-ditional requirements need to be taken into consideration, such as insulation properties that prevent arching, in the case where arching may occur, how does the material perform to resists igni-tion? This is a challenge for the industry to identify and set clear standards. Speed is another challenge in the PV

module market. There are material answers to the ever-growing demands and niche needs of the PV Industry. Most of these ma-terials are polymer-based and are subjected to the same slew of certifi cation tests for each region. The certifying agencies that reside in various regions all have their own set of requirements and are not unifi ed. All which lead to confusion and delay in the approval process.

Lastly, performance standards need to respond to module evolution. The PV community is growing beyond module concept for small homes or communities. It is evolving into a differentiated portfolio of performance materials with the legs to help solve the complexity of reaching grid

parity. Certain new polymeric materials can provide the path to achieve this goal, but multiple certifi cation processes will greatly delay their use.

The PV community realizes these limi-tations and is working on new IEC docu-mentation to address these and other concerns. Underwriters Laboratories (UL), a certifying body responsible for setting Safety Standards, is diligently working with various International standard groups to develop and initiate a unifi ed requirements set. Doing this will ensure that solar pan-els meet all the needs of a global market. However, the timetable for the new stand-ards that will bring relief to the highlighted challenges is a lengthy process. Until these standards and regulations are defi ned, the growth of the market and research and de-velopment of new products will face delays. The certifi cation process and compliance will continue to be lengthy and costly. In the mean time, the current exponential growth of the PV industry is intensifying the strain on PV module and component manufac-turers alike. In order to continue supporting the important, innovative efforts of the PV industry, a short term solution is required to screen and qualify much needed materials.

1. Madico US patent 6,319,5962. N. Dhere, J. Wohlgemuth “Design and Reliability of

PV Modules” WCPEC-4, Hawaii 20063. Madico US patent 7,579,083; 7,338,707]4. M.Temchenko, et al “New Materials For Protective

Backing Sheets” 21st EPVSEC Dresden 20065. M.Kempe, “Design criteria for photovoltaic

backsheet and front-sheet materials”. Photovoltaics International journal, second edition, November 2008

6. Evelyn Butler, UL, “Importance of Global Harmonization Efforts” www.interpv.net

As solar projects are increasing in size and installed cost, a greater emphasis is being placed on having bankable or investment-grade analysis of the energy potential for the projects. A bankable assessment includes a robust analysis of all factors that influence energy production and the uncertainty associated with the variables in the analysis. These assessments are conducted by independent experts to provide a detailed review of the project and potential energy generation over the projected operational period, in most cases 25 years. Estimating the long-term solar resource and energy production for a solar project’s expected output is an important step in the project development process.

MARIE SCHNITZER, DIRECTOR OF SOLAR SERVICES AT AWS TRUEPOWER, LLC

Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Project Assessment

An introduction to uncertainty and probability of exceedanceThe renewable energy financial commu-nity relies on energy estimates with a mini-mal level of uncertainty in order to mini-mize risk associated with funding projects.

The confidence in an energy estimate is quantified using the concept of probability of exeedance. Probability of exceedence is the level of confidence placed in an energy production estimate, and is expressed as a P-value. The P50 estimate is the amount

of energy that can be expected with 50% confidence and represents the best guess estimate. Other P-values are typically used represent higher confidence estimates. The P95, for example, is a more conserva-tive (and therefore lower) estimate repre-senting the amount of energy that can be expected with 95% confidence.

The energy difference between the P50 and a higher-confidence estimate such as the P95 is determined by the uncertainty in energy production. As shown in Figure 1, the greater the uncertainty, the greater the difference between the P95 and P50 esti-mates in order to achieve 95% confidence. Conversely, lower uncertainty corresponds to increased confidence in the solar re-source and associated energy estimate.

For financing decisions, the analysis typically includes the use of more conserv-ative estimates to develop an understand-ing of energy generation potential, and thus, the potential revenue of the project. For this reason, minimizing the uncertainty associated with the solar resource and associated energy estimate has become a priority for project developers. The col-lection of on-site data can significantly reduce the uncertainty in energy produc-tion estimates, which reduces the develop-ment risk and may make a project more attractive to financing institutions. Figure 2 demonstrates how the collection of on-site data may increase energy estimates for some typical P-values.

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Fig. 1: Depiction of P50 and P90 with Higher and Lower Uncertainty.

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Solar Energy Projections and Uncertainty AnalysisThe amount of uncertainty associated with an energy estimate is affected by a variety of factors. The individual uncer-tainties associated with these contribut-ing factors are combined to obtain the overall uncertainty in energy production. Of these, one of the most significant driv-ers is the uncertainty in the site’s solar resource. While the industry often relies on modeled data to estimate the on-site solar resource, uncertainty in energy esti-mates can be further reduced by on-site monitoring. In most cases, modeled data is recommended for prospecting and not considered bankable.

Contributing factors to solar resource uncertainty include the data source used to estimate the solar resource, inter-annual variability, representativeness of monitoring period, and spatial variability. Other factors affecting the uncertainty in

energy production relate to the assump-tions made in the energy estimation pro-cess. Uncertainty is associated with plant loss assumptions, including the degrada-tion rate of photovoltaic panels over time. The energy-to-solar resource ratio should also be considered in computing energy production uncertainty. Although these sources of uncertainty are important and should not be ignored, their overall com-bined magnitude tends to be less signifi-cant than the uncertainty associated with the solar resource. Note these factors are site specific and dependent on the select-ed technology.

Once quantified, the individual uncer-tainties from all factors are combined to obtain the overall energy production un-certainty. In order to demonstrate the im-portance of the solar resource component on energy production uncertainty, a case study is presented for an example site in the United States southwest region.

Solar Resource DataCareful consideration is needed to select the most appropriate data for estimat-ing the long-term solar resource. Multiple sources of data of varying qualities may ex-ist, including satellite modeled data, meas-ured data from nearby reference stations, and on-site measured data. The quality and uncertainties with each of these data sources are discussed below.

Modeled data is available from a vari-ety of private and public sources. Modeled data sets have inherently more uncertainty than measured data. As an example, Fig-ure 3 shows the average annual global horizontal irradiation (GHI) for several typi-cal meteorological year (TMY3) data sets near Dallas, Texas. The TMY3 data sets were obtained from the National Solar Ra-diation Database (NSRDB). The magnitude of the solar resource varies widely between data sets, all of which may be selected by a project developer to represent the solar and meteorological conditions at a project site in that city. Within a 70 kilometer dis-tance, the estimated solar resource varies by up to 14% between the sites, which will result in substantially different energy estimates depending on the data set used for the energy modeling.

Measured data can be useful because of the representativeness of regional cli-

Fig. 2: Difference between P-Values for Typical Site for Site with and without On-Site Data.

Fig. 3: Annual GHI of Seven NSRDB TMY3 Data Sets Near Dallas, TX.

FOR FINANCING DECISIONS, THE ANALYSIS TYPICALLY INCLUDES THE USE OF MORE CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATES TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF ENERGY GENERATION POTENTIAL, AND THUS, THE POTENTIAL REVENUE OF THE PROJECT

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mates, relatively high availability of hourly solar radiation data, proximity to specific project locations, and extensive periods of record. Factors to consider when using reference station data include the station’s proximity to the project site, the length of the period of record, and the quality of the equipment and processes employed at the station. All of these impact the uncertainty in solar resource estimated from a nearby reference station, which will in turn affect the uncertainty of corresponding energy production estimates. On-site data collec-tion is generally regarded as a more accu-rate assessment of the solar resource than satellite-modeled or surface-based public data source, which can lead to more confi-dence in corresponding energy estimates.

An appropriately designed solar moni-toring configuration contributes to high-quality data collection. Typical parameters to measure include global and diffuse horizontal irradiance, from which direct normal irradiance can be calculated. This can be accomplished by using a rotating shadowband radiometer equipped with industry standard pyranometers. Meas-urement of other climatological parame-ters used in the energy estimation process is recommended, including temperature, precipitation, and wind speed and direc-tion. Protocols outlining the installation and commissioning of systems need to be documented to support a high quality pro-gram. Regular site maintenance, including cleaning and leveling of the pyranometers, ensures that on-site data is not influenced by soiling or alignment of the sensors. In order to accurately characterize the on-site climate, a minimum of a year of data col-lection is recommended.

A method that can be used to esti-mate the long-term solar resource using on-site data is the measure-correlate-predict (MCP) method. For this method a linear regression relationship is established between the measurement site with a

relatively short period of record and a ref-erence site with a much longer period of record. The reference site may be either a nearby reference station or satellite-mod-eled data. The complete record of the ref-erence site is then used with this relation-ship to calculate the estimated long-term historical climate at the target site.

Case Study to Demonstrate Reduced UncertaintyAn assessment of the long-term solar re-source and associated uncertainty was conducted as an example site in the Unit-ed States Desert Southwest using modeled and measured data. Two sources of mod-eled data were considered: a long-term record of satellite modeled data and the nearest NSRDB TMY3 data set. These data sources are often used as input into en-ergy assessment models. An independent estimate of energy production uncertainty

was conducted in parallel using on-site data and the MCP method. Annual solar irradiance is presented as the percentage of the on-site-MCP-estimated value.

Satellite-modeled data sets were ex-amined to estimate the long-term resource by extracting data for the grid cell covering the site. The mean annual GHI from the long-term record was then calculated and used to represent a model-based estimate of long-term annual solar radiation. Uncer-tainty in the solar resource was estimated to be 8.5%.

The nearest NSRDB TMY3 data set was acquired to calculate the total annual GHI for the integer year. The nearest TMY3 data was approximately 10 km from the example project site. Uncertainty ranges from 8 to 11% for this date source, which

is comparable to the uncertainty associ-ated with the long-term satellite-modeled data. Assuming nominal uncertainty for other factors in the energy estimation pro-cess, energy uncertainty ranges from ap-proximately 9% to 12%.

The on-site measured data at the Desert Southwest site was collected for a period of a full year. All solar radiation measurements were sampled using an industry-standard rotating shadowband radiometer system. Solar and meteorological measurements were scrutinized through a rigorous valida-tion process, including evaluation of rea-sonableness, verification of completeness, and comparison with high-quality reference data sources. The uncertainty in the solar resource with for this location with on-site data with a high quality program is approxi-mately 5%. Assuming nominal uncertainty for other factors in the energy estimation process, energy uncertainty is approxi-mately 7%. The uncertainty for energy es-timates for this project site was reduced up to 5% by having on-site data.

SummaryWhen evaluating and projecting long term energy estimates, it is important to evalu-ate all variables and their uncertainty for a high quality analysis. The solar resource is a critical variable in this analysis and its uncertainty needs to be assessed for an investment grade review. On-site meas-urements can decrease the uncertainty in the solar resource and the resultant energy production. A high quality on-site data collection program can reduce the uncer-tainty in the long-term solar resource to less than 5% in some cases. This will have a large impact on the energy uncertainty, depending on the quality of modeled or measured data available for a particular region or site. For regions with little or no measured irradiance data, on-site meas-urement programs are needed to improve the characterization of a site’s energy gen-eration potential.

AN APPROPRIATELY DESIGNED SOLAR MONITORING CONFIGURATION CONTRIBUTES TO HIGH-QUALITY DATA COLLECTION

A HIGH QUALITY ON-SITE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM CAN REDUCE THE UNC ERTAINTY IN THE LONG-TERM SOLAR RESOURCE TO LES S THAN 5%

THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE SOLAR RESOURCE WITH FOR THIS LOCATION WITH ON-SITE DATA WITH A HIGH QUALITY PROGRAM IS APPROXIMATELY 5%. ASSUMING NOMINAL UNCERTAINTY FOR OTHER FACTORS IN THE ENERGY ESTIMATION PROCESS, ENERGY UNCERTAINTY IS APPROXIMATELY 7%

Cost of energy generation from renewable sources per kW installed and per kWh generated evolves towards real competitive grid parity when compared to traditional forms of generation, and this new scenario is changing the decision making criteria of new investments in electricity generation and infrastructure. The challenge of real distributed generation is breaking through—both in remote grid-less sites and populated grids in developed countries. The hybridizing of electricity generation is no longer a technological challenge, but an opportunity to feasibly choose the most cost-competitive investment and lowest possible kWh for each case. Complementary to our domestic string inverter and commercial high power grid tie ones, Zigor has developed the technological family of products to provide the best solution to build cost competitive remote electrification systems in the power range of a few kW to 1.6 MVA. Our hybrid inverters, plus a design and dimensioning simulation tool delivers an optimum Return on Investment (RoI).

JOSE LUIS IRIBARREN, DR. RAQUEL FERRET, ZIGOR

Photovoltaic Impulse to Rural and Remote Electrification

The cost reduction of electricity gen-eration from solar and wind elec-tricity generation, together with

the world initiative and concern with CO2 emissions reduction and environmental barriers to expand existing grid infrastruc-tures, are slowly facilitating the develop-ment of new more atomized forms of dis-tributed generation, which are increasingly green-based.

Renewable energy sources are, unfor-tunately, neither manageable nor available on demand. So, some forms of storage or hybridizing with other energy sources are required to guarantee the demand, which normally follows a totally different profile to the generation one.

Static power electronic converters are challenging traditional generation techniques, especially when storage and active regulation are necessary, either to balance demand and generation or to mix green-based sources with fuel-based if possible.

Altogether, these new world circum-stances are changing the way that electric-ity industry will develop in the near future. Zigor has been investigating and develop-ing new concepts and solutions to facili-

tate the integration of the new economi-cally feasible forms of energy generation.

Energy Hybridization Flexible DC & AC/DC/AC converter capa-ble of processing both DC and AC forms of energy, opens new fields of energy management and energy storage As an example, in figure 1, we present the HITC system that is also capable of continuously regulating the energy flows from different inputs (generation) to the multiple outputs (consumer).

The simple idea of combining fuel-based and renewable sources in alternat-ing or direct current forms is today very

commonly done by integrating standard existing products available in the market. However, what Zigor introduces as innova-tion is the possibility to continuously add energy to meet the demand of user from the available energy sources: grid, genera-tor, solar, wind and battery, and do that following a customizable or cost function defined to have the lowest possible cost of the demanded energy.

Application and ArchitectureStarting from this general hybridization concept, Zigor has developed a series of products to fulfill different customers re-quirements, which means to adapt this concept to different power values, solar and/or wind resources as well as the physi-cal grid distribution.• TelecomHybridoff-grid:Hybrid topologies are normally designed to bring energy to remote sites where the grid is not available and therefore energy supply is a challenge in terms of reliability and cost. Different combinations of input energy sources can be used with Zigor HIT, which is very flexible and scalable to meet growing energy demand over time. • UTiliTiescompaTiblerUralelecTrificaTion

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Figure 1- HIT hybrid converter for PV, battery and Diesel Gen.

www. .net solarindia

Outstanding adhesionand high peel strength

“Dealership inquiry are welcomed in unrepresented states”

The HITC (Hybrid Inverter for Three phase Centralized micro-grid) has been especially designed for this application, suitable for small villages and small and medium indus-tries where power availability from the grid is low. HITC is able to manage the energy irrespective of the utility or the renewable source combined with a battery back-up (for unpredictable peak demands), also offers a valuable UPS function to critical load.• disTribUTedmicrogrids

Combination of renewable energy and battery power with either grid or diesel generated power, many times means large areas for distribution of both the genera-tion and the consumers, especially in re-mote rural electrification.

To deal with this situation Zigor has introduced HITD (Hybrid Inverter for Three phase Distributed micro-grid) in the power range of 200kVA to 1600kVA. HITD allows scattered distribution of the generation and loads maintaining the grid stability.

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Figure 2- Remote Telecom Site Powered by Zigor Hybrid System

www. .net solarindia

Outstanding adhesionand high peel strength

“Dealership inquiry are welcomed in unrepresented states”

The year 2010 was one of the most successful years for the global PV industry, with annual capacity installations growing by more than 100 percent to about 16,000 MW. The year 2011 is expected to see about 21,000 MW of PV capacity added across the globe, which would mean a moderate annual growth of 31 percent.

CHRIS O’BRIEN, HEAD OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT, OERLIKON SOLAR

New Investment in Thin Film Capacity – Fast-Changing PV Cost and Capacity Landscape

Despite these positive market expec-tations, 2011 will be a year of transi-tion for the solar PV industry as new

markets emerge and some existing markets retrench. This year’s 5th Renewable Energy India 2011 Expo (10 - 12 August 2011) is expected to attract an impressive number of exhibitors and visitors which reflects the continued growth of the PV industry, not-withstanding some of the near-term market uncertainties. Approximately 600 exhibitors from around the globe are expected to at-tend the exhibition.

One theme that has constantly emerged during recent gatherings of the global solar industry community – and the 5th Renewable Energy India 2011 Expo will be no exception – is the expectation that PV module prices will continue to decrease in the second half of year 2011. Expectations are that prices will approach €1.0 to €1.1 later this year, or even lower. Industry experts see this trend being driven by a reduction in FIT levels in various key markets. The UK government for example has announced plans to drastically reduce the support for solar power for large-scale plants from 250 kW by about 70 percent. Germany accounted for about 50 percent of global PV installations in 2010, but fu-ture market growth in Germany is uncer-tain given the German government’s deci-sion to reduce FIT by 13 percent in January 2011 with another significant reduction scheduled for mid-2011. Italy, another key European market, also reduced the FIT as part of the Conto Energia (Energy Bill) en-acted in May, 2011. In 2011, the FIT will be reduced periodically in three steps: by 5 - 25 percent for rooftop installations and by 5 - 27 percent for ground-mounted sys-

tems. Another factor for the expected de-crease of PV module prices is the strategic build-up of new low-cost and large scale manufacturing capacity.

In this context, it was significant and interesting that Oerlikon Solar recently an-nounced the sale of a 120 MW ThinFab™ thin film silicon manufacturing plant to a customer in Asia, the hot-bed of low-cost GW-scale crystalline PV. This announce-ment is evidence that PV manufacturing companies who are facing new competi-tive pressures are exploring alternative

routes to remain competitive in the fast-changing PV industry landscape. Discus-sions with industry experts during Interso-lar Europe revealed that many leading c-Si companies are currently taking a closer look at thin film to complement their cur-rent product line, seeking ways to provide a full range of products and technologies that can best meet customer’s needs.

So what is driving this renewed inter-est in thin film technologies, even at a time when the industry faces an over-supply of conventional crystalline PV modules?

There are several specific factors:• GW competitiveness at a market-

entryscale. Leading manufacturing so-lutions for thin film are able to deliver a competitive manufacturing cost even at a scale of operation that is much smaller than today’s industry leaders. For exam-ple, the €0.50/Wp cost of ownership for Oerlikon Solar’s ThinFab™ (annual pro-duction capacity of 120 MW) is compet-itive with the production cost of best-in-class crystalline PV factories operating at a scale of 1-2 GW per year.

• Costreductionpotential. While both crystalline and thin film technologies have succeeded in achieving extraordi-nary cost reductions in the past 2 - 3 years, many experts believe that thin film technologies have even more op-portunity for significant further cost re-duction, as they are less mature in com-mercial production.

• Bettersuitedforemergingmarketsinsunbeltregions. Thin film’s favora-ble temperature coefficient efficient re-sults in higher expected energy output in high temperature conditions that are prevalent in many emerging sunbelt re-

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Chris O’Brien is head of market development for Oerlikon Solar, and is based in Washington, DC. He has held senior management positions with leading solar PV companies including Sharp Solar and BP Solar since 1995. Chris has previous career experience in the energy efficiency and independent power industries. He holds an engineering degree from Dartmouth College and an MBA from Stanford University.

gion markets.• Shorter energy payback time, viewed as a key

long term sustainability factor. Due to a simpler manufacturing process and reduced use of materials, thin film silicon has an energy payback time of under one year, significantly shorter than conventional crys-talline PV.

• Aestheticadvantage. Thin film’s uniform dark mod-ule appearance is preferred by end customers for some applications, particularly where PV modules are integrated directly into building facades or rooftops.

Once manufacturers have decided to diversify or en-ter into thin film PV manufacturing, many find that the most efficient and cost effective way to access a compet-itive technology and get their new fab up and running is to invest in a turnkey manufacturing line from a PV equipment supplier. Oerlikon Solar’s recent announce-ment of a sale of a turnkey ThinFab™ line to a customer in Asia is an example of this trend. Reasons for choosing this path include the following:1.Acceleratedmarketentry. A turnkey line purchase

offers a much lower-risk and accelerated pathway for existing or new PV manufacturers who are looking to diversify or enter into thin film module manufac-turing. Turnkey customers benefit from a well-estab-lished and proven technology platform, and many years of experience in ramping up other plants around the world.

2.Plantperformancecertainty. The equipment ven-dor is able to provide its turnkey customers with plant-level performance guarantees, including overall line yield, throughput and average module power. Such guarantees are not available for customers who elect to purchase equipment only.

3.Virtualscaleadvantages. A turnkey line provides the customer with access to some other benefits that are associated with a common technology platform. For example a common bill of materials across several hun-dred MW of capacity at numerous turnkey sites pro-vides significant leverage for negotiating lower material costs, typically representing over 50% of the cost of a thin film module.

Note that the turnkey solution for thin film manu-facturing is not the preferred choice in all cases. Some thin film manufacturers prefer to procure proprietary or individual manufacturing tools and take on themselves the risk of process integration and plant start-up. Never-theless, the turnkey model is a viable pathway to com-petitive thin film manufacturing that is best-suited for many companies.

The recent months have shown both the resiliency and the long-term growth potential of PV, and thin film is increasingly seen as a viable way to remain competi-tive in the fast-changing global market, based on its ad-vantage in low production cost and energy performance advantages.

energetica india JULY|AUGUST11

The rapid expansion of wind energy is putting a severe strain on the electricity distribution networks. Wind turbines have to stay grid-compatible.

TOBIAS GEHLHAAR GL RENEWABLES CERTIFICATION

Riding out the Gridlock

There are dates you never forget – like 14 August 2003. Shortly after 4 p.m., the electricity grid in the

U.S. northeast and the adjoining Canadian province of Ontario collapsed entirely. The blackout, which went down in history as one of the most extensive ever to occur in the U.S.A., cut off the power to 50 mil-lion people. As is true for many countries around the world, the energy supply in the United States is faced with a major trans-formation. Wind energy is increasingly be-ginning to replace the conventional power generation technologies, with the installed wind power capacity already exceed-ing 40 gigawatts. The utilisation of wind energy requires that wind turbines oper-ate in a grid-compatible manner and that they are able to deal with grid faults. GL Renewables Certification has now revised its “GL Wind Technical Note 065” on the grid compatibility of electrical power gen-eration systems – which includes wind tur-bines – and adapted its technical require-ments to refl ect the needs of the North American market. The design criteria, tests and certifi cations can therefore be applied to 60-hertz technology.

Balancing the Grid“Even if widespread grid failures such as the 2003 blackout are absolute rarities, the grid operator must be able to rely on the wind turbines to get the grid up and humming again in the event of a prob-lem,” says grid expert Tobias Gehlhaar of

GL Renewables Certifi cation. “The grid operators keep generation capacity in re-serve to prevent a blackout. And if a grid fault does arise, the wind turbines must carry on running – called riding through the low-voltage fault – and must supply power to stabilise the grid during the fault and again after the fault”. To keep a grid operating robustly, the dispatchers in the grid control centres have to keep the sys-tem frequency within a narrow band. In normal cases, it is suffi cient to connect or disconnect electrical consumers, hence balancing out the operational parameters. It must be possible to control wind farms to meet the grid requirements – i.e. re-duce their output when the frequency is too high. Both external and internal fac-tors can upset the balance. If the grid should happen to collapse, modern wind turbines must remain online and able to deliver active current immediately, which was not a requirement in previous years. “Some grid operators also require that the turbines be able to deliver reactive power,” says Gehlhaar. The requirements set by the various grid operators with respect to the grid compatibility of wind turbines tend to differ in terms of the details. This turns the certifi cation of wind turbines in the United States into an extremely demand-ing task. “The situation in the U.S.A. is cer-tainly complicated,” agrees Charlie Smith, CEO of the Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG). This interest group says that there are as many as 178 grid operators in the

U.S.A. Requirements for the grid technol-ogy have thus far only been formulated in FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commis-sion) Order 661-A for the low-voltage grid. At the National Environment Research Council (NERC), a task force is working on a grid code for the transmission lines. In the estimation of the UWIG, it could take years before this project is completed.

Calculated Short-CircuitNevertheless, it is possible to proceed without a uniform national grid code. GL Renewables Certifi cation offers type certi-fication for wind turbines as well as project certification for wind farms worldwide as a system service. “For this, we need the precise grid code for that special region,” GL expert Gehlhaar points out. The service offering of GL also includes the validation of software models. In the American wind energy industry, this usually involves the simulation of a grid failure, with a subse-quent test of the turbine’s grid compatibil-ity. With a mobile “fault ride-through” test container of GL Garrad Hassan America, these simulations can be checked in the field with a “real emergency”. A short-circuit is produced on purpose, which in reality would be equivalent to a grid fault. The turbine then runs under no-load con-ditions and must withstand this situation without difficulty. According to Gehlhaar, clear-cut criteria have been set. “We look at the fi nal result. The plant must not go into overspeed and fall down”.


WINDPOWER

2011SUNTEC, Singapore

www.cleanenergyexpoasia.com

Jennifer Chiah

Tel: +65 6500 6738

Fax: +65 6296 2771

[email protected]

Eileen Hair

Tel: +65 6500 6719

Fax: +65 6296 2771

[email protected]

Jointly organized by

Part of

1 – 3 November

31 October - 4 November 2011www.siew.sg

In partnership with Supported by Held in

Why you should exhibit: • Position your company as the leading brand for

future energy solutions in Asia Pacific.• Align your brand with an event that has its pulse

on global environmental and energy issues.• Hear from over 150 global thought leaders on

cutting-edge topics at our Conference and TechTalks.

• Meet with industry leaders, policy and decision makers at high profile networking events.

Reserve your exhibition space today!

Clean Energy Expo Asia (CEEA) is the premier trade fair and conference in the Asia-Pacific region, bringing together the leading players from the technology, services, finance and governmental sectors, in order to address key issues in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable mobility solutions. In 2010, CEEA brought together more than 5,000 clean energy professionals from 55 countries worldwide, 74% of whom are key decision makers and influencers.

“ “

“The Japanese Government is putting a lot of emphasis on clean energy industry development. With some of the most advanced clean energy technologies in the market, Japanese companies are keen to showcase their expertise to the ASEAN region. The exhibiting companies at the Japan Pavilion have expressed their satisfaction with the opportunities presented at this event.”

Mr Shigeki Maeda, Managing Director, Japan External Trade Organization ( JETRO), Singapore Representative Office.

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CEEA11 210x297mm ENERGETICA India Ad.ai 7/20/11 5:54:14 PM

In its nascent stages today, the offshore wind power market is expected to enter a period of rapid and prolonged growth beginning within the next several years. The development of higher capacity wind energy systems will be required to fully capitalize on this vast clean energy resource.

MARTIN FISCHER, VICE PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN SUPERCONDUCTOR, GENERAL MANAGER OF AMSC AUSTRIA AND SUDHIR GADH, COUNTRY MANAGER, INDIA, AMERICAN SUPERCONDUCTOR

High Temperature Superconductors Enable the World’s Largest and Most Powerful Wind Turbine

Reflecting the scope of the growth expected for this market, industry research firm IHS Emerging Energy

Research, currently projects that global offshore installed capacity will increase to approximately 20 GW by 2015 and rise sharply to 104 GW by 2025.

Until now, among the greatest chal-lenges to developing larger wind turbines for both onshore and offshore use have been the practical size and weight limita-tions of the wind turbine generator. The power density advantage of superconduc-tors, however, is now being applied to wind turbine generators to maximize the ‘power per tower’ of multi-megawatt turbines, while at the same time overcoming size and weight barriers – and reducing over-all project costs. Utilizing superconductor direct drive generators, SeaTitan™ wind turbines are being designed to produce 10 megawatts (MW) or more of power which would make them the world’s largest and most powerful wind turbines.

Superconductor Turbines for the Offshore EnvironmentAmerican Superconductor (AMSC) is de-veloping the SeaTitan wind energy sys-tem by combining the company’s world-renowned wind turbine engineering experience with its leadership in the su-perconductor arena. The superconductor generators to be used in SeaTitan wind turbines are based largely on proven su-perconductor ship propulsion motors and generator technology developed by AMSC for the United States Navy. The unique power density of superconductors will en-able a 10 MW SeaTitan wind turbine to be similar in weight and size to a conventional

5 MW system. This breakthrough wind turbine will significantly lower offshore wind development and maintenance costs and create a path forward to wind genera-tor power ratings of 10 MW and beyond.

Offshore wind energy has many ad-vantages compared to onshore, including higher wind speeds with less intermittency and greater availability of space. In ad-dition to offering aesthetic advantages, offshore sites also are typically located in closer proximity to high power demand population centers.

While the size of the world’s offshore resource is huge, the costs of capitalizing on this market currently are about 50 per-cent higher compared to onshore wind de-velopment on a first-cost basis. Part of this added cost premium is due to less than op-timal “adaptation” of conventional tech-nology with ad hoc design modifications such as sealed nacelles and special access platforms for maintenance purposes. Be-cause the majority of costs associated with offshore wind are related to instal-lation and the subsea support structures, the most effective way to reduce costs is by maximizing the amount of ‘power per tower’ produced by each turbine such as achieved by utilizing superconductor gen-erators.

Power Density of Superconductors to Enable Power Ratings of 10 MW and BeyondWind turbines being employed today for the offshore market are currently limited to power ratings of approximately 5 - 6 MW in capacity, partly due to the fact the drive trains for these conventional multi-MW turbines are very heavy and

have unresolved reliability issues. Allow-ance for tolerances and deformations in large generators reduce the effectiveness of Permanent Magnet (PM) generators. What is needed to fully capitalize on the opportunity presented by offshore wind is the design of special purpose machines with inherent high efficiency and lower maintenance requirements. The generator developed by AMSC achieves this by utiliz-ing the company’s Amperium™ high tem-perature superconductor (HTS) wire, which is capable of conducting more than 100 times the electrical current (“amperage”) of copper wire of the same dimensions. The resulting power density of these sys-tems compared to conventional genera-tors using copper wire will break this exist-ing power rating barrier and enable these smaller-sized turbines that are capable of producing more power per tower.

By eliminating copper in the turbine rotor and instead using superconductor ro-tors, the wind generator is not only much smaller and lighter, but more efficient and less expensive than conventional large-scale wind turbine generators. Efficiency is further enhanced – and manufacturing and maintenance costs reduced in the SeaTitan wind turbine design – by using a direct drive generator, thus eliminating the complex turbine gearbox, which tends to be the most maintenance intensive wind turbine component. Superconduc-tor technology has already been proven numerous times in many applications, including large-scale power cables and rotating machine platforms such as large ship propulsion motors. In fact, a 36.5 MW superconductor ship propulsion mo-tor designed and manufactured by AMSC

WINDPOWER


2011SUNTEC, Singapore

www.cleanenergyexpoasia.com

Jennifer Chiah

Tel: +65 6500 6738

Fax: +65 6296 2771

[email protected]

Eileen Hair

Tel: +65 6500 6719

Fax: +65 6296 2771

[email protected]

Jointly organized by

Part of

1 – 3 November

31 October - 4 November 2011www.siew.sg

In partnership with Supported by Held in

Why you should exhibit: • Position your company as the leading brand for

future energy solutions in Asia Pacific.• Align your brand with an event that has its pulse

on global environmental and energy issues.• Hear from over 150 global thought leaders on

cutting-edge topics at our Conference and TechTalks.

• Meet with industry leaders, policy and decision makers at high profile networking events.

Reserve your exhibition space today!

Clean Energy Expo Asia (CEEA) is the premier trade fair and conference in the Asia-Pacific region, bringing together the leading players from the technology, services, finance and governmental sectors, in order to address key issues in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable mobility solutions. In 2010, CEEA brought together more than 5,000 clean energy professionals from 55 countries worldwide, 74% of whom are key decision makers and influencers.

“ “

“The Japanese Government is putting a lot of emphasis on clean energy industry development. With some of the most advanced clean energy technologies in the market, Japanese companies are keen to showcase their expertise to the ASEAN region. The exhibiting companies at the Japan Pavilion have expressed their satisfaction with the opportunities presented at this event.”

Mr Shigeki Maeda, Managing Director, Japan External Trade Organization ( JETRO), Singapore Representative Office.

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CEEA11 210x297mm ENERGETICA India Ad.ai 7/20/11 5:54:14 PM

WINDPOWER


International Expo & Summit4th

10 - 12 November 2011Mumbai Exhibition Centre,

Goregaon (E), Mumbai

Organised by Supported by

Official Magazine Media Partner

- Wind energy

- Photovoltaic

- Energy Efficiency

- Biomass and Energy from Waste

- Co-generation

- Solar Thermal

- Renewable Energy Services

- Geothermal

- Wave and Tidal Energy

- Alternative Fules

Concurrent to ‘Power India 2011’


for the U.S. Navy successfully completed the Navy’s full-load power testing in Janu-ary 2009. These machines are now ready for deployment.

The weight savings attributable to HTS technology allows the SeaTitan wind tur-bine generator to be placed directly above the tower. This enables improved main-frame design and direct load transfer from the hub to the tower offering. In most existing offshore wind turbines, a major failure mode is caused by the defl ections of the rotor shaft. To reduce damage, the housing of the gearboxes or generators could be decoupled from the mainframe, but only in a complex way. This is not needed for the superconductor generators because their large airgap can absorb all defl ections, allowing the generator hous-ing to be directly integrated in the wind turbine mainframe. This factor, combined with the signifi cantly small generator di-ameter, is the primary contributor to the strength, light weight and small size of the SeaTitan wind turbine design. Further, the SeaTitan wind turbine requires only one main bearing confi guration.

New Technology Paradigm on the HorizonThe SeaTitan wind turbine additionally incorporates a number of design solu-tions that ensure redundancy of its opera-tion. For example, the cryogenic cooling system for the HTS generator achieves high reliability by employing n+1 modu-lar, single-stage Gifford McMahon (GM) coolers and long-life seals in its helium transfer coupling. In fact, in AMSC’s ex-perience with cooling transfer systems in both HTS transmission and large rotating machines, the reliability of this component

has proven to be excellent. The SeaTitan wind turbine design, which is equipped with more than one cryogenically cooled surface, also promotes effi ciency and eas-es maintenance. Having more than one cryogenically cooled surface in series al-lows each of these surfaces to work less to lower the temperature of the cryogenic fl uid. Also, if one cryogenically cooled sur-face malfunctions, the redundancy in the system will be able to overcome the loss. The refrigeration system additionally has no unusual environmental requirement or impact due to the required cryogenic cooling components for an HTS genera-tor. In fact, most serviceable components are placed at the bottom of the tower for easy access. These accessible components include power converters, compressors for cryogenic cooling, the control cabinet, and switchgear.

Superconductor Turbines Entering Prototype StageIn addition to the SeaTitan wind turbine, as part of its Windtec™ product line, AMSC provides a variety of licenses and customized designs for onshore and off-shore turbines. More than a dozen wind turbine manufacturers today are utilizing the company’s suite of conventional wind turbines with power ratings up to 6 MW. The company also provides extensive cus-tomer support services through manufac-turing scale up as well as advanced electri-cal control systems for each wind turbine that its customers produce.

The SeaTitan wind turbine will have an initial design capacity of 10 MW with a 190-meter rotor. AMSC recently acquired a 25 percent stake in UK-based Blade Dy-namics Ltd. which has developed wind

turbine blade technologies designed to increase the effi ciency and performance of multi-megawatt wind turbines while also reducing costs. In addition to providing AMSC wind turbine design licensees with a differentiated blade offering, Blade Dy-namics’ unique technology will also pro-vide a compelling blade platform for the SeaTitan wind turbine. The tower can rest on conventional jacket foundations and deep water foundations of various types.

AMSC expects to select its fi rst SeaTi-tan wind turbine licensee in the months ahead. It will then work with this custom-er to establish a full supply chain for this wind turbine, including a manufacturer for the SeaTitan generator. AMSC expects that its licensees will enter full-volume pro-duction by mid-decade.

The Global Race While Europe has traditionally been the leader in the offshore wind market, the rest of the world is moving aggressively to catch-up. Currently, India’s wind power plants are limited to onshore today, but the country, with its 7,000 km of coastline, has incredible offshore potential.

Offshore wind power expected to enter a period of rapid and prolonged growth. Right now, the global race is any-one’s to win. The nation that can seize a leadership role will not only create and in-dustry and thousands of jobs for years to come but will also boast a lowered cost of energy, cleaner power and a path towards energy independence.

If India moves forward with offshore with the same momentum that it ap-proached the onshore wind industry, it could be a major contender in the offshore race.

International Expo & Summit4th

10 - 12 November 2011Mumbai Exhibition Centre,

Goregaon (E), Mumbai

Organised by Supported by

Official Magazine Media Partner

- Wind energy

- Photovoltaic

- Energy Efficiency

- Biomass and Energy from Waste

- Co-generation

- Solar Thermal

- Renewable Energy Services

- Geothermal

- Wave and Tidal Energy

- Alternative Fules



The global demand for energy is rising rapidly. Fuel costs are escalating and will continue to do so for an indefinite future. In addition to this rising costs of fuel, the globe is also facing damaging effects of coal burning which contributes to the global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer.

BHARAT VASANDANI - ENERGETICA INDIA

Creating Power from the Seas

In order to prevent the environmental dis-aster predicted by scientists around the world, countries are pushing non-con-

ventional energy technologies with favorable policies, feed-in-tariffs. The world has already seen rise and maturity of some such technolo-gies including wind energy and hydro power plants. Others such as solar and biomass are finding their feet in many countries.

Another new technology coming to the forefront is energy generation from the sea, “wave energy”. The World Energy Council estimates that 2TWh of energy could be har-vested from the world’s oceans, the equiva-lent of twice the world’s electricity production.

So what is stopping the world from go-ing ahead on this environment friendly en-ergy technology? The challenges have been: • Sensitivity to weather conditions • Expensive technology• Wave energy (like many other renewable

sources) is unlikely to be economically competitive with conventional generation in its present form.

One of the companies finding solu-tions to these answers is SDE Energy Ltd from Israel. SDE Energy is a leader in the planning, building and marketing of power stations producing power from sea waves. Mr.Shmuel Ovadia, Managing Director of SDE Energy has developed a patented meth-od of electricity from sea wave energy.” SDE Energy was formed to meet the important challenges of these market demands, while positively impacting the environment we all share” says Mr.Ovadia.

The company aims to help developing countries into 100% integrated clean in-dustries and support energy conservation, efficiency and renewable energy programs. SDE Energy is involved in building and oper-ating sea wave power plants in any interest-ed country where the government is ready to sign a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA).

The company then intends to raise funds based on the PPA. “Our rates will be much lower than rates seen from coal, gas, solar or wind energy” says Mr. Mr.Ovadia.

SDE’s method consists of using sea wave motion to generate hydraulic pressure, which is then transformed into electricity. The system takes advantage of the wave’s speed, height, depth, rise and fall and the flow beneath the approaching wave thus producing energy.

The system generates pressurization of ocean water which in turn causes pressure on hydraulic oil. This activates a hydrau-lic motor which produces electricity. The uniqueness of this method is that the pro-cess collects energy, not only from the visible surface waves but also from power below the surface, inherent in ocean waves. The power harnessed from below the surface is far greater than which could be harnessed from the surface wave alone. This results in constant electricity production; despite the inconsistent nature of the sea. The system consists of only 10% of components im-mersed in the seawater; with few moving parts consisting mainly of standard hydraulic and electrical equipment.

This method for harnessing energy from sea waves has received approval from the Chief Scientist of Israel’s Ministry of Industry and Trade. Nine energy modules have been built and tested; with a full-scale 60kW

oceanfront model operating in Israel’s Jaffa port for almost s year. Initial support came from Chief Scientist of Israel’s Ministry of In-dustry and Trade with a funding of $2 million. The company has now received a basic ap-proval for a 20 year franchise from the Israeli Ministry of Infrastructure to build a sea wave power plant in the capacity of 10MW with an option to increase to 50MW at the sea port.

“We guarantee the lowest prices in the market, effective construction and minimal operating costs” says Mr. Mr.Ovadia. Ac-cording to his calculations, the erection cost of one MW SDE Energy power station is $650,000 and the production cost of elec-tricity is 6 cents $/kWh.

For a 100MW, the company estimates the total cost to be approximately $65 million to be built within 24 months. The generation will be approximately 591.3 million kWh units per year; assuming days with waves being 75% and plant efficiency to be 90%.

The technology, according to the com-pany, is environment friendly, generates elec-tricity at a low cost, with low maintenance and operating costs and relatively short con-struction time. “Overall the system turns out to be more efficient than any other method known to date and generates power even when there are no waves”.

SDE Energy Ltd envisions constructing sea power plants and selling electricity to the utilities across the globe. The company is entering the Indian market through pro-jects in Gujarat and Maharashtra. SDE En-ergy has signed a MOU with the Gujarat State Government for a 5MW wave energy power plant and a 10MW in Maharashtra for which the company is in discussion with power trading institution in India. The Indian projects are in process of obtaining PPA, and land use rights from the government. Be-sides Israel and India, SDE Energy is present in 10 other countries.

OCEANPOWER


Dual lane reflow ovens have been available for numerous years. Their purpose is to increase production in a single reflow oven by allowing two boards to be run at the same time in parallel. Until recently circuit board manufacturers have been limited to processing the same boards or boards with like mass in each of the lanes, but dual lane reflow ovens with independent lane speeds now make it possible to run boards with larger differences.

FRED DIMOCK, MGR. PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BTU INTERNATIONAL, INC. [email protected]

Practical Thermal Profile Expectations in a Dual Lane Dual Speed Reflow Oven

Now that we have the ability to run different speeds in each lane it is the process engineer’s re-

sponsibility to develop the recipe that will satisfy both boards. The following gives practical insight into a method to obtain this recipe.

To begin it is important to understand the factors that affect the transfer of ther-mal energy from the heater in a convec-tion oven to the board. In most cases re-flow oven fans push gas (air or nitrogen) across a heated electric coil to increase its temperature. Then the hot gas is distrib-uted to the product thru a series of holes in an orifice plate, as shown below.

The equation that describes the trans-fer of energy from the hot gas to the board is well known:

q = a · t · A · ΔT where q = the thermal energy being transferred to the boarda = the heat transfer coefficient of the board and

componentst = time the board is in the heatA = the surface area the heat seesΔT = the temperature difference between the gas

(convection) and the board

When we move the board parameters to one side of the equation and the oven parameters to the other side we get:

q

= t ·ΔT a · A

By introducing a heavier or lighter board to the equation the a and A factors change. The thermal energy absorbed by the board (q) then adjusts so the equation remains balanced. This change in thermal energy (q) results in a different board tem-perature. To maintain the board tempera-ture we must change either the zone set points (ΔT) or belt speed (t).

ApplicationWhen running a new board in a single lane oven, we adjust the profile by modifying the set points ΔT) and/or the belt speed (t) to obtain the correct profile. But if we run two different boards in a dual lane oven, we can only change the belt speed because both lanes see the same tempera-ture (set points).

In August of 2009 a report was pub-lished by BTU(1) that showed how changing the belt speed, zone set points and convec-tion rate affected a solder reflow profile. It looked at how the furnace settings affected the peak temperature, time above liquidus and uniformity of two SMT boards. With the advent of the dual speed dual lane we decided to do an in depth study changing just the belt speed on three boards.

This new study varied the belt speed from 30 IPM to 60 IPM on a 75gm, 360gm and 520gm board with eutectic and lead free recipes on a Pyramax 150 12 Zone ni-trogen reflow oven. The change in peak temperature, time above liquidus and soak time of each combination was recorded.

Eutectic RecipeThe first step in the trial was to establish a baseline recipe that produced a stand-ard ramp-soak-spike profile with the 360 gram board at 45 IPM as shown in figure A. The peak temp was targeted at 220°C, time above liquidus (TAL) at 60 sec., and the time between 140 and 170°C at 70 seconds.

Figure A. Eutectic Base line profile 360 gram board

Next the belt speed was changed in steps of approximately 5 IPM to a maxi-mum and minimum of 15 IPM from the starting point on the three boards. We recorded the new peak temperature, TAL and soak time for each step. The results are shown in charts E1, E2 and E3.

PROCESSENGINEERING


PROCESSENGINEERING


27-29 SEPTEMBER 2011KLCC, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

WWW.POWERGENASIA.COM

OWNED ANDPRODUCED BY: FLAGSHIP MEDIA SPONSORS: SPONSORS:

CO-LOCATED WITH:

SUPPORTING ORGANISATIONS

LEARN AND DISCOVER MORE ABOUT ASIA’S POWER INDUSTRYPOWER-GEN Asia is firmly established as the region’s leading conference discussing the highly relevant and important strategic and technical issues facing the power generation, renewable and sustainable energy and transmission and distribution industries.

Conference topics include:• Trends, Finance & Planning • Environmental Challenges & Fuel Options• Power Grid & Distributed Generation • Power Plant Technologies • Operation, Optimization & Servicing• Nuclear Power• Renewable Energy

Early Bird Discount – Register Today!Register yourself and your colleagues today as conference delegates and benefit from the Early Bird Discount Rate. Visit www.powergenasia.com for Early Bird Discount details.

Leading Industry ExhibitionDiscover new ideas, technologies and developments at the region’s leading exhibition for the power and transmission & distribution industries and Source the latest products and services from leading companies and suppliers from around the world.

If you are involved in power and water industries and are looking to increase your business and knowledge in the region, then join us in Malaysia for POWER-GEN Asia – the regions premier power industry event.

For further information, details on Early Bird Discount Rate and to register on-line visit www.powergenasia.comUSE PROMOTIONAL CODE WHEN REGISTERING: ENI01

DIVERSE SOLUTIONS

FOR THE REGION’S

POWERINDUSTRY

CHALLENGES

0039_PGA11_ADVERT_A4.indd 1 24/06/2011 10:57

E1 Peak Temperature

E2 TAL - Time Above Liquidus (183°C)

E3 140 – 170 Soak

As expected, the board weights had an infl uence on the peak temperature with the heavier board being 7 to 10°C colder than the light board. But there was little difference in TAL or soak time between the boards.

The belt speed change affected all three parameters. The TAL and Soak time were changed by almost 50 seconds and the peak temperatures varied by around 15°C.

Practical ApplicationOnce we had the data we applied it to the real life situation of running two differ-ent boards in the same oven. We started with the 360 gram board in one lane and wanted to run the 75gram board in the other. Chart E1 told us that we needed to increase the belt speed to 58 IPM (see Fig-ure B) to maintain the same peak tempera-

ture on both boards. Meanwhile charts E2 and E3 told us that the TAL and soak of the 75 gram board would shorten to ap-proximately 45 and 55 seconds with the 58 IPM belt speed.

Figure B

Likewise if we wanted to run the 520 gram board with the 360 gram board zone temperatures we needed a belt speed of 38 IPM to maintain the peak temperature. The resulting TAL would be 80 seconds and soak would be 85 seconds.

If we could accept the new TAL and Soak times the new second board belt speed would work. If we could not accept the new TAL or Soak we would need to accept a different peak temperature on the new board or try different set points on both boards.

Lead Free RecipeNext we repeated the data acquisition for a lead free profi le. We established the base line recipe for a Lead Free ramp-to-peak profi le on the 360 gram board at 44 IPM as shown in Figure C. The peak temp target was 240°C with a time above the 217°C liquidus of 60 seconds. Since there is usually little or no soak on lead free pro-fi les, we monitored the time between 140 and 170°C in the event the soak becomes a consideration in the future.

Figure C

We then followed the procedure we used with the eutectic profi le and varied the belt speed ± 15 IPM from the start-ing point. We recorded the new peak temperature, TAL and soak time for the various belt speeds with each of the three test boards. The results are shown in charts LF1, LF2 and LF3.

LF 1 Peak Temperature

LF 2 Time Above Liquidus (217°C)

LF 3 140 – 170 Soak

The board weights had the same ef-

fect on the peak temperature that we had with the eutectic solder profi le. At the lower belt speeds the difference between boards was about 7°C and at the faster speeds it was close to 13°C. But unlike the eutectic profi le where the mass did not af-fect the TAL or soak time, the time above liquidus was about 20 seconds longer with the lighter 75 gm board. (This most likely due to the ramp to peak profi le shape.)

27-29 SEPTEMBER 2011KLCC, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

WWW.POWERGENASIA.COM

OWNED ANDPRODUCED BY: FLAGSHIP MEDIA SPONSORS: SPONSORS:

CO-LOCATED WITH:

SUPPORTING ORGANISATIONS

LEARN AND DISCOVER MORE ABOUT ASIA’S POWER INDUSTRYPOWER-GEN Asia is firmly established as the region’s leading conference discussing the highly relevant and important strategic and technical issues facing the power generation, renewable and sustainable energy and transmission and distribution industries.

Conference topics include:• Trends, Finance & Planning • Environmental Challenges & Fuel Options• Power Grid & Distributed Generation • Power Plant Technologies • Operation, Optimization & Servicing• Nuclear Power• Renewable Energy

Early Bird Discount – Register Today!Register yourself and your colleagues today as conference delegates and benefit from the Early Bird Discount Rate. Visit www.powergenasia.com for Early Bird Discount details.

Leading Industry ExhibitionDiscover new ideas, technologies and developments at the region’s leading exhibition for the power and transmission & distribution industries and Source the latest products and services from leading companies and suppliers from around the world.

If you are involved in power and water industries and are looking to increase your business and knowledge in the region, then join us in Malaysia for POWER-GEN Asia – the regions premier power industry event.

For further information, details on Early Bird Discount Rate and to register on-line visit www.powergenasia.comUSE PROMOTIONAL CODE WHEN REGISTERING: ENI01

DIVERSE SOLUTIONS

FOR THE REGION’S

POWERINDUSTRY

CHALLENGES

0039_PGA11_ADVERT_A4.indd 1 24/06/2011 10:57

PROCESSENGINEERING


When we varied the belt speed all three parameters changed as in the eu-tectic profile. The TAL changed by 80 sec-onds, the soak time changed by 20 sec-onds and the peak temperature changed by around 15°C.

The charts gave us the same infor-mation as with the eutectic profile. The peak temperature chart (Chart LF1) tells us that if we were using the recipe we established for the 360 gram board and we wanted to run a 75 gram board in the parallel lane we would need to increase the belt speed to 60 IPM. Charts LF2 and LF3 tell us that the TAL and soak of the 75 gram board with a belt speed of 60 IPM would be approximately 40 and 20 seconds.

Likewise we could run the 520 gram board with the 360 gram board recipe at 39 IPM to maintain the peak temperature. The resulting TAL would be 62 seconds and soak would be 32 seconds. If we could accept the change in TAL and soak chang-ing the speed would work in these cases.

A Short Cut? - Predictive software:After running numerous profiles we re-alized that production engineers would need a method to shorten the time it took to obtain the data for these charts.

The data in the first trials was close to linear over the speed range therefore our first thought was to obtain the base pro-file on the primary board and then run two profiles on the secondary board with the same zone set points and belt speeds of ±15 IPM. We could then connect the dots, draw a parallel line, and come up with a new belt speed for the secondary board. This would require we only run three pro-files to establish the preliminary belt speed estimate.

Next we wondered if predictive soft-ware such as KIC Navigator could be used to forecast the profile. We had used a KIC Explorer to obtain the original profiles for the trial so it was an easy step to see what the KIC Navigator would predict if told to change just the belt speed on the lead free baseline runs for each board. The soft-ware predicted peak temperatures that were within 2 to 3°C of what was actually measured. The peak temperature predict-ed results vs. actual for the three boards are shown in Figure D.

Figure D Predicted vs Actual Peak Temperature

ConclusionWith a little understanding and work a

process engineer can develop the data to help find a recipe that will allow them to establish the set points and belt speeds for dual lane –dual speed reflow ovens. It can be done in multiple runs with actual belt speed changes or as few as two runs by using predictive software. It will also help determine the extreme cases where the boards are too different to be run on a dual lane dual speed oven. In all cases, the engineer needs to confirm the results by profiling the actual boards at the belt speeds he determined would be best.

The great lesson is that after the first profiles are optimized on the reflow oven much of the remainder of the work can be done at the engineer’s desk without tying up the production equipment.

Obtaining the baseline rec-ipe for the primary board is an important step in the process of developing reci-pes for dual lane dual speed reflow ovens. In some cases optimizing the set points for the peak temperature, TAL and soak time for the pri-mary board could result in profile parameters that are unacceptable for the second board. When this happens the process engineer needs to identify a different pri-mary board recipe and try again. We asked ourselves if there was a way to com-bine the profile data from the two boards to find a common recipe that would allow us to make a midpoint

tradeoff of the TAL, soak, and peak temperature for both boards.

A discussion with the people at KIC revealed that they have an applications note describing a method of developing a common recipe for mixed boards that required only a belt speed change on a single process line to save changeover time2.They describe running two boards in the oven at the same time with TCs on both products. The software then suggests a common recipe that minimizes the PWI on both boards. It can even uti-lize different profile require-ments for each TC or in this case board.

Applying the technique of running two boards at the same time to obtain a base line recipe for of the dual land dual speed oven seems to have benefits for the first step. Although both boards might not be in specification, the error would be divided between the two boards and belt speed changes could be done on each lane. The only problem would be to run two boards thru the oven at the same time and not have the TCs tangle in the edge rail hangers, but this can be overcome by running the boards, one behind the other in one lane, with the appropriate board supports.

References

1 Published as Oven Adjustment Effects on a Solder Reflow Profile; in Circuits Assembly August 2009; and Getting the Recipe Right: in Electronic Assembly UK July/August 2009; Chinese translation in EM Asia Magazine July-August 2009, and German Translation in EPP Germany September 2009

2 KIC Application notes, “Developing Common Reflow Oven Recipes for Mixed Production Lines Using the KIC Navigator” at kicthermal.com

From peanut oil to methane gas. The fuels powering the diesel engine have undergone considerable development during its 119 year long history. So much so that today, even the fuel we traditionally, if somewhat simplistically, refer to as ‘diesel’ is beginning to make way for alternatives with a smaller environmental footprint, such as biogas and DME. Time to examine what it is all about.

VOLVO- TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

From Peanut Oil to Methane Gas

One might say that diesel is some-what misunderstood and has re-ceived more than its fair share of

criticism from an environmental perspec-tive. Originally the term had nothing to do with any particular type of fuel but instead only described a particular type of engine. For instance, Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the diesel engine, ran his first engines on peanut oil. For many people, however, the word has become synonymous with fossil diesel oil, which is a rather narrow descrip-tion since the diesel engine can be run on many different fuels, some of which are re-newable. The common factor is that they are ignited via compression instead of via the spark provided by a spark plug.

The reason why diesel oil has become synonymous with the diesel engine is that, over the years, that has been the most com-mon fuel used in the diesel engine. How-ever, as society’s demands increase and technology makes significant advances, so too are more and more alternative fuels be-ing developed for use in the diesel engine.

“It’s important for us to work with a wide range of alternative fuels and to come up with solutions that reduce our impact on the climate. It is already possible to build efficient diesel engines that run on renew-able fuels. This can be shown, not least, in our new Volvo FM MethaneDiesel and the bioDME-powered trucks on which we are now conducting field tests. This fuel has the potential for cutting carbon dioxide emis-sions by 95 percent,” says Lars Mårtensson, Environmental Director at Volvo Trucks.

One engine – several fuelsAnders Röj is a fuel expert at Volvo Technol-ogy. He explains that diesel fuel can actually be made from virtually any organic material

BIOFUELS


“Diesel fuel can be made from virtually any organic material just as long as it has flammable properties that make it suitable for the diesel process,” says fuel expert Anders Röj.

just as long as it has flammable properties that make it suitable for the diesel process.

“However, some fuels require major or minor modifications of the engine and its peripheral equipment. And, unfortu-nately, the engine does not always func-tion equally well on all fuels. For instance, biodiesel exhibits poorer stability and cold-weather properties than hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. When mixed in small quantities with diesel oil, however, bio-diesel functions well if its quality is accept-able in other respects.

Since there is such a wide range of alternative fuels, it is a good idea to un-dertake a thorough review of just what is available. Here is therefore an examination of both existing and future fuels for the diesel engine.

Fossil diesel oilWhat we traditionally refer to as diesel oil is a petroleum product consisting of hydro-carbons. To produce diesel fuel, crude oil is first distilled and then refined. In this pro-cess the petroleum is filtered and purified to meet the legislative requirements and

diesel standard of the particular country in which the fuel is to be sold.

The EU, for instance, has both a direc-tive and a CEN standard* – an abbrevia-tion that stands for European Committee for Standardization – to regulate quality requirements for diesel fuel. The USA on the other hand generally adopts the ASTM International standard. Furthermore, many countries also have their own national standards.

According to Anders Röj, fossil diesel fuel offers the best energy efficiency from initial oil extraction to combustion in the engine, known as the “well-to-wheel” perspective.

“Nature has done an excellent pre-liminary job with its crude oil deep down in the bowels of the earth over millions of years. And in the almost 100 years that oil refineries have been around, the technol-ogy has also undergone significant devel-opment,” he explains.

BiodieselFAME, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, is the collective name for what we refer to as

biodiesel. FAME can be produced from a number of different vegetable or animal oils, such as rapeseed oil (RME), soya oil (SME) and palm oil (PME). It is even possi-ble to run a diesel engine on fuel obtained from used cooking oil or tallow, depend-ing on where in the world the biodiesel is produced.

The advantage of FAME fuels is that they give 50-60 percent lower CO2 emis-sions from “well to wheel” compared with conventional diesel, and are free from sul-phur and aromatics. The fuels’ downsides are that they contribute to increased emis-sions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Within the EU, it is no longer permitted for diesel fuel to contain more than seven percent FAME since, with a higher proportion, NOx emis-sions will be too high.

“Had FAME not been a bio-compo-nent we would probably be very negative to such fuels due to the NOx emissions and quality problems. Now, however, there is political pressure to use renewable fuels, and biodiesel is one of the few biofuels currently available on a commercial scale,” says Anders Röj.

BIOFUELS


Diesel fuel can be made from fossil diesel oil as well as from biodiesel, synthetic diesel, DME and methane gas.

Everything Solar Under the Sun

For solar solutions spanning the industry spectrum, one show outshines the rest. Only SPI connects you with every important vendor and service provider to advance your project from planning through operations. Just walk the show to see, touch, compare, discuss and learn about all aspects of the solar energy industry. Get up to speed on the latest technologies shaping the future of solar—and the success of your business.

Register Now!

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October 17-20, 2011 Dallas Convention CenterDallas, Texas

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Presented by:

WHERE NEW SOLUTIONS TAKE SHAPE

Synthetic dieselDiesel oil can also be produced syntheti-cally through gasification of fuels such as black coal and natural gas, creating a fuel that contains a smaller proportion of aro-matic hydrocarbons. There is at present no significant production of synthetic diesel, however, research is currently being con-ducted into energy-efficient gasification of biomass. If this project is successful syn-thetic diesel may become a particularly vi-able fuel in the future.

“Emissions of NOx and particulates from synthetic diesel are lower than from fossil diesel oil. However, the energy con-tent per litre of fuel is somewhat lower,” Anders Röj goes on to say.

DME (Dimethyl ether)One of the synthetic diesel fuels being examined is an ether known as DME, a carbon/hydrogen/oxygen molecular bond. At present DME is produced from natural gas, but Swedish company Chemrec is running a pilot plant for the production of

BioDME in Piteå, where the raw material being used is black liquor, a high-energy by-product of paper pulp manufacture. It gives 95 percent lower carbon dioxide emissions than diesel fuel and zero emis-sions of soot. BioDME can also be pro-duced from other biomass sources.

“As a diesel fuel, BioDME gives the highest energy output per unit of raw ma-terial. It offers five times the driving range per unit of cultivated arable land than bio-diesel, for instance,” reveals Anders Röj.

Consequently, BioDME is one of the fuels that Volvo Trucks is focusing on for the future. The company is currently en-gaged in field tests in Sweden with trucks running on DME.

Methane gas Natural gas or biogas can be used as ve-hicle fuel in both compressed and liquid form. It does not ignite like diesel fuel but if fossil or biodiesel is used to assist in the combustion process, it works well.

In May 2011 Volvo Trucks launched

its new Volvo FM MethaneDiesel, a gas-powered truck designed for regional distri-bution. It is powered by up to 75 percent liquefied methane gas with the remainder consisting of diesel oil, with the diesel serv-ing as the above-mentioned “spark plug”. With biogas in the fuel tank, CO2 emis-sions drop by up to 70 percent compared with a conventional diesel engine. With fossil-based gas, emissions are cut by 10 percent.

The advantages of renewable fuels for diesel engines:• Obtained from renewable energy sourc-

es (biomass).• Cause lower (in some cases much low-

er) emissions of greenhouse gases com-pared with fossil diesel fuel.

• Usually produce lower particle emis-sions; some fuels burn with virtually no soot formation (e.g. DME).

• Other regulated emissions may also be lower than for fossil diesel fuel.

*CEN standard EN 590

BIOFUELS


The Volvo FH BioDME is being put through field tests with a

customer. This DME is produced from black liquor, a high-energy

by-product from paper pulp manufacture. It produces 95 percent lower CO2 emissions

compared with a truck running on fossil diesel.

Everything Solar Under the Sun

For solar solutions spanning the industry spectrum, one show outshines the rest. Only SPI connects you with every important vendor and service provider to advance your project from planning through operations. Just walk the show to see, touch, compare, discuss and learn about all aspects of the solar energy industry. Get up to speed on the latest technologies shaping the future of solar—and the success of your business.

Register Now!

Mark your calendar now for NorthAmerica’s largest B2B solar event.

October 17-20, 2011 Dallas Convention CenterDallas, Texas

For more informationwww.solarpowerinternational.com

Presented by:

WHERE NEW SOLUTIONS TAKE SHAPE

Biomass has been man’s fuel of choice ever since the time he harnessed energy in the form of fire and continues to have a considerable impact on rural populations especially in India. India being an agricultural economy has always wanted to harness the true potential of biomass and waste but has fallen short time and again. The cause of the South East Asia brown haze is mainly due to the wasteful burning of agricultural waste and biomass for cooking, light, heating which in turn has a large ecological impact on the subcontinent. More than 70% of the country’s population depends upon biomass for its energy needs, consisting of 32%+ of the total primary energy use in the country.

RITESH POTHAN - NATURAL GROUP

Biomass - a Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India

India generates almost 800 million tons of agriculture / horticulture output from 141 million hectares of arable

land and about 70-75% of the waste is used as fodder, fuel for domestic cooking as well as for other economic purposes, leaving behind 120 –150 million tons of usable agro industrial and agricultural resi-dues per year, which is available for power generation. This could sustain power pro-jects of approximately 15-20GWe with the capacity to generate between 75-100 Bil-lion KWh units annually.

Currently Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts invest-ments of over Rs.600 crores every year, generating more than 5 Billion KWh units of electricity while providing annual em-ployment of more than 10 million man-days in the rural sector.

As of March 2011, 58.43% of the electricity consumed in India was gener-ated by thermal power plants, 19.45% by hydroelectric power plants, 2.47% by nuclear power plants, 10.10% by Captive

Power Generation and 9.55% by Renew-able Energy Sources primarily wind farms. More than 50% of India’s commercial en-ergy demand is met through the country’s

vast coal reserves with another 347 pro-jects waiting in the pipeline. Indian coal which is of poor quality with high ash content and low calorific values has led to increased particulate pollution and ash disposal problems and constitutes 70% of total fossil fuel emissions.

India’s national Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MNRE is currently tar-geting 10GWe of biomass based renew-able energy sources in the next decade and has constantly encouraged biomass power plant owners to increase capacities with a new thrust focused towards captive plantation management. To avoid misuse and abuse of central support, the 11th plan proposal also expressly states “sub-sidy for biomass power is sought to be supported only where sustainability of bio-mass supplies can be demonstrated since there have been apprehensions about over drawl of forest resources with fuel wood so obtained being diverted for some such projects. Further, biomass ceases to be re-newable unless a project can demonstrate its sustainability through dedicated plan-tations specially raised for the purpose.” Recent orders allow for up to a 20% mix of coal to fire biomass plants thus allow-ing them to run during off cycles for agri-waste and the recent availability of Renew-able Energy Certificates (REC) allow for viable business models.

Renewable energy makes up for barely 10% of the energy generated, with wind generating the largest at almost

BIOMASS


The author leads an Advisory organization focused on Renewable Energy Projects and also runs two of the largest renewable energy forums on linkedin.com dedicated to the Indian subcontinent.You can reach him at [email protected] . The forums at

Renewable Energy and Cleantech Forum - India and Solar Energy Professionals - India. *Table 1 to Table 1.3: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

Table 1: Installed Power Project Capacities for India – March 2011. *Source – Indian Ministry of Power

INDIA’S NATIONAL MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY MNRE IS CURRENTLY TARGETING 10GWE OF BIOMASS BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE NEXT DECADE

70% but the power is neither schedulable nor dependable. Amongst Renewable En-ergy sources, the only reliable sources of power from a base load and scheduling perspective are solar and biomass, while Hydro suffers from seasonal variation.

MNRE covers biomass as part of its remote village electrification with 90% of cost covered under Central Financial Assistance and the remaining 10% from the state. Traditionally biomass has been derived from plant including its waste, however recently a larger focus has been placed on human generated waste from sizable municipalities.

The true potential of renewable ener-gy lies in its offgrid application, which pro-motes user independence from the grid as well as generates local jobs while availing of the advantages of consistent power es-pecially in remote hamlets which are a sig-nificant loss making proposition for state electricity distribution agencies.

MNRE has also pushed for increase in Tail-end Biomass (Gasification and Combustion) and Solar Power projects of 1-2MWe feeding into the grid at 11KV. This is being done to try and reduce trans-mission losses to below 7% from the cur-rent 30% while providing clean and stable power to villages. The Ministry is already working on a plan to setup approx. 200 MWe of biomass gasifier projects at tail-ends by early next decade.

As of Jan 2011, a small grid connect-ed project of 120 kWe based on gasifier system using pine needle was being pur-sued in Bering Block, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and another two projects with approx 1.2 MWe capacity in Madhya Pradesh. A 500 kWe gasifier based tail end grid connected project has been commis-sioned at Dist Vellore, Tamil Nadu.

The combined installation of biomass plants connected to the grid has barely grown to a GW excluding bagasse based cogeneration in more than a decade due to the constraints of feedstock manage-ment. Biomass based power plants es-sentially use either of these technologies i.e. Pyrolysis, Combustion and Gasifica-tion. Currently 288 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating 2665 MW capacity in the country feed power to the grid. These consist of 130 biomass power projects aggregating to 999.0 MW

and 158 bagasse cogeneration projects in sugar mills with surplus capacity aggregat-ing to 1666.0 MW. In addition, around 30 biomass power projects aggregating to about 350 MW are under various stages of implementation. Around 70 Cogenera-tion projects are under implementation with surplus capacity aggregating to 800 MW. The Ministry began implementing

biomass power / cogeneration programs in the nineties. States which are keen on implementation of cogeneration projects are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karna-taka and Uttar Pradesh. The major States for biomass power projects are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Maha-rashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Municipal solid waste has essen-

BIOMASS


Table 1.1. * including biomass power, bagasse cogeneration, urban and industrial waste to energy.

Table 1.2.

Table 1.3: Installed Power Projects in India – Biomass and CoGeneration. *Source MNRE Biomass Programme.

BIOMASS


tially been a non-starter due to the non-segregation of waste into dry, recyclable and wet waste as well as the supply chain management based on the lethargy of civ-ic run bodies. Also wet waste reduces the amount of power generated exponentially and Indian waste is high in moisture con-tent, thus reducing the viability of projects.

In May 2011, MNRE under the “Programme on Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste” has allowed for financial support for pilot power gen-eration projects. This scheme provides financial assistance for setting up of five Pilot projects for power generation from MSW in accordance with the decision of the Supreme Court on May 15, 2007, and is also based on recommendations of an Expert Committee. Recommended reading would be the DHRP for the IPO of A2Z, which highlight the risks of MSW projects.

Biofuels have also recently been in the news for a source of energy to replace non-renewable fossil fuels especially etha-nol have run into a political impasse due to the impact on soaring agricultural food prices and agricultural land use.

Organizations that process feedstock for manufactured products have a head start on the industry, the model of using waste to generate captive power has cre-ated a sustainable supply chain.

The Indian biomass industry has suf-fered from a number of inherent risks1. Non-availability of feedstock within a

certain radius2. Cartelization of feedstock, waste and

otherwise leading to price instability3. Unorganized market without long term

supply contracts being possible4. Greed of farmers and developers alike5. Inadequate awareness of the impact on

the environment due to burning6. Poor technology availability with ef-

ficiency rates of power plants at just 20-25% - 9000 Metric tons (equiva-lent to 6000 midsized cars) of biomass is required to annually generate 1MW

7. Large scale plantation management, biomass plant technology and supply chain expertise is lacking in general

8. Open access is restricted in a large num-ber of states or is an onerous process, preventing third party sales

9. Power rates are insufficient to match the increasing costs of feedstock, transportation and storage

10. Payment issues with monopolistic State Electricity Boards

11. Insurance doesn’t cover feedstock risk12. Seasonality of feedstock availability

and crop failures13. Poor supply chain management14. Grid availability, tail end consumptions

are limited15. Uncertainty of carbon credits CDMs

post 2012Taking these issues into account,

banks have been wary on providing finan-cial support, rarely providing more than 50% of the debt requirement. In some cases which I personally know off, the banks have initially approved a larger sec-tion of debt but lowered it when disburs-ing or have requested for additional guar-antees on behalf of the promoter.

While this does seem to be insur-mountable hurdles a number of profes-sional organizations believing in green energy have taken the plunge and have grown their portfolio rapidly. The key to the success of biomass power plants lies in the crucial management of the feedstock supply chain. A push towards use of large tracts of wastelands to grow captive feed-stock has taken shape with central and state support.

Some options to ensure bankability and viability associated with these would bea. Either setup or tie up with an agricul-

tural produce processing unit which provides a guaranteed supply chain or setup your own captive plantation for feedstock

b. Alternatively you could look at dedi-cated biomass plants with high yields, gestation periods range from 2-4 years however yields are significant and approx. 150-200 acres can com-

fortably run a 1MW plant with a gen-eration of approx. 6-6.5 million KWh units on an annual basis

c. Outsource the supply chain to contract and transport management to profes-sionals

d. Locate your plant in an area with large farm tract holdings and agri-waste that has low commercial value and high calorific content

e. Locate your plant where the availability of fuel is lower than 10% of the total mass of waste produce within a 20-40 km radius

f. Supply power locally to avoid transmis-sion, wheeling and banking losses

g. Avail of RECs as well as Central Financial Assistance from the MNRE

h. Use local NGO support to create addi-tional employment opportunities

i. Ensure the project is registered under the CDMs

j. Provide large storage areas of at least 30-60 days of feedstock with mois-ture management. As moisture in feedstock severely degrades the calo-rific value

k. Tie up with a local NGO to create aware-ness of the importance of supply to the plant thus resulting in a socio eco-nomic upsurge for the local popula-tion

l. Give back to the community, create a holistic relationship

m. Understand local relationships and cre-ate a mutually profitable relationship with your feedstock suppliers

n. Most important of all, this isn’t an op-portunistic business and requires long term commitment for successThese should provide acceptable

risk parameters for bankers and financi-ers while providing biomass power plants with a long term view into fuel availability, which would in turn help fund raising and create a structured industry framework.

Biomass power generation in the 1-10MW is definitely possible and viable for tail end power generation. The logistics given the fragmented agricultural econo-my with few families holding large tracts of land in most states, a large biomass plant of 25 MW+ scale is fairly difficult. However professionally managed biomass organizations with long term goals have been successful and continue to grow.

THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF BIOMASS POWER PLANTS LIES IN THE CRUCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY CHAIN

COMPANYPROFILE


With commitment to making the solar water heaters a household name, EMMVEE Solar has already installed over 4,00,000 systems under the brand name ‘Solarizer’, ‘SolarizerPlus’ and ‘SolarizerSupreme’ and 5.000 industrial systems amounting to a total capacity of around 200 million liters per days across Indiawhich includes prestigious clients like ETA Properties, TTD Tirupathi, Jayadeva Hospital, JSS institutions.

SUCHITRA RAMACHANDRAIAH - EMMVEE

EMMVEE; bringing Solar Solutions to the Masses

India today stands among the top five countries of the world in terms of re-newable energy capacity.The renewable

energy can be broadly classified as solar en-ergy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy & geothermal energy. Out of which Solar En-ergy is the most abundantly available in its form. India being in the solar belt, receives solar energy equivalent to over 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country.

The demand-supply gap in electric-ity and peak power availability continues to widen;even with access to electricity, on-site power generation using diesel generators and gas generators are the norm in India, and these account for ~10-20% of the total electricity consumed.

With a determination to make solar power available to households, EMMVEE of-fers its’ products and systems to the Indian market. EMMVEE Solar is a pioneer and a thought leader in this segment. EMMVEE was spearheaded by the man with long vi-sion Mr. D.V.Manjunatha in the year 1992.

Today EMMVEE has more than 650 well trained and highly motivated employees all over the world working in the segments of photovoltaic, solar thermal systems and glass production.

Quality and service being our motto, we ensure long lasting efficiencyand reliability in our products, by developing long-term busi-ness relationships with renowned compo-nent manufacturers and place great empha-sis on innovative quality management.

Starting its activities in the solar water heaters production with sales and marketing office in India, EMMVEE Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd., since 2008 a JV with SolarCap SA Den-mark, has grown to be the largest manufac-turer of Solar Water Heating Systems in India and probably in Asia. Our eco-friendly prod-

ucts shall not only go a long way in helping global efforts in conserving the environment but also helps customers in reducing their electricity bills thereby generating additional savings.

EMMVEE has its’ State-of-the-Art pro-duction plant covering 120,000 sq.ft. amidst beautifully landscaped gardens situated in a 21 acre plot at Dobaspet near Bangalore. The manufacturing process is systematic, en-suring high productivity. With ardour to cap-ture a bigger share of the market, Emmvee is continuously working on introducing new age technologies in both manufacturing process and management practices making EMMVEE production unit is the best of its’ kind in the region. Today EMMVEE enjoys a prominent market share in Industrial and commercial markets in India and also in the considerable share in the global markets.

With commitment to making the solar water heaters a household name, EMMVEE Solar has already installed over 4,00,000 systems under the brand name ‘Solarizer’, ‘SolarizerPlus’ and ‘SolarizerSupreme’ and 5.000 industrial systems amounting to a to-tal capacity of around 200 million liters per days across Indiawhich includes prestigious clients like ETA Properties, TTD Tirupathi, Jay-adeva Hospital, JSS institutions.

Being the thought leader in the indus-try, EMMVEE realised rapidly rising primary energy andelectricity needs, the persistent

energy deficit situation, anticipating the birth of Photovoltaics, PV, industry much earlier.As early as 2007, EMMVEE started to manufacturing photovoltaic modules to penetrate the European market, where the market was in a growing stage. Today EM-MVEE has prominent market share in the PV industry across Europe, in countries like Germany, Italy, France and United Kingdom.

In India, EMMVEE specializes distribut-ing photovoltaic modules for on- and off-grid applications as well as standard and custom-ized photovoltaic systems for stand alone and especially roof top applications. EMMVEE has just delivered 1 MW of high performance photovoltaic on-grid modules to the 1st ever MWp rating Solar PV Power Plant operating in the State of Haryana in Indiawhich is the second 1 MW grid connected PV power plant under the JNNSM scheme.

EMMVEE utilize only the best com-ponents to reach the highest degree of ef-ficiency and reliability. EMMVEE usesa spe-cial patterned surface glass which increases the efficiencyat least3% compared to a flat Glass. TheInstitute for Solar Energy Research Hameln in Germany and documented the efficiency gain.These glasses show low level of contamination from dirt particles and oth-er object, resulting in high yield when com-pared to modules with flat glasses.

Under JNNSM, Jawaharlal Nehru Na-tional Solar Mission, MNRE has announced the subsidy scheme for the roof top stand alone and on-grid systems from size of 1kW to 100kW. Additionally the Solar Water Heaters scheme was released in Bangalore, Mysore and South India offering 30% sub-sidy to eligible beneficiaries upfront by EM-MVEE. EMMVEE Solar Systems Pvt Ltd and EMMVEE Photovoltaic Power Pvt Ltd were both accredited as channel partner.CRISIL awarded 1 A rating to EMMVEE.

At 2012 the possibility of additional benefits in the form of tax reductions will be available to companies operating a certified energy management system, e. g. as per European Standard EN 16001. TÜV SÜD Industrie Service worked with a well known speciality chemicals manufacturer to develop a method of analysing the latter’s energy demand and is currently supporting the establishment of an state of the art energy management system.

DR MICHAEL BUNK, TÜV SÜD INDUSTRIE SERVICE, AND DR SILVIO KAMMER, INNOSPEC LEUNA

Increased Energy Efficiency with Energy Management Systems

Stakeholders wishing to stay com-petitive in industries with high ener-gy consumption must continuously

strive to uncover areas of potential sav-ings. These may be energy carriers includ-ing electricity, natural gas or raw materials, but also taxes. Since the beginning of this year, companies able to furnish evidence of an energy management system (EnMS) have had the possibility of benefiting from cuts in energy and electricity taxes. 2011 and 2012 are regarded as a transitional period during which companies will pave the way for EnMS implementation, for ex-ample by setting up a system for recording energy consumption. From 2013 onwards in Germany, a fully functioning EnMS will be imperative in order to take advantage of the tax benefits set forth by EN16001. However, in the above cases, the EnMS must have been certified by an impartial third party. Another attractive possibility is that of low-interest loans to unlock savings by improving energy efficiency and realis-ing optimization measures.

The objective of an EnMS is to tap into the potential for improving energy con-sumption and use. Before an EnMS can be established, stakeholders must have detailed knowledge of the system’s state of repair and of accurate data on energy

demand. To draw up a detailed energy balance, experts also take measurements from the installations and systems. An-other important aspect is reviewing the economic feasibility of the possible in-vestments determined by the EnMS. This ensures an ideal cost-benefit ratio and un-covers weaknesses in planning at an early stage.

Potential for savings at Innospec LeunaCooperating closely with Innospec Leuna, TÜV SÜD Industrie Service produced a study of the speciality chem-ical manufacturer’s energy demand and is currently supporting the company in establishing an state of the art EnMS. Attentions to detail and to the individual processes linked with cross-sector expertise were of critical importance in this project.

Innospec Leuna is a member of the international company Innospec Specialty Chemicals Inc., producing special plastics and chemi-cal additives at its location in Saxony-Anhalt. Since 2000, the speciality chemical man-ufacturer has invested over 20 million euros in the sus-tainable improvement of its performance and competi-

tive strength. Its continual modernisation within the scope of technical advancement also extends to production processes. Al-most any plant and system offers potential for savings.

TÜV SÜD’s team of experts and the Innospec engineers analysed grid qual-ity and time-specific energy consumption. They also examined individual systems

ENERGYMANAGEMENT


Dr Michael Bunk (left) is Head of Energy Systems TÜV SÜD Industrie Service GmbH, and Dr Silvio Kammer, is Authorized Officer (Prokurist) and Technical Director of Innospec Leuna GmbH

with unusually high consumption peaks and looked into steam management. The consumption of steam and electric power, which is above average for the sector, also affected energy costs.

Screening and optimisationIn step one, the individual stages of the process were subjected to comprehensive screening. The hyper compressor for initial processing of the raw materials consumes a large share of energy, and is thus one of the four main consumers of the core system. Other major energy consumers are the intermediate compressor, the cool-ing cycles and some individual consumers which were bundled for the purpose of analysis.

On the basis of the evaluated data, the experts then proposed the following optimisation measures: use of innovative energy-efficient drive systems and motors, upgrading of low-pressure steam for use in further processes, and improved con-trol of the volume flow and the pressure of the cooling circuit pumps. The EnMS which is undergoing implementation at present cuts long-term operating costs through online measurement of the en-ergy demand.

Profitable added valueAll individual measures must be techni-cally and economically feasible. Innospec Leuna was able to implement most of these measures in full or in part. Inno-spec Leuna now uses the existing process control system, for example, to control individual units in accordance with their energy consumption, and switches off all auxiliary units completely whenever pro-duction is interrupted. If drive systems or motors need to be replaced or new units installed, the technology is simultaneously upgraded to the state of the art.

The resulting reduction of energy costs is something to be proud of. The ultramodern EnMS currently being es-tablished at Innospec Leuna also offers further potential for savings. Provided energy-efficiency measures can be imple-mented cost-effectively, even minor sav-ings may be worthwhile in view of stead-ily rising energy costs. After all, improved energy efficiency is the most cost-effective energy source of all.

energetica india

The EPC Sphere event was held on 18th-19th July 2011 at the Lalit Intercontental in Mumbai. The event organized by Cerebral Research focused on the theme of Engineering, Procurement and Construction aspects of India’s growing infrastructure needs.


Report on EPC Sphere 2011 Event

With the EPC sector envisaged to play a big role in India’s power and infrastructure story; EPC

companies have their unique set of chal-lenges which need to be addressed at the earliest and efficiently. The intent of the event was to generate effective solutions to the challenges faced by the EPC indus-try in India.

Some of the speakers included Mr.Alwyn Bowden, CEO of Essar Projects Limited, Mr.Kannan CEO of Shapoorji Pal-lonji EPC Group, Mr. Sanjeev Gupta, CEO of Realization Technologies Inc ;USA, Mr. Abhinav Chowdhary, Head Enovia, South Asia Dassault Systems, Mr.Pradeep Gupta, Practice Head of Ports, EPC, Manufactur-ing from IFS India.

Mr.Alwyn Bowden spoke on how in India price still remains the driver over capability in EPC projects across sectors including both conventional and non-conventional energy. This attitude needs to change to invite innovation, new technology and put emphasis on quality projects. He also gave insights into how EPC companies need to manage risks on challenges such as project funding avail-ability, rising interest rates, currency fluc-tuation, inflation, rising input costs and labor problem.

Mr.Kannan, spoke on the how the In-dian EPC players are using India’s growth prospects and need for infrastructure to grow scale, capability, capacity and acquire technology to innovate. But at the same time, the Indian EPC players need to shift their mindset from “Packaged System” to “Integrated System” and from “Construc-tion Cost to “Life Cycle Cost”.

Another interesting part of the discus-sion was the entry of foreign EPC compa-nies supporting their clients with project

funding from their respective countries. We have already seen US Exim Bank pro-vide debt funding for solar projects using modules and EPC from the USA.

The common challenge facing the in-dustry today is the “availability of skilled manpower” especially in the solar sector. With no experience in the solar sector and limited experience in upcoming non-con-ventional energy, the industry and the gov-ernment need to come together to create

a framework to promote the industry with R&D and education.

The event was attended by more than 40 EPC companies across India with at-tendees interacting with each other and using this unique platform to share indus-try knowledge. The event was held to pro-mote EPC industry, professional network-ing and to put forward the challenges and requirements of the industry that will form the crux of India growth story.

EVENTS


On the left, Mr.Alwyn Bowden, CEO Essar Projects Limited and Mr.Raj Kalady, Managing Director PMI India. On the right, Mr.Sanjeev Gupta, CEO Realization Inc, and Mr.Alwyn Bowden, CEO Essar Projects Limited

EVENTS


The National Energy Investment Summit 2011 was held at the Hotel Grand in New Delhi from 21st-22nd July 2011. The event organized by Naseba was supported by The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) India.


Report on National Energy Investment Summit 2011

The Summit was held to bring to-gether the capital raising companies and investors for the Indian energy

sector. The Indian renewable energy sec-tor is expected to attract as much as $169 billion in clean power project investments in the next decade. In addition to already developed wind and hydro space, the gov-ernment is also pushing solar and biomass technologies. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a vision to achieve energy independence by 2020. With a strong ex-pected growth and 100% FDI in the sec-tor, the industry has caught the eye of for-eign also.

The summit was inaugurated by Dr.Farooq Abdulah, Honourable Minister, The Ministry of New and Renewable En-ergy (MNRE) India. He was accompanied by Shri Deepak Gupta, Secretary to MNRE, Shri Debashish Majumdar, Chairman and Managing Director of Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), and Shri Thakur, Chairman and Managing Di-rector of Power Trading Corporation India Limited.

Some of the other distinguished speakers included Mr.Popli, Director of Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority, Government of India, Mr.James Abraham, Managing Director & CEO of

Sunborne Energy, Mr.Sharad Jain, Partner of Global Capital Management (Kuwait), Mr.Satish Mandhana from IDFC Private Equity, Mr.Sujata Gupta, Head-Private Sec-tor-India Resident Mission, Asian Develop-ment Bank and Mr.Bharat Kaushal, Man-aging Director, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.

The topics of the summit included understanding the government policies in renewable energy sector across technolo-gies wind, hydro, solar and biomass, the challenges on the ground and the expecta-tions from the investors and the renewable energy power companies.

The discussion also included Indian Government’s recent initiative on black carbon; study of the phenomenon of black carbon (commonly known as soot). Over the last few years, there has been concerted effort to address the impact of black carbon emissions on global warm-ing. However the knowledge and under-standing about black carbon is incomplete and uncertain. The Black Carbon Research initiative under the aegis of the Indian Net-work of Climate Change Assessment is an attempt to address the gaps in knowledge and answer the crucial question of its im-pact on climate change.

Foreign investors are keenly looking at

the growth of renewable energy in India and are keen to invest in good projects. “We look at business models, growth sto-ries, safety of capital, expected returns and exit strategy. The exit strategy will include IPO, or strategic /financial sale”, said Mr Sharad Jain, Partner Global Capital Man-agement (Kuwait). The foreign investors also asked the government to look into buyback exit strategies which is currently not allowed for foreign investors.

Biomass investors and companies dis-cussed the challenge on securing quality raw material, the rising cost of raw mate-rial and lack of government understanding of on-ground business challenges. “Raw material prices have gone up by 3-4 times during the last couple of years; changing the entire dynamics of the biomass project with fixed tariff for the next 10-20 years”; said Mr.Rao, General Manager (PTS), IRE-DA.

The event was attended by Indian financial investors and investors from outside India also. The summit also saw one-to-one meeting between project de-velopers and investors. The discussions were aimed to give insights to investors on policies, expected government support and assisting project developers to under-stand the requirements of the investors.

LEFT: Mr.Ashish Khanna, The World Bank, Mr.Upendra Bhatt, MD cKinetics, Mr.Satish Mandhana, Managing Partner IDFC Private Equity and Miss Sujata Gupta, Asian Development Bank. MIDDLE, Mr.Jens Burgtorf, Director Indo-German Energy Programme-GIZ and Mr.Tantra Narayan Thakur, Chairman & MD PTC India Financial Services Ltd. RIGHT: Mr.Debashish Majumdar, Chairman & MD, Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority, India and Mr.Deepak Gupta, Secretary Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, India.

PRODUCTS


400 KW Battery storage station

The battery storage station HSCB400 is a new develop-ment for storing energy in bat-teries. The batteries are based on long life lead acid system. This new type of batteries is maintenance free and can be used up to 20 years. The bat-teries are placed in a 40 ft container, together with the inverter for discharging and charging. Additionally, the container includes the medium voltage transformer and the medium voltage switchgear.

The HSCB400 is a plug and play solution for quick instal-lation with low overall costs. For weight reasons, half of the batteries have to be mounted on site. The HSCB400 is a nearly completely factory-as-sembled system (only some of the batteries), the AC-connec-tion to the medium-voltage grid and the connection to the user communication system have to be done on site.

The container includes an air conditioning system for

cooling and heating. The inverter is supplied

with all necessary control systems for charging and dis-charging the battery. As stand-ard, a PC-based monitoring system with an Ethernet inter-face provides the user with all important information. In the unlikely case of malfunction, a failure message is gener-ated and sent automatically. Optionally the communication can be realised via GSM mo-dem or ripple control.

Rated AC-power 400 kW for discharging for charging

Maximum AC-energy 730 kWh For a discharge time of 7 h

Rated grid voltage 20 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz/60 Hz Other voltage levels and frequencies on request.

Maximum AC-current 1000 A

Line power factor (cos φ) > 0.99 at rated power

AC-current distortion (THD) < 3 %

Efficiency of the inverter Battery: Number of cells Battery capacity nom.

>98 % 368

1500Ah 1100 KWh

Maximum battery voltage 900 V at rated grid voltage

Minimum battery voltage 660 V

Max. Charging Power 500 KW 250 KW 125 KW 50 KW

SOC from 30% to 50% SOC from 50% to 80% SOC from 80% to 90% SOC from 90% to 100%

Max. Discharge Power 420 KW 240 KW 168 KW 105 KW

SOC from 100% to 70% SOC from 70% to 50% SOC from 50% to 45% SOC from 45% to 30%

Standby losses 80 W + 600 W Control power + transformer losses

TECHNICAL DATA OF THE HSCB400. Electrical Data.

Ambient temperature -20 °C...45 °C (14 F...113 F) Others on request.

Maximum altitude 1200 m above sea level without derating in power

Cooling type Forced air cooling

Minimum air quality Class 3S2 According to EN60721-3-3

Protection class IP54

Dimensions (L × W × H) 12192 mm × 2338 mm × 2591 mm

Weight < 55,000 kg

Container colour RAL1001 Different colours on request.

EMI Complies EN61000-6-2, EN61000-6-4

Grid quality requirements Complies VDEW requirements

CE-conformity Complies

TECHNICAL DATA OF THE HSCB400. General Data.

Bentek Solar, a leader in Bal-ance of System (BOS) design and manufacturing for com-mercial and utility scale solar PV products, has received UL 1741 listing and CSA 22.2 certification for its 1000VDC Multiple Dis-c o n n e c t Safety System (MDSS).

“ T h e 1 0 0 0 V D C MDSS is de-signed and manufactured for large utility scale projects. We are pleased with the over-all market acceptance and cus-tomer response,” said Mitch Schoch, President and CEO of Bentek Solar.

The 1000VDC utility scale MDSS provides customers with: • Reduced space requirements.• Reduced material costs. • Reduced labor costs.• Safety and protection to

photovoltaic investments.• Complete isolation of the in-

verter fuses .Features of the 1000VDC

utility scale MDSS include:• From 3 to 10 integrated

1000VDC disconnects per MDSS.

• Multiple 100A, 200A and 400A disconnects in one MDSS.

• Enclosure is NEMA-3R + dust tight, with removable bot-tom panels for wiring.

• Handles mounted internally or externally.

Bentek Solar receives UL 1741 listing and CSA 22.2 certification for its 1000VDC MDSS for utility scale installations

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PRODUCTS


STRINGER TT1200 - 6 GWp production capacity worldwide

AWS Truepower launches improvements to wind site assessment tool

teamtechnik’s high-perfor-mance STRINGER TT1200 sol-ders solar cell strings at 1200 cycles per hour on a single track, making it one of the fastest stringer systems on the market. A single track means higher throughput per solder-ing process, less complexity, fewer operators and a lower requirement for replacement parts.

teamtechnik will be giv-ing live demonstrations in Hamburg, in hall A1, on stand A1/C1. Everyday at 10 am, noon, 2 pm and 4 pm, the Stringer TT1200 will be using IR light technology to solder high-quality solar cell strings. teamtechnik specialists will provide a commentary on the whole process and highlight important system features.

teamtechnik Group sells stringer systems producing a

total of 6 GWp, and is there-fore a global market leader in this segment.

teamtechnik uses a unique design of hold-down device in its systems to separate the actual soldering process from the cell-handling process. This allows companies to ensure 1200 cycles/hour, with a cy-cle time of three seconds. This

hold-down device also ensures a safe process and perfect string geometry. At the same time, it guarantees extremely low breakage rates – from 0.1-0.3% depending on the type of cell.

Improved design has re-duced the energy consumed by the STRINGER TT1200 by a third and also means that it

operates with even less noise than before.

teamtechnik is launching a standard 50MW system in Hamburg. It is an adaptable modular package consisting of two STRINGER TT1200s and a layup. The integrated 6-axle robot makes the system very flexible. It can be tailored to different applications and to a range of cell and glass sizes. The 50MW systems are equipped with tried and trust-ed technology which makes them easy to install on the cus-tomer’s premises where they are quickly up and running.

As required by the cus-tomer and the task in hand, all the teamtechnik stringers can be fitted with IR light or la-ser soldering technology. The company has also had a lot of experience with adhesive tech-nology.

AWS Truepower introduces cus-tom hub heights, a 200 meter compass tool, and four model grid points, providing greater detail to site assessments.

AWS Truepower, LLC, an international leader in renew-able energy consulting and information solutions, today announced the launch of sev-eral new features to the Site Assessment dashboard hosted on the windNavigator® plat-form. Site Assessment is an industry-leading wind resource and energy analysis applica-tion with validated data for small to utility-scale wind pro-ject developers.

The new features include:• The ability to retrieve mean

annual wind speed values and energy estimates at

custom hub heights rang-ing from 10 to 100 meters in reports and deliverables. (Previously, users could only select from 30, 60, 80 and 100 meter hub heights.)

• Two-hundred meter reso-lution wind speed values available through the Com-pass tool. The Compass tool provides subscribers with access to advanced analysis capabilities such as mean annual wind speed values, and weibulls. Previously this was available at 2km.

• The newest addition to the Long-Term Virtual Met Mast (LT-VMM) product is inclu-sion of the four surrounding model grid points. Clients who use the data for pri-marily for measure-corre-

late–predict (MCP) will ben-efit from this additional data because in select cases a combination of the four sur-rounding nodes correlates better with measurements than the interpolated VMM. The interpolated VMM is still recommended for explora-tory energy analyses be-cause it has been adjusted to reflect our long term map speeds at the user’s hub height of choice.

“These updates are signif-icant to wind prospectors and developers since they provide increased functionality with greater detail to interpret in-formation for site assessments. Our clients are always looking for additional data to further validate their development de-

cisions. AWS Truepower con-tinually strives to use the best science with dependable re-sults,” stated Michael Brower, AWS Truepower’s Principal and Chief Technical Officer.

Understanding the direc-tion of the wind and how it impacts different turbines at various heights is important too.“We have improved the Compass tool available to our Developer subscribers by pro-viding 200 meter resolution data rather than 2 km data. There is now consistency be-tween map values and com-pass values which means users can better understand wind characteristics at a site based on their customized needs.” stated Bryon Phelps, AWS True-power’s Product Manager.

High-performance STRINGER TT 1200 single track.


PRODUCTS

Fronius IG PlusThe complex interplay of ad-vanced technologies in the Fronius IG Plus series devices ensures the optimal use of each ray of sunlight. That re-sults in maximum earnings security, highest reliability and versatility - all with exceptional user-friendliness.

Your plus: Maximum earnings in any weather.• The automatic transformer

switching function enables three efficiency peaks. This results in a constant efficien-cy level over a wide input voltage range.

• The MIX™ concept guar-antees optimal earnings in partial load ranges and maximum service life. Sev-eral power modules operate together, as required, divid-ing up the work depending on the operating hours.

• The optimized Module Man-ager software finds the MPP quickly and reliably for any cell technology and in any weather. And whoever can always remain at the MPP, can get the most out of each ray of light.

• The Fronius IG Plus has the highest maximum efficiency of any HF device available on the market.

Your plus: Highest reliability.• The unique ventilation con-

cept ensures the highest cooling efficiency, whereby the cooled air does not come into contact with the inter-nal electronics inside of the inverter. Disruptive ambient factors such as dust or mois-ture remain on the outside.

Your plus: The first all-round device.• The Fronius IG Plus is com-

patible with nearly all mod-ule configurations. The Fronius IG Plus is also very well-suited for thin-layer modules because of its wide input voltage range, galvanic isolation, standard grounding option as well as its precise MPP tracking

feature.• The on-site module ground-

ing option guarantees the highest system design flex-ibility.

• Integrated string fuses pro-tect the modules and make installation easier and more cost-effective.

• The integrated DC discon-nect ensures maximum safe-ty. No additional installation or cabling is necessary.

• With the new power plug system, the connection area and power modules are in-stalled separately from each other. The power plug con-nects both parts into one secure unit. This makes it possible to quickly replace a power module, whereby all settings and configurations remain untouched.

• All Fronius IG Plus devices have a robust, well-designed metal housing and are per-fectly suited for outdoor in-stallation.

• The functional principle is identical in the entire prod-uct family. This means that if you are familiar with one device, you can also operate and service all others.

The Fronius IG Plus in-verters are available in power classes 3 to 12 kW. This ensures maximum energy earnings, 365 days a year, in any weather and for all system sizes:• Fronius IG Plus 30/ 35 / 50 Strong and compact. Those are the two one-phase devic-es with an output power of 3 to 4 kW for photovoltaic sys-tems, e,g., for single-family homes.

• Fronius IG Plus 70 / 100/ 100 V-3

The two-phase connection ensures a negative phase sequence current under 4.6 kVA. The output power is 6.5 to 8 kW. The Fronius !G Plus 100 V-3 is a three-phase in-verter with an output power of 8 kW.

• Fronius IG Plus 120 / 150 Maximum strength through three phases with an output power of 10 to 12 kW.

US Digital inclinometer offers additional protocolsUS Digital releases two new communication protocols for its T7 absolute inclinometer, widely used within the con-centrated solar power market. The versatile inclinometer is now available with RS485 or Modbus protocols. RS485 communication allows for T7 signals to be transmitted over long distances, along with the ability to network multiple T7s on the same cable run. Modbus now allows the T7

to communicate by means of an industry standard protocol to most PLCs offered on the market. The addition of two new T7 communication pro-tocols along with the existing

RS232 and CAN communica-tion makes the T7 the most easily applied inclinometer on the market. For more informa-tion on the inclinometer, visit www.usdigital.com/t7.

T7 Features• Full 360 degree range, single

axis• ±0.1° relative accuracy from

0C to 70C, 0.01° resolution• Modbus (RS485 or RS232)

option

• RS485 versions support up to 1000 ft cable length

• Multiple unit networking• IP-67 rated

US Digital manufactures precision motion control prod-ucts, including incremental and absolute encoders, incli-nometers, interfaces, drives and more. With complete manufacturing capabilities in-house, custom and standard products are delivered with lit-tle to no lead times.

PRODUCTS


Rural India is underserved in terms of energy service, and the demand is expanding with increasing population and aspirations for a better lifestyle. However, we can take respite from the fact that many organisations to-day are busy doing pilots for the basic needs of lighting and power for critical appli-cations, and are gearing for scale-up.

But we are not able to see the gravity of the loom-ing problem of biomass availability. This is the main energy supply, or one may call the DNA of life in the rural areas, invariably used for cooking, boiling water for potability, heating wa-ter for bathing and washing utensils & clothes (in some cases for even generating electricity). The right kind of biomass for these applica-tions should be dry & of no use (i.e. waste). Excessive use is leading to reduction of green cover and has made wood a dearer commodity. Infact, in many regions col-lecting biomass for fuel is done illegally. The problem is further aggravated in hilly areas where hot water is needed round the year.

ProblemUse of biomass in rural ar-eas is done in an inefficient manner by burning it in a crude manner. This also causes respiratory diseases to the villagers because of smoke particles & harmful gases. Productive time of villagers especially women-folk is reduced because of laborious activity of col-

lecting fuel wood daily. Wood is no longer renew-able as per our consump-tion patterns. Animal dung is required in agriculture so diversion leads to overuse of fertilizers, and waste residue is used as fodder for feedstock. The diversion of biomass as fuel needs to be reduced, since it already has many more primary uses. And a bulge consumption of biomass happens for wa-ter heating.

Solar Water heaters have been one of the oldest solar technologies but even after regular push from Govt. agencies & private players, it is still not reach-ing a satisfactory state of adoption. The major prob-lem has been the high capi-tal cost which discourages modest households to buy these systems.

SolutionSOLOCO, a low-cost Solar Water Heater (SWH) meant to serve rural households. SOLOCO uses inexpensive but effective optics, which concentrates incoming solar radiation to provide water at higher temperatures in com-parison to existing systems in the market. Performance is better particularly in win-ters, when skies are clear but ambient temperature is low.

SOLOCO features• Higher outlet temperature

and non-toxic materials, thus can be used as wa-ter pasteuriser as well

• Easy (manual) seasonal tracking, thus gives high-er efficiency

• Available as a Do-It-Your-self (DIY) kit, so packag-ing & transportation costs are greatly reduced

• Effortless on-site assembly• Simple repair & mainte-

nance proceduresIt’s not exactly a plug-

and-play system, but very close to that. It is lighter and much more robust than conventional Solar Water Heaters. It can be used in homes, as well as rural in-dustries, community kitch-ens and restaurants.

Because SOLOCO’s unique design targets spe-cific local materials and skill-set available, its distribution & assembly could provide a new economic value for communities. It also helps women folk reduce time & efforts wasted in collecting wood, thus creates value by increasing their avail-ability for other jobs where they can get paid. SOLOCO will also reduce air pollution caused by burning biomass in enclosed areas, which leads to several respiratory diseases.

SOLOCO Do-It-Yourself (DIY) kit of capacity 100 li-tres per day costs Rs. 7,000 right now. Our vision is sub-sequent improvement of the product design, materials & its manufacturing so as to deliver the system at under US $100 i.e. Rs. 4,500 to the rural households.

Developed by Ambi-cales Clean Technologies Pvt. Ltd., a leading company in the domain of Renew-able Energy in North India, SOLOCO provides triple bottom-line returns in terms

of financial value creation, social upliftment and en-vironmental sustainability. The system is undergoing field tests and the commer-cial launch is scheduled in September this year. NGOs and corporate interested in the system and willing to collaborate, please get in touch.

SOLOCO’s unique ad-vantages can be appreci-ated under harsh conditions when the conventional SWHs fail to deliver. Marked difference in performance can be observed in the fol-lowing situations:• Sub-zero temperature cli-

mates - Components do not suffer damage from water freezing inside

• Unloaded system under the sun - Components easily stand at stagnation temperatures

• Uneven terrain - Modular-ity allows flexibility in in-stallation

• Frequent movement and transportation - Modular, light-weight and easy to assemble & disassemble

• Need for potable water - Non-toxic components and higher outlet tem-perature; can pasteurise water

• Dirty inlet water - Easy drainage, thus silt re-moved comfortably

• Summer usage - Simple seasonal adjustments manually to achieve higher performance in summers

• No running water: Sepa-rate tank with lid for daily operation as a standalone system in areas where wa-ter is scarce

SOLOCO Low-cost solar water heater

87energética india JULY|AUGUST

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R and D HHV

•Practical Considerations for the Installation of a PV Plant on

Existing Wind Farm -GL Garrad Hassan

•The next level of evolution - Smart grid technologies•Large scale PV module manufacturing in India and China

•Dynamic simulation of hydraulic pitch systems•Wind turbine technology that maintains grid voltage constant

•AnOverviewoftheIndianPowerSector-MoserBaer

Power&InfrastructuresLimited•RoadmaptoaProperSolarResourceAssessment-3TIER

•EngineeringAdvancesEnableMulti-MegawattWind

Turbines-AMSCWindtec•HowtoImproveOutputofaWindPlant?-AWSTruepower•MaximizingtheUseofaPVPlant–EltekValare

•ChoosingtheRightTechnologyandEPCContractorKeytoSuccess-

TATABPSolar

•IncreasingThinFilmEfficiency:CostEffectiveWaytoGridParity-

RandDHHV

•PracticalConsiderationsfortheInstallationofaPVPlantonan

ExistingWindFarm-GLGarradHassan

•Thenextlevelofevolution-Smartgridtechnologies•LargescalePVmodulemanufacturinginIndiaandChina

•Dynamicsimulationofhydraulicpitchsystems•Windturbinetechnologythatmaintainsgridvoltageconstant

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