Energy Analysis for All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Proposed at RISHIKESH India

SMH Adil, (Low Carbon Consultant) Global Evolutionary Energy Design,

ABSTRACT There are many ways problems relating to the sustainable future can be dealt, of course with higher investments, if talked about post-development or operational stage retrofits. In the following paper authors have described a case study prepared for a proposed development for assisting the architects and planner in pre-development phase. The paper describes the building energy consciousness and how to effectively utilize the simulation and modeling knowledge to come out with a fool proof energy design. The project is situated in Rishikesh India for a state of the art hospital end use. The energy efficiency, alterative or renewable energy and best functionality of the hospital facility are one of the primary concerns for the Architects in this project. Since a multidisciplinary team has been formed at the initial stage of planning, A comprehensive and result oriented study was performed, these interaction led the designers to a state of the art and highly energy conscious design development. The objective of this paper is to introduce such methodology and showcase its effectiveness in day to day design process. 1. Overview of Energy Analysis A comprehensive energy analysis was made for the project. The analysis was based on representative hourly weather data for the location. This weather data was used for Understanding Rishikesh Weather, Availability of Sun Radiations, Cooling and Heating Degree Days assessment etc. Various optimization subroutine and simulation were done too, for getting information about Optimized Orientation for the hospital buildings. The need for ventilation and comfort were assessed after plotting and overlaying the weather data on Psychometric charts. Prevailing wind were studied for the location, which helps in orienting the pathways with in the hospital buildings for effective ventilation.

The Shadow Ranges were studied and assessed for creating various controlled micro climate and rehabilitation areas by informed landscaping. Various simulations were done for assessing the effectiveness of the entire daylight design as well. Thermal comfort analyses were done for effectiveness of internal comfort of and Preliminary Prediction of Radiant Temperature fraction, Predicted Mean Vote and Required Air Velocities. Total or cumulative Radiation on Façade was calculated for assessment of severity for the portion of envelop from sun harshness. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) was evaluated on the Landscape portions which help in understanding of availability of sun energy for photosynthesis. Building Shades on landscape were calculated for understanding of the usage of best possible landscaping element for any location. Finally Costing of Alternative Energy Options and Percent Savings of Various Energy Mix Alternatives were done. In the following section details of out come of each analysis is presented in brief. 1.1. Psychrometric Analysis The Psychrometric Chart provides a graphic representation of the state or condition of the air at any particular time. The chart relates temperature along the horizontal scale to moisture content along the vertical scale. The analysis helped us identify the prevalent weather condition at the site and a view of various possible passive ventilation measures, which can act significant for increasing the comfort without any additional operation cost. In conclusion, we found that in winter, spring, summer and autumn, thermal mass effect, ventilation, Evaporative cooling and ventilation, Only Ventilation would work well. The study is help full in deciding goals of micro climate design.

1.2. Cooling, Heating Degree Days The chart shows cooling heating degree days, which point out the basis of design of HVAC system for proposed urban infrastructure projects. The chart shows that maximum cooling degree days occur in June, which exceeds 225 and maximum heating degree days exceeds 150 and occur in January.

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1.3. Understanding Rishikesh Weather The hourly dry bulb, Relative humidity, direct solar radiation and Diffused solar radiation are plotted in the Graphs. This gives an understanding to the prevalent weather and Rishikesh. This weather data has been taken from WMO source, station no.421110. For more detail see its web site www.wmo.ch.

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1.4. Monthly Sun Radiations Availability The Carpet plots depict the daily average incident solar radiation which peaks to 74.72 w/m2 at 11:00 am in June and the availability of solar energy every month which peaks to 22.968 KWh/m2 in the month of august.

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INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Total Monthly Dehradun, IND

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INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Average Daily Dehradun, IND

1.5. Prevailing Winds The prevailing wind in all four seasons i.e. winter, spring, summer and autumn is predominantly in north westerly direction. In summers about 222 hour on an average we can expect the winds to be in the same direction. The peak wind speeds is 50 Km/h and direction again is north westerly which stays for less than 39 hours in springs season

1.6. Shadow Ranges All Months: The Charts shows the range of shadow that the proposed blocking scheme cast on other buildings and landscape for every month.

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1.7. Annual Percentage Shading on Landscape This chart helps landscape architects to understand the shading efficacy of the proposed massing scheme and to design the system in such a way that the existing building shades can be utilized for recreational and other landscaping element which needs shading as a design component.

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1.8. Proof of Day lighting Effectiveness This Thematic show an output of day lighting simulation of a typical hospital block. The interiors of the occupant space are receiving minimum about 150 Lux in day light saving times. This achieved by conceptualizing a less wide slab and modular structure.

1.9. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) on Landscape Photosynthetically Active radiation are primarily responsible for the growth of vegetation, different plant and greenery needs different amount of radiation for perform photosynthesis, landscape architects use this to understand and select different landscaping element according to PAR availability

1.10. Optimization for Orientation The Optimum Orientation have been calculated for any vertical wall by iteratively rotating it and calculating annual solar energy impinging on that surface for every degree change in its angle. It was found that if the wall in facing 2.5 o to the east west line or 272.5 o from true north in a clockwise direction than it would receive minimum solar radiation.

1.11. Total Radiation on Facades This analysis depicts the availability of solar radiation on each component of envelop especially facades. It helps us decide upon the necessity of shading and insulation options. The simulation results show that in the entire four season roof is receiving maximum suns energy where as facades of the building are on a safer side.

1.12. Thermal Comfort Analysis The thermal comfort analysis on a landscape is an approximate depiction of f different comfort indices like Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Radiant Temperature fraction and required air velocities to make one feel comfortable. Landscape architects by studying this evaluate various measures to make the micro climate comfortable.

2.0 Renewable energy Options for the hospitals. The Total Availability of Sun Energy on the phase one development roof is 79283.2 MWh (just for understanding the scale, Delhi Take 48000 MWh electrical energy on a typical summer day). If we use solar 12 % Conversion efficiency photovoltaic panels then 8086 MWh can be converted into usable electricity. This solar photovoltaic system generated electricity is 9% of annul electricity demand of the phase one development. The Solar Photovoltaic System would take approx 7000 Sqm to meet demand of 9 % share of electricity. This electricity is expected to power emergency lighting, parking lights and other life safety equipments. Hot water energy demand/yr. is about 489 MWh, which is a very small (about 0.6%) fraction of harvestable Suns heat. Solar Collector Area required for meeting the hot water demand is approx 600 Sqm. Expected Energy use in Steam Generation for the Phase one development is about 1289 MWh, This can be met by many heating alternatives, like Solar Concentrators, Diesel, LPG or Natural Gas. 3.0 Costing of Alternative Energy Options. An approximate costing for initial and operational expenditure has been done. This costing is based on certain assumption and thumb rules. These costing figures are enough to give ideas of life cycle cost and paybacks. Table A depicts certain cost element and there approximate cost. Table B shows various options for energy mix. The reference case was considered to be the one which uses the grids electricity for every energy need in the hospital premises. Table A: Cost of various Alternatives in INR Approx electricity Bill for Phase1 Infrastructure /Year INR 530,938,800.00 Billing Saved by Photovoltaic System INR 48,174,631.71 Cost Of Diesel Generated Hot Water/Year INR 1,308,381 Cost of Electricity Generated Hot Water/Year is INR 2,938,250 Cost of Natural Gas Generated Hot Water/Year is INR 739,182 Cost of LPG Generated Hot Water/Year is INR 763,945 Cost Of Diesel Generated Steam / Year is INR 3,445,154 Cost of Electricity Generated Steam/Year is INR 7,736,832 Cost of Natural Gas Generated Steam/Year INR 1,946,373 Cost of LPG Generated Steam/year is INR 2,011,576 Installation cost of Solar PV System First Cost) INR 962,392,757 Installation cost of Solar Hot water system (First Cost) INR 11,180,556

Simple Payback Period for Solar PV System 19.98 Yr. Simple Payback Period for Solar Hot Water Generation System

3.81 Yr.

Table B: Cost of various Alternative Energy mix and there saving. Energy Mix Options

Description for Facility Costing (INR)

% Saving

Option 1 Total Cost (Steam :Electricity, Water: Electricity & Utility Electricity) (Reference Case)

INR 541,613,882

0.00%

Option 2 Total Cost (Steam :Natural Gas, Water: Natural Gas & Utility Electricity)

INR 533,624,355

1.48%

Option 3 Total Cost (Steam :Diesel, Water: Diesel & Utility Electricity)

INR 535,692,335

1.09%

Option 4 Total Cost (Steam :LPG, Water: LPG & Utility Electricity)

INR 533,714,321

1.46%

Option 5 Total Cost (Steam :Natural Gas, Water: Solar Hot water Generators & Utility Electricity)

INR 533,185,173

1.56%

Option 6 Total Cost (Steam :Natural Gas, Water: Solar Hot water Generators & Solar PV Electricity) (Best Case)

INR 485,510,541

10.36%

Note: Every (%) Saving bring saving of 54.2 lakh Rupees/yr. approximately 5.0 Conclusions Various energy mix options and pre-design consideration were evaluated by modeling of the alternatives. The final out come shows that option 6 which uses solar Photovoltaic system and natural gas for partial electricity and process heating requirement respectively is the best options. The disadvantage with this option is that its capital requirements are very high and the pay back for the option is about 17 years which is considered to be long lead to non acceptance of the option. The other options fall in acceptable range and a hybrid of different acceptable options needs to be worked out and implemented.