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    From Wang Kentang and Wu Mianxue, The Compendium of TraditionalDiagnosis (Gu Jin Yitong Zhengmai Quanshu), 1601:

    The stomach is called the sea of grain and water; everthing isassimilated here! The s"leen is in charge of trans"ortation;everthing is moved # its wor$ings! %#sor#ing and moving:these are the essential actions which define the s"leen&stomachnetwor$ as the main source of the life'sustaining "ostnatalenerg!

    From (i )hong*i, A Primer of Medical Objectives (Yizong Bidu), 16+:

    What ma$es the s"leen the source of "ostnatal energ- .nce achild has #een #orn, it will feel hungr after one da without food,and it will die after seven das without food! .nce we haveentered the realm of the "hsical #od, therefore, we have to #enourished # /i that is derived from food gu qi! .nce the foodenters the stomach, it is trans"orted to the six fu organs, and thusthere will #e /i! 2t will #e a""ro"riatel dis"ensed to the five *angorgans, and thus there will #e #lood! 3uman #eings must rel onthis t"e of nourishment in order to sta alive! 2t is for this reasonthat the s"leen is called the source of "ostnatal energ!

    From 4heng Wenou, Quotes from Medicine (Yishu), 156:

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    7e aware that the s"leen networ$ cannot #e com"ared to asstem of mills or mortars that grind or "ound awa on theincoming food! 8ather, the s"leen9s a#ilit to transform food anddrin$ "rimaril de"ends on its suctioning affect: "reventing thefood from falling down ver food item entering the stomach

    consists of #oth a /i com"onent and a material com"onent! Thematerial com"onent of the food naturall sin$s downwards, whileits /i com"onent naturall rises u"wards! .nce in the stomach,the food gets ?:

    The stomach is called the sea of grain and water! .nce foodenters the stomach, its essential energ is moved u"wards toinfuse first the s"leen and then the lung! 2n this fashion, thecommand of s"ring and summer is #eing carried out, and theentire #od receives nourishment! This is due to the influence ofclear heavenl /i!

    .nce the ascending motion has reached its climax, this currentshifts directions and flows downwards toward the #ladder! 2n thisfashion, the command of autumn and winter is #eing carried out,and the waste #ecomes "rocessed and the flavors will manifest!This is due to the influence of tur#id earth /i!

    2f we then regulate our dail lives # ad@usting them to the

    "revailing energ of the seasons, if we avoid ex"osure toextreme cold and extreme heat, if we eat and drin$ in regularintervals, if we "rotect our shen # avoiding states of extremeanger or extreme ecstas, and if we strive for #alance # living inmoderation during all four seasons, there will #e "eace!.therwise, the s"leen and stomach will suffer harm, and our true/i will lea$ downward in tric$les or currents Ai!e!, diarrheaB, withthe "ossi#ilit of failing to rise again! This, then, would #e li$ehaving autumn and winter #ut no s"ring and summer, and a

    situation would arise in which the functions of #irth and growthare muffled # the /i of death and extinction! Caturall, all $indsof diseases would arise from such a situation! %t the same time it

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    is without /uestion that if there was onl rising and nodescending momentum within the #od there would #e disease!

    From Du 4hang, The tatutes of Medicine (Yimen Fal), 16E5:

    7oth the zang and the fu organ networ$s de"end "rimaril on the

    s"leen and the stomach! %ll food we eat enters the stomach andis then trans"orted # the s"leen, @ust li$e the dirt on earth Aisdistri#uted # wind and water to nourish all life formsB! 2t should#e "ointed out, however, that the s"leen&stomach9s ca"a#ilit oftransforming the food is actuall de"endent on the two essential/ualities of fire and water! The s"leen and stomach cannot dothis # themselves! When fire is in a state of excess, the s"leenand stomach will #e dr; when water is in a state of excess, thes"leen and stomach will #e dam"! ither situation will cause the

    hundred diseases to arise!

    From Dang i*hou, The !reat Compendium of Acupuncture andMo"ibustion (Zhenjiu Dacheng), ca! 1E?0; listed in the s"leen channelsection as a /uote from an older =aoist source, The Original Classic of!uiding the #reath (Daoyin Benjing) :

    The s"leen is situated at the center of the five organ networ$s!Therefore, it is assigned to no "articular season #ut flourishesduring all four seasons! 2t contains and fosters the five flavors, it

    #rings a#out the five mental faculties, and it moves the fourextremities and the one hundred marrows!

    %s soon as there is irregular inta$e of food and drin$ oroverexertion of an $ind, the s"leen /i will #e harmed! %s soonas the s"leen and stomach suffer damage, food and drin$stagnate and do not transform: the mouth loses its a#ilit todistinguish flavors, the extremities feel lim" and tired, discomfortand distention is felt in the stomach and a#dominal regions,sm"toms of vomiting and diarrhea a""ear, and there ma #e

    dsenter or a host of other sm"toms which have #een s"ecifiedin the Cei@ing and other #oo$s, and which can #e loo$ed u" there!

    2f we therefore force ourselves to eat when we are not hungr,the s"leen will suffer! 2f we force ourselves to drin$ when we arenot thirst, the stomach will #loat! 2f we eat #eond ca"acit, thevessels in which the /i circulates will #ecome o#structed, and the#od9s center stomach region will #ecome @ammed and shut off!2f we eat too little, on the other hand, the #od will #ecomeemaciated, the stomach will grow anxious, and our thoughts will

    #ecome unstead! 2f we eat contaminated food, the heart9s a#ilitto differentiate will #ecome #lurred, and we will grow more andmore restless! 2f we eat things that we should not eat, the four

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    great u"heavals will occur and #ring along disease! Cone ofthese t"es of #ehavior re"resents the wa of good health!

    Therefore, it is most im"ortant to consume our food at thea""ro"riate time, to drin$ our fluids in regular intervals, and toavoid #oth overeating and hunger "ains! 2f we eat and drin$

    according to these sim"le guidelines, then not onl thes"leen&stomach networ$ itself will remain uns"oiled and function"erfectl, #ut also the five *ang and the six fu organ networ$s willall #e in a harmonious state of health!

    %fter food and drin$ enter the mouth, the "ass through thee"igastric region into the stomach! From the stomach, theimmaterial flavors contained in the food "enetrate the five organs,whereas the material com"onents enter the small intestine wherethe are further transformed! When the reach the lower o"eningof the small intestine, the first stage of the "rocess of se"aratingclear and mur$ materials occurs! Mur$ materials are the waste,to #e "assed on to the large intestine! The clear materials are thesource of all #odil fluids; the enter the #ladder which is calledthe store house of fluids! 2n the #ladder, once again a se"arationof "ure and mur$ materials ta$es "lace! The mur$ de#ris goesinto the urine to #e excreted, while the clear material enters thegall#ladder! The gall#ladder, finall, guides this "urified fluidessence to the s"leen which dis"enses it to the five organ

    networ$s; the, in turn, utili*e it to "roduce digestive saliva,nourishing saliva, nasal discharge, tears, and sweat! The flavors,meanwhile, "enetrate the five organs and transform into the fivet"es of essential dew, which return to the s"leen where the aretransformed into #lood! 2n the form of nourishing #lood, finall,the are returned to the organs!

    The 4lassic states:

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    The "erson who maintains the outside indulges in da**lingflavors and luxuriant culinar delights; al#eit at first glance the#od of such a "erson ma a""ear strong and sturd, a fierceverminous /i is corroding the zang and fu organs inside!

    The stomach is in charge of receiving food and drin$ via the mouth andeso"hagus, containing them, and finall fermenting them! The stomach istherefore called the

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    of the stomach9s downward momentum, generall referred to as

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    The s"leen, among other things, is in charge of transforming

    dam"ness! The character "i s"leen reflects the s"leen9s li$eness to alow'altitude field! (i$e the earth at the #ottom of a valle, the s"leen has atendenc to #ecome dam", and is thus $nown as

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    swelling, tooth aches, or severe hemorrhaging ma #e the result of astomach excess heat, drness condition! Gtructural "athologies in the oralcavit including tongue sha"e and tongue coating and unusual tastesensations in the mouth or lac$ thereof are almost alwas indicative ofs"leen&stomach distur#ances!

    The mental "rocesses of thin$ing and remem#ering are considered to #e"art of the "hsiological activit of the s"leen! % "erson with a "oordigestive sstem usuall cannot thin$ clearl! This is #ecause clear angenerg fails to rise u" to the heart and #rain, or #ecause of accumulatingdam"ness clouding the orifices! %s alwas, this relationshi" also wor$s theother wa around: if a "erson thin$s or worries too much, this can easil

    lead to digestive sm"toms such as "oor a""etite, diarrhea, orconsti"ation!

    The pleen*tomach 's +nable to Absorb, Transform, and Transport-2f stomach /i #ecomes in@ured, the stomach loses its a#ilit to contain food,and the "erson will exhi#it sm"toms of aversion to food or drin$, nauseaand vomiting, hiccu"ing, or fre/uent #elching! 2f the s"leen loses its a#ilitto transform and trans"ort the essence of food, a#dominal distention, loose

    stools or diarrhea, fatigue, or emaciation ma occur! %lso, if the s"leenloses its a#ilit to trans"ort fluids and transform dam"ness, internaldam"ness and "hlegm will accumulate, "otentiall manifesting in a varietof "hlegm disorders, diarrhea, or edema!

    The #alance #et.een aising the Clear and Descending the Turbid isDisturbed- 2f the stomach9s tur#id su#stances do not descend, #ut "ushu"wards instead, there will #e sm"toms of distention, vomiting, hiccu"ing,or #elching of foul gases or sour li/uids! 2f

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    the s"leen ang ma colla"se downward, causing sm"toms of fatigue,constant slee"iness, frail extremities, diarrhea, and a slow "ulse!

    tomach Disorder 'nfluencing the i" 1u Organs- 2f there is dr heat inthe stomach, it scorches the #od9s fluids; as a result, there will #econsti"ation, and the trans"orting function of the large intestine will #ecome

    severel inhi#ited! =am" heat in the s"leen&stomach

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    pleen Disorder Affecting Changes in Appetite and Taste ensation-% "oor a""etite, the feeling that

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    6ourish stomach in (yang wei yin)- o"hio"ogon maimendong, u'chuyuzhu, trichosanthes root tianhuafen, dendro#ium shihu!

    Clear stomach heat ('ing wei )e)- g"sum shigao, co"tis huanglian!

    Purge stomach fire ((ie wei huo)- rhu#ar# dahuang, mira#ilitum

    mangxiao!Dissolve food accumulation ((iao dao)- crataegus shanzha, shen'chushenqu, malt maiya, gallus jineijin, chih'$o zhike, ra"hanus laifuzi!

    $armoni5e the stomach and descend rebellious 4i (he wei jiang ni)-fresh ginger shengjiang, "inellia banxia, clove dingxiang, agastachehuoxiang, hematite daizheshi!

    Control acid (zhi suan)- evodia wuzhuyu, co"tis huanglian, cardamonsharen, fritillaria zhe beimu, cuttlefish #one wuzegu, calcined ostershell duan muli!

    ust as the earth assumes the "osition of centeredness, #alance, andharmon in nature, the s"leen&stomach networ$ is the #od9s center of#alance! %ll u" and down movements "ivot around it, and #oth dam" anddr /ualities come together here to form a "hsiologicall #eneficialalliance! %s the main text of the fever school, Wen!ing $iao!ian, "oints

    out:

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    3er#s that eliminate "athological dam"ness are common s"leenthera"ies, including #itter her#s that dr dam", #land her#s that "ercolatedam", and s"ic her#s that #rea$ down and eliminate "hlegm and othert"es of "athological li/uid! The stomach is often treated with su#stancesthat nourish and "rotect its "hsiological fluids: sweet and cold her#s that

    moisten drness; salt and cold her#s that clear stomach heat; and her#sthat "rotect its in # clearing stomach heat, cleansing stomach fire, or insevere cases, effecting emetic or "urgative action!

    %s the "rinci"al flavor of harmon, sweet has a "rimar affinit to theearth networ$! Therefore, if the s"leen is in acute distress, sweet flavorscan harmoni*e the s"leen and #e #eneficial to the "roduction of central /i!%s the "eijing"oints out:

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    DO060AD CO77AP2 O1 P7226 Q' (%i 'i (ia (ian)- "rimarsm"toms include wea$ voice; shortness of #reath; fatigue; #loatingsensation right after eating; "rola"sing sensation in stomach and a#domenwan fu *hong duo; #iani "inshuo; or "ossi#l "rola"se of anus due tochronic diarrhea; or "rola"se of stomach or uterus! Gecondar sm"toms

    ma include di**iness; unclear sensor "erce"tion es"eciall #lurrvision; "oor a""etite; s"ontaneous sweating; mental and "hsical fatigue;diarrhea! The tongue t"icall "resents with a "ale #od and a thin whitecoating; the "ulse tends to #e wea$ and em"t!

    epresentative $erbs- astragalus huangqi, codono"sis dangshen,atractlodes baizhu, dioscorea shanyao, dolichos biandou, cimicifugashengma, "ueraria gegen; #u"leurum chaihu, citrus chenpi!

    epresentative 1ormula- inseng and %stragalus 4om#ination 7u*hongDi/i Tang!

    TOMAC$ 8'6 D21'C'26C8 (wei yin (u)- "rimar sm"toms include drli"s; fre/uent thirst sensation; dr throat; stic$ sensation in the mouth;"oor a""etite; sensation of em"tiness, stuc$ness, or "ain in e"igastricregion! Gecondar sm"toms ma include hunger sensation without desirefor food; consti"ation; restlessness; sensations of surging heat! The tonguet"icall "resents with a red #od and a mirror surface without coating, orwith a red #od and little coating, or with a dr tongue and little moisture;the "ulse tends to #e fine and ra"id!

    epresentative $erbs- glehnia bei shashen, o"hio"ogon maimendong,u'chu yuzhu, dendro#ium shihu, raw rehmannia sheng dihuang,trichosanthes root tianhuafen, %sian "ear @uice li zhi, sugar cane @uiceganzhe zhi; #am#oo s$in zhuru!

    epresentative 1ormulas- lehnia and ."hio"ogon Formula ShashenMaidong in, 7oost the Gtomach =ecoction iwei Tang!

    P7226 8A6! D21'C'26C8 (%i yang (u)- "rimar sm"toms are s"leen/i deficienc sm"toms with an em"hasis on cold signs, such as a#dominal

    "ain that im"roves with the a""lication of heat and "ressure; coldextremities; "oor a""etite; a#dominal #loating; loose or unformed stools!Gecondar sm"toms include decreased taste sensation; little desire todrin$; edematous extremities; inhi#ited urination; increased amounts ofclear vaginal discharge! The tongue t"icall "resents with a "ale andtender #od and a white and sli""er coating; the "ulse tends to #e dee"and fine, or dee" and slow!

    epresentative $erbs- dr ginger ganjiang, aconite fuzi, evodiawuzhuyu, *anthoxlum chuanjiao, clove dingxiang, atractlodes

    baizhu, codono"sis dangshen!

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    epresentative 1ormulas- inseng and inger 4om#ination LizhongTang, Fill the G"leen Formula; Magnolia and %tractlodes 4om#inationShipi in!

    CO7D DAMP O#T+CT'6! T$2 P7226 (han shi *un %i)- "rimar

    sm"toms are a general sense of heaviness in the #od and&or the head;discomfort or #loating in the a#domen or e"igastric region; reduced tastesensation; little or no thirst; a#dominal "ain; unformed stools or diarrhea!Gecondar sm"toms include no a""etite; nausea and vomiting; stic$sensation in mouth; "uff face; edematous extremities; #ags under theees; increased vaginal discharge! The tongue is t"icall fat and has agreas white coating; the "ulse tends to #e soft and moderate!

    epresentative $erbs- red atractlodes cangzhu, atractlodes baizhu,hoelen fuling, magnolia #ar$ houpo, citrus chenpi, "inellia banxia,

    tsao'$uo caoguo, agastache huoxiang, peilan, "erilla stal$ zisugeng!

    epresentative 1ormulas- Magnolia and 4itrus 4om#ination !ingweiSan; Magnolia and 3oelen 4om#ination "ei Ling Tang!

    DAMP $2AT 'MP7'CAT'6! T$2 P7226 (shi )e yun %i)- "rimarsm"toms are stuff sensation in the su#costal and e"igastric regions;a#dominal #loating; "oor a""etite; dr and stic$ sensation in mouth;aversion to greas foods; nausea and vomiting; general sensation of

    heaviness; @aundiced ees and face! Gecondar sm"toms ma #e #oditch; fever; dar$ and scant urination; o#structed #owel movements! Thetongue t"icall "resents with a greas and ellow coating; the "ulse tendsto #e soft and ra"id!

    epresentative $erbs- ca"illaris yinchen, #am#oo s$in zhuru, redatractlodes cangzhu, atractlodes baizhu, hoelen fuling, "ol"oruszhuling, alisma zexie, chih'shih zhishi!

    epresentative 1ormulas- 4a"illaris and 3oelen Five Formula inchen"uling San; 4a"illaris and 3oelen Four Formula inchen Siling San!

    T$2 P7226 CA66OT CO6TA'6 T$2 #7OOD 0'T$'6 T$2 &227(%i !u tong (ue)- "rimar sm"toms are general signs of s"leen /ideficienc, such as "ale face and tendenc towards diarrhea, accom"anied# signs of #leeding, such as #lood in the stool, nose #leed, gum #leeding,su#cutaneous #leeding "ur"ura, increased amounts of menstrual#leeding or continuous s"otting! Gecondar sm"toms ma include others"leen deficienc sm"toms, such as decreased a""etite; fatigue, #loatingafter eating; shallow #reathing or shortness of #reath; cold extremities;

    s$inn constitution! The tongue t"icall "resents with a "ale #od and awhite coating; the "ulse tends to #e soft, fine, and wea$!

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    epresentative $erbs- codono"sis dangshen, astragalus huangqi,atractlodes baizhu, tang'$uei danggui, dioscorea shanyao, lotus seedlianzi, roasted ginger paojiang, longan longyanrou, #a$ed licorice zhigancao!

    epresentative 1ormula- inseng and (ongan 4om#ination #uipi Tang!