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Energy AnalysisStudents use graphs of historical data and research historical and societal events to determine and analyze trends in energy.

Grade Levels:

Subject Areas:

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Ele

IntSec SecondaryPri

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Science Social Studies

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2015-2016

2 Energy Analysis

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NEED Mission StatementThe mission of The NEED Project is to promote an energy conscious and educated society by creating effective networks of students, educators, business, government and community leaders to design and deliver objective, multi-sided energy education programs.

Teacher Advisory Board StatementIn support of NEED, the national Teacher Advisory Board (TAB) is dedicated to developing and promoting standards-based energy curriculum and training.

Permission to CopyNEED materials may be reproduced for non-commercial educational purposes.

Energy Data Used in NEED MaterialsNEED believes in providing the most recently reported energy data available to our teachers and students. Most statistics and data are derived from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Review that is published yearly. Working in partnership with EIA, NEED includes easy to understand data in our curriculum materials. To do further research, visit the EIA website at www.eia.gov. EIA’s Energy Kids site has great lessons and activities for students at www.eia.gov/kids.

1.800.875.5029www.NEED.org

© 2015

Teacher Advisory BoardShelly BaumannRockford, MI

Constance BeattyKankakee, IL

Amy ConstantRaleigh, NC

Nina CorleyGalveston, TX

Regina DonourWhitesburg, KY

Linda FonnerNew Martinsville, WV

Samantha Forbes

Vienna, VA

Michelle Garlick

Viola HenryThaxton, VA

Bob Hodash

DaNel HoganTucson, AZ

Greg HolmanParadise, CA

Linda HuttonKitty Hawk, NC

Matthew InmanSpokane, WA

Barbara LazarAlbuquerque, NM

Robert LazarAlbuquerque, NM

Leslie LivelyPorters Falls, WV

Jennifer Winterbottom Pottstown, PA

Mollie MukhamedovPort St. Lucie, FL

Don Pruett Jr.Sumner, WA

Josh RubinPalo Alto, CA

Joanne SpazianoCranston, RI

Gina SpencerVirginia Beach, VA

Tom SpencerChesapeake, VA

Jennifer Trochez MacLeanLos Angeles, CA

Joanne Trombley West Chester, PA

Carolyn WuestPensacola, FL

Wayne YonkelowitzFayetteville, WV

Jen VarrellaFort Collins, CO

Robert GriegolietNaperville, IL

www.eia.gov

www.eia.gov/kids

www.need.org

©2015 The NEED Project 8408 Kao Circle, Manassas, VA 20110 1.800.875.5029 www.NEED.org 3

Table of Contents �Standards Correlation Information 4

�Teacher Guide 5

�Energy Flow, 2013 7

�Energy Flow Answer Keys 8

�Energy Measurements 10

�U.S. Energy Data 11

�U.S. Energy Timeline 12

�Sample Graphs 15

�Energy Flow Charts 17

�Consumption and Impact Graphs 21

�Global Averages Graphs 22

�Transportation and Motor Vehicles Graphs 23

�Municipal Solid Waste Graphs 25

�Evaluation Form 27

Energy Analysis

e

4 Energy Analysis

Standards Correlation Informationwww.NEED.org/curriculumcorrelations

Next Generation Science Standards � This guide effectively supports many Next Generation Science Standards. This material can satisfy performance expectations, science and engineering practices, disciplinary core ideas, and cross cutting concepts within your required curriculum. For more details on these correlations, please visit NEED’s curriculum correlations website.

Common Core State Standards � This guide has been correlated to the Common Core State Standards in both language arts and mathematics. These correlations are broken down by grade level and guide title, and can be downloaded as a spreadsheet from the NEED curriculum correlations website.

Individual State Science Standards � This guide has been correlated to each state’s individual science standards. These correlations are broken down by grade level and guide title, and can be downloaded as a spreadsheet from the NEED website.

www.need.org/curriculumcorrelations


& BackgroundStudents practice graphing data, research historical events, and analyze the graphs in this guide and the Energy Information Administration’s annually published data to determine and explain energy trends in the United States during the last 50-75 years.

Objectives �Students will be able to analyze graphical representations of energy data and infer and explain present and historical trends.

�Students will be able to synthesize information from multiple graphs and text to be able to infer and explain trends and make predictions.

�Students will be able to describe current energy use in the United States.

Materials �Energy Information Administration (EIA) website, www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm �U.S. history textbook as a resource �NEED’s Intermediate and/or Secondary Energy Infobook (available online at www.NEED.org) �Digital or overhead projector

2Preparation �Familiarize yourself with the activity, the Energy Flow, 2013 diagram on page 7, with the graphs in this guide, and the data available on the EIA website. An explanation of the energy flow diagram can be found on page 10.

�Make copies of the U.S. Energy Data sheet and U.S. Energy Timeline for each student (pages 11-14).

�Make copies of the energy flows and graphs you want the students to analyze from this guide (pages 17-26) and the EIA web page. You can have all of the students use the same graphs and conduct classroom discussions or assign groups of students to different sets of graphs and have them make presentations to the class.

�Make copies of the pages you have chosen from NEED’s Energy Infobook. Energy source “At-a-glance” factsheets are also available online at www.NEED.org/content.asp?contentid=151.

�Download the U.S. Energy Flow PowerPoint file from www.NEED.org.

ProcedurePart One—Introduction: Energy Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow1. Introduce the activity by discussing with students how energy has been used throughout the

history of the United States, the changing energy sources that have been used, and the major historical events that have had an effect on energy. Hand out the U.S. Energy Timeline, and check EIA’s Energy Kid’s “Energy Timelines” for more research at www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=timelines.

2. Discuss with students the energy sources we use today and the purposes for which they are used. Hand out the Energy Flow, 2013 master and use the explanation to give an overview of current energy consumption and production.

3. Hand out U.S. Energy Data sheets. Discuss how students can graphically compare aspects of the data to determine energy trends. Discuss with students that the future energy picture will change and energy trends might help to identify ways in which the future energy picture could change.

e Teacher Guide

Grade Levels �Intermediate, grades 6-8

�Secondary, grades 9-12

TimeThree to five 45-minute class periods plus outside research and homework

Web Resources �Go online to access data from the Energy Information Administration in the U.S. Department of Energy at www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm and select “annual” under the “Data” tab.

�Make sure 2013 is selected for the year; some data sets display multiple years. This might allow for an interesting discussion among your students.

�If 2013 is not available on EIA’s page, or if you wish to download other years’ data, go to www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/archive/energyflow.cfm.

www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/archive/energyflow.cfm

www.NEED.org/content.asp?contentid=151

www.need.org

www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm

www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=timelines

6 Energy Analysis

Part Two—Graphing Data1. Have the students create graphs in class and as homework to answer the following questions:

�How has per capita consumption of energy changed in the last 50-75 years? �How has the percentage of energy we import from other countries changed in the last 50-75 years? �How has the mix of energy sources changed in the last 50-75 years for production, consumption, fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources?

2. Check the students’ graphs for accuracy and understanding. Project the sample graphs on pages 15-16 and discuss the answers to the questions.

Part Three—Analyzing Data and Determining Energy Trends (pages 17-26)1. Explain that in this assignment the students will analyze the information in the graphs, determine the trends that are implied by the

information, and research historical events that may have affected or may affect those trends. There are two options outlined below for completing this part of the activity.

Option One: All Students Analyzing the Same Graphs

�If all of the students are assigned the same graphs, distribute the background information and sets of graphs you have chosen, and have each student write an explanation of the graphs, the trends, and the significant historical events. Allow them to begin the assignment in class and give them several days to complete the assignment as homework.

�Discuss the assignment upon completion to develop a consensus within the group.

Option Two: Groups of Students Analyzing Different Sets of Graphs

�If the students are working in groups to analyze different sets of graphs, divide the students into groups and distribute the background information and sets of graphs you have chosen for them to analyze. Explain that each group will prepare a five-minute presentation for the class to explain the graphs, the trends, and the significant historical events. Allow the groups to begin the assignment in class and give them several days to complete the assignment, either as homework or as class work.

�Monitor group work.

�Have each group make its presentation.

�Discuss the assignment upon completion to develop an overall sense of what will happen in the energy sector in the near future and possible events that could have an effect on that direction.

Evaluation1. Evaluate individual and group work according to your own expectations.

2. Evaluate the activity with the students using the Evaluation Form on page 27 and return it to NEED.

Technology Extensions �Have the students conduct web-based research and prepare digital presentations on one aspect of energy and how its use has changed in the last 50-75 years.

�Have students create their own graphics to showcase an aspect of energy consumption.


eEn

ergy

Flow

, 201

3

Coal

19.9

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Stoc

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Petr

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.09Q

Nat

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Gas

24.8

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Coal

18.0

8Q

Nat

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Gas

26.6

3QCr

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Oil

15.7

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Nat

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Plan

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Nuc

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Pow

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27Q

Impo

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24.5

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Foss

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64.1

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81.6

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Tota

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Nuc

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Foss

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Resi

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8 Energy Analysis

e Energy Flow Answer Keys

Bituminous Coal461.7

Subbituminous Coal443.2

Production984.0

Industrial 64.8

Commercial 2.0

Anthracite2.1

Imports8.9

Stock Change41.4

Exports117.7

Losses andUnaccounted For

1.7

Waste CoalSupplied

10.2Lignite

77.0

Consumption925.1

Electric Power858.4

COAL FLOW CHART

Data: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Coal Flow Chart, 2013(MILLION SHORT TONS)

FromNatural Gas

Wells13.01 Gross

Withdrawls30.17

From Crude Oil Wells5.08

MarketedProduction

25.62

Dry GasProduction

24.28

Consumption26.03

NonhydrocarbonGases Removed

0.82Repressuring

3.51Vented

and Flared0.23

Exports1.57

Additionsto Storage

3.51Balancing

Item0.16

Residential4.94

Commercial3.29

Industrial8.88

Transportation 0.78

ElectricPower

8.15

Imports2.88

SupplementalGaseous Fuels

0.06

WithdrawalsFrom Storage

3.70

From Coal Bed Wells

1.57From Shale

Gas Wells10.52

NATURAL GAS FLOW

Data: U.S. Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review

Natural Gas Flow Chart, 2013(TRILLION CUBIC FEET)


Coal16.54Q

Natural Gas8.73Q

Petroleum0.28Q

Other Gases0.11Q

Nuclear Electric Power8.27Q

Renewable Energy5.07Q Other

0.18Q

GrossGeneration

of Electricity14.65Q

NetGeneration

of Electricity13.85Q

EndUse

13.07Q

Residential 4.75Q

Commercial 4.57Q

Industrial 3.26Q

Transportation0.03Q

DirectUse

0.48Q

Net Importsof Electricity

0.18Q

Plant Use 0.80Q

T & D Losses 0.95Q

FossilFuels

25.66QEnergy

Consumedto Generate

Electricity39.18Q

ConversionsLosses24.52Q

Data: Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review

ELECTRICITY FLOW CHART

Electricity Flow Chart, 2013(QUADRILLION BTU)

Crude OilProduction

7.45

Crude Oil Exports0.12

Crude OilImports

7.72

Crude OilSupply15.17

Crude OilRe�nery

and BlenderNet Inputs

15.31

Re�neryand BlenderNet Inputs

17.94

Re�nery andBlender NetProduction

19.04

MotorGasoline

8.77

PetroleumConsumption

18.89Transportation

13.19

Industrial4.85

Re�ned ProductsExports

3.23

Residential0.47

Commercial0.26

Electric Power0.12

Re�ned ProductsImports

0.79

Other Liquids Product Supplied

0.12

Re�ned Products Stock Change

0.13

NGPLDirect Use

2.04

ProcessingGain1.10

NGPLRe�nery

and BlenderNet Inputs

0.50

Other LiquidsRe�nery and Blender Net

Inputs2.13

Crude Oil Adjustments

0.25

DistillatedFuel Oil

3.84

Lique�edPetroleum Gases 2.41

Jet Fuel 1.42

Other2.45

PETROLEUM FLOW CHART

Data: U.S. Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review

Finished PetroleumProducts Adjustments

0.02

Crude Oil Stock Change

0.02

Petroleum Flow Chart, 2013(MILLION BARRELS PER DAY)

10 Energy Analysis

e Energy Measurements

1 cal = Calorie—a measure of heat energy—the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

1 cal = 4.187 joules

1 Btu = British thermal unit—a measure of heat energy—the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. One Btu is approximately the amount of energy released by the burning of one wooden kitchen match.

1 Btu = 1,055 joules

1 Btu = 252 calories

1 Q = Quad—1 quadrillion Btu. Quads are used to measure very large quantities of energy. The U.S. uses one quad of energy about every 3.68 days.

1 therm = 102,700 Btu; approximately the amount of heat energy in one Ccf of natural gas.

1 kWh = Kilowatt-hour—one kilowatt of electricity over one hour. One kilowatt-hour of electricity is the amount of energy it takes to burn a 100 watt light bulb for 10 hours. The average cost of one kilowatt-hour of electricity for residential customers in the U.S. is about twelve cents.

1 kWh = 3.6 million joules (3.6 Mj)

1 kWh = 3,412 Btu

1 cf = Cubic foot—a measure of volume—one cf of natural gas contains about 1,027 Btu.

1 Ccf = One hundred cubic feet—one Ccf of natural gas contains about one therm of heat energy.

1 Mcf = One thousand cubic feet—one Mcf of natural gas for residential consumers costs $10.32.

Energy Flow Diagram ExplanationThe left side of the diagram shows energy production (supply) figures for 2013 in the U.S. by source and imports:

�The top four on the list—coal, natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids (NGPL)—are fossil fuels that provided 64.12 quads of energy. �Uranium (nuclear) produced 8.27 quads of energy. �Renewables (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass) produced 9.30 quads of energy. �The bottom shows imports, mostly crude oil and petroleum products, that produced 21.09 quads of energy while all other imported energy produced 3.45 quads of energy. �The diagram shows that most of 2013 U.S. energy supply came from fossil fuels and that the U.S. imported 22.44 percent of its total energy supply.

The right side of the diagram shows energy consumption figures by energy source and sector of the economy. Electricity generation has been included in these consumption figures.

�The U.S. exported 11.80 quads of energy in 2013. �The residential sector (homes) consumed 21.13 quads of energy or 21.67 percent of total energy consumption. �The commercial sector (businesses) consumed 17.93 quads of energy or 18.38 percent of total energy consumption. �The industrial sector (manufacturing) consumed 31.46 quads of energy or 32.26 percent of total energy consumption. �The transportation sector (vehicles) consumed 27.01 quads of energy or 27.69 percent of total energy consumption.


e U.S. Energy Data

Basic Energy InformationDATE POPULATION PRODUCTION (IN QUADS) CONSUMPTION (IN QUADS)1950 152,300,000 35.5 34.6

1960 180,700,000 42.8 45.1

1970 205,100,000 63.5 67.8

1980 227,200,000 67.2 78.1

1990 249,600,000 70.7 84.5

2000 282,200,000 71.3 98.8

2007* 301,400,000 71.4 101.4

2010 309,100,000 75.0 98.0

2013 316,128,839 81.9 97.8

Energy Production By Source (Quadrillion Btu)DATE COAL NATURAL GAS PETROLEUM URANIUM (NUCLEAR) RENEWABLES1950 14.1 6.2 11.4 0 3.0

1960 10.8 12.7 14.9 0 2.9

1970 14.6 21.7 20.4 0.2 4.1

1980 18.6 19.9 18.2 2.7 5.4

1990 22.5 18.3 15.6 6.1 6.0

2000 22.7 19.7 12.4 7.9 6.1

2007* 23.5 19.8 10.7 8.5 6.5

2010 22.1 22.1 11.7 8.4 8.1

2013 19.99 24.99 15.80 8.27 9.30

Energy Consumption By Source (Quadrillion Btu)DATE COAL NATURAL GAS PETROLEUM URANIUM (NUCLEAR) RENEWABLES1950 12.3 6.0 13.3 0 3.0

1960 9.8 12.4 19.9 0 2.9

1970 12.3 21.8 29.5 0.2 4.1

1980 15.4 20.2 34.2 2.7 5.4

1990 19.2 19.6 33.6 6.1 6.0

2000 22.6 23.8 38.3 7.9 6.1

2007* 22.7 23.7 39.8 8.5 6.6

2010 20.8 24.5 36.0 8.4 8.0

2013 18.08 25.95 34.39 8.27 9.30

*2007—largest consumption of energy in U.S. history.

Data: EIA

12 Energy Analysis

e U.S. Energy Timeline

1950s1950 Americans owned 50 million cars; oil surpassed coal as the country’s number one fuel source

1953 First atomic reactor to produce power began operation in Idaho

1954 Bell Labs invented the first solar cell

1954 The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 was passed

1955 More Americans traveled by air than by train

1956 First load of containers (truck trailers) transported aboard a cargo ship by sea for less than the cost of trucking them over land

1957 Shippingport reactor in Pennsylvania was the first nuclear power plant to provide electricity to customers in the U.S.

1958 The Jet Age began when airline companies began replacing propeller planes with jet planes; they used kerosene, which was less expensive than gasoline

1959 First fuel cell designed to produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen

1960s1960 OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – established to control oil production

1960 First commercial-scale geothermal power plant began operation in California at The Geysers

1961 Coal had become the major fuel used by electric utilities in the United States to generate electricity

1965 Fuel cells used in the space program

1965 Recycling program started for aluminum cans

1969 Oil discovered on Alaska’s northern slope

1970s1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created

1970 First waste-to-energy plant began operation

1971 Surface mines replaced underground mines as the leading source of coal produced in the United States

1973-74 Arab oil embargo to protest Arab/Israeli War. The OPEC oil embargo focused attention on the energy crisis and resulted in: �An increase in demand for U.S. coal �Gasoline rationing �Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act of 1974, part of a nationwide effort to reduce oil consumption �55 mile per hour speed limits imposed �Plastic recycling began – plastic bottles replace glass containers �Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) created to regulate the nuclear industry �Interest in space applications of photovoltaics grew �High oil prices increased interest in other energy sources, such as wind energy

1975 Strategic Petroleum Reserve began

1976 Electric Vehicle Act enacted

1977 Trans-Atlantic oil pipeline opened

1977 Department of Energy created

1977 The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 enacted to reduce the environmental impact of surface mining, required mines no longer being used to be “reclaimed” or restored to their natural state

1977 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) created to regulate energy production and transmission

1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978 enacted to promote greater use of renewable energy, cogeneration, and small power projects

1978 Iranian Revolution shut down oil exports

1979 Nuclear accident at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania

1979 OPEC raised crude oil prices (prices tripled between January 1979 and September 1980)

1979 President Carter announced effort to reduce dependence on foreign oil


1980s1980 For the first time, nuclear energy generated more electricity than oil in the United States

1980 First PV power plant opened in Utah

1981 Government price controls end on crude oil and petroleum products – now supply and demand set domestic crude prices

1982 First solar-thermal power plant opened in California

1984 Nuclear replaced hydropower as the second-largest source of electricity in the United States, after coal

1985 New cars and light trucks required to meet a Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standard for fuel economy of 27.5 miles per gallon

1986 Clean Coal Technology Act passed

1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in the former USSR (now Ukraine)

1986 OPEC lowered price of crude for first time by increasing production, oil consumption grew quickly while prices remained low

1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled 240,000 barrels of crude oil in Alaska’s Prince William Sound

1989 High efficiency PV cells developed

1990s1990 More than 2,200 megawatts of wind energy capacity installed in California — more than half of the world’s capacity at the

time

1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required many changes to gasoline and diesel fuels to make them pollute less

1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait causing crude oil price increase

1992 Recycling legislation adopted by 15 states

1992 President Bush issued Executive Order 12780, which stimulated waste reduction, recycling, and the buying of recycled goods in all federal agencies

1993 Two decades after the first oil embargo, 109 nuclear power plants operating in the U.S. provided about one-fifth of the nation’s electricity

1997-98 Asian financial crisis has worldwide economic effects - demand for petroleum products declined and oil prices fell

1998 Electric utility deregulation began

1999 First hybrid electric vehicle, powered by both a rechargeable battery and gasoline, became available in the U.S.

2000s2000 Americans owned 220 million cars

2000 EPA established a link between global climate change and solid waste management, noting that waste reduction and recycling can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions

2003 U.S. sponsored a $1 billion, 10-year demonstration project to create the world’s first coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen power plant

2003 Invasion of Iraq disrupted crude oil supplies

2003 Nation’s largest-ever power outage left much of the Northeast and parts of Canada without electricity for several days

2005 Hurricane Katrina (August) and Rita (September) caused massive damage to U.S. petroleum and natural gas infrastructure

2005 In September, U.S. residential natural gas prices were the highest ever recorded, reaching $16.66 per thousand cubic feet

2005 Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005: �promoted the use of coal through clean coal technologies �required increased use of renewable fuels for transportation and new measures to reduce pollution from gasoline and diesel

2006 Coal production set a record high with 1.16 billion short tons

2006 The U.S. ranked among the top 4 countries in the world for hydroelectric generation, along with China, Canada, and Brazil, generating 44% of the world’s electricity from hydropower

2007 Largest consumption of energy in U.S. history

2008 Oil prices reached new high – over $100 per barrel, gasoline prices broke $4.00 per gallon

2009 The American Recovery and Investment Act was instituted — the U.S. Department of Energy invested over $31 billion to support clean energy projects and infrastructure updates nationwide

14 Energy Analysis

2010s2010 29 miners killed in an underground explosion at the Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia, the worst mining accident in

the U.S. since 1972

2010 Explosion and fire occurred on the offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon while drilling an exploratory well in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 crew members and left oil leaking from the unfinished well into the ocean for months

2010 Secretary of the Interior Salazar announced a 6-month hold or “moratorium” on deep water drilling

2010 33 miners trapped half a mile underground in a mine collapse in northern Chile; after 69 days, everyone was rescued

2011 Tohoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami led to the accident and shutdown at Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and subsequent outages at other plants - as a result, LNG consumption at power companies in Japan was up 30% in May 2011 compared to May 2010

2012 In February, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued the first-ever combined licenses to build and operate two new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle Power Plant in Georgia; (the NRC had not issued a license to build a new reactor since 1978); in March, combined licenses were issued to build and operate two new reactors at the Summer Power Plant in South Carolina

2012 Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project, the nation’s first commercial, grid-connected tidal energy project, began operation; the project is located off the coast of Eastport, Maine, and could initially power between 75 and 100 homes

2012 The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China came online; it is the largest hydroelectric facility in the world, generating the electrical equivalent of fifteen nuclear reactors

2013 World wind energy capacity grew by 144% since 2008; the U.S. is among the largest installers of wind power globally

2013 Construction began on two new nuclear reactors at the existing Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant in Georgia; these two new reactors are the first to be built in nearly 30 years in the U.S.

2014 The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating Station came online as the largest concentrating solar power (CSP) facility in the world of its kind; the facility, located in California’s Mojave Desert, can generate up to 392 MW

2015 Deepwater Wind Project, off the coast of Rhode Island, began construction and will become the U.S.’s first offshore wind farm


e Sample GraphsPo

pula

tion

(in m

illio

ns)

Cons

umpt

ion

(Qua

drill

ion

Btu)

U.S. Population vs Energy Consumption

Data: AER Table D1, Table 1.1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

40

20

60

80

100

120

01950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Populations in Millions

Consumption Total

Qua

drill

ion

Btu

U.S. Energy Production vs Consumption

Data: AER Table 1.1

Production

Consumption

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

20

40

60

80

100

120

Data: Energy Information Administration


16 Energy Analysis

e Sample Graphs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Ener

gy P

rodu

ced

(Qua

drill

ion

Btu)

U.S. Production By Energy Source

RenewablesUranium-Nuclear

Fossil Fuels

Data: AER Table 1.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Ener

gy C

onsu

med

(Qua

drill

ion

Btu)

U.S. Consumption By Energy Source

RenewablesUranium-Nuclear

Fossil Fuels

Data: AER Table 1.1




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Cons

umpt

ion

925.

1El

ectr

ic Po

wer

858.

4

COAL

FLOW

CHAR

T

Dat

a: U

.S. E

nerg

y In

form

atio

n Ad

min

istr

atio

n

Prod

uctio

nCo

nsum

ptio

n

18 Energy Analysis

eU.

S. N

atur

al G

as Fl

ow, 2

013

Trill

ion

Cubi

c Fee

t

From

Natu

ral G

asW

ells

13.0

1Gr

oss

With

draw

ls30

.17

From

Crud

e Oil W

ells

5.08

Mar

kete

dPr

oduc

tion

25.6

2

Dry G

asPr

oduc

tion

24.2

8

Cons

umpt

ion

26.0

3

Nonh

ydro

carb

onGa

ses R

emov

ed0.

82Re

pres

surin

g3.

51Ve

nted

and

Flar

ed0.

23Ex

port

s1.

57Ad

ditio

nsto

Stor

age

3.51

Bala

ncin

gIte

m0.

16Re

siden

tial

4.94

Com

mer

cial

3.29

Indu

stria

l8.

88

Tran

spor

tatio

n 0.

78

Elec

tric

Powe

r8.

15

Impo

rts

2.88

Supp

lem

enta

lGa

seou

s Fue

ls0.

06

With

draw

als

From

Stor

age

3.70

From

Coal

Be

d Wel

ls1.

57Fr

om Sh

ale

Gas W

ells

10.5

2

NATU

RAL G

AS FL

OW

Dat

a: U

.S. E

nerg

y In

form

atio

n Ad

min

istr

atio

n/A

nnua

l Ene

rgy

Revi

ew

Prod

uctio

nCo

nsum

ptio

n


eU.

S. Pe

trole

um Fl

ow, 2

013

Mill

ion

Barre

ls Pe

r Day

Crud

e Oil

Prod

uctio

n7.

45

Crud

e Oil

Expo

rts

0.12

Crud

e Oil

Impo

rts

7.72

Crud

e Oil

Supp

ly15

.17

Crud

e Oil

Re�n

ery

and

Blen

der

Net I

nput

s15

.31

Re�n

ery

and

Blen

der

Net I

nput

s17

.94

Re�n

ery a

ndBl

ende

r Net

Prod

uctio

n19

.04

Mot

orGa

solin

e8.

77

Petro

leum

Cons

umpt

ion

18.8

9Tr

ansp

orta

tion

13.1

9

Indu

stria

l4.

85

Re�n

ed P

rodu

cts

Expo

rts

3.23

Resid

entia

l0.

47

Com

mer

cial

0.26

Elec

tric

Powe

r0.

12

Re�n

ed P

rodu

cts

Impo

rts

0.79

Othe

r Liq

uids

Pr

oduc

t Sup

plie

d0.

12

Re�n

ed P

rodu

cts

Stoc

k Cha

nge

0.13

NGPL

Dire

ct U

se2.

04

Proc

essin

gGa

in1.

10

NGPL

Re�n

ery

and

Blen

der

Net I

nput

s0.

50

Othe

r Liq

uids

Re�n

ery a

nd

Blen

der N

et

Inpu

ts2.

13

Crud

e Oil

Adju

stm

ents

0.25

Dist

illat

edFu

el O

il3.

84

Lique

�ed

Petro

leum

Gas

es 2.

41

Jet F

uel 1

.42

Othe

r2.

45

PETR

OLEU

M FL

OW CH

ART

Dat

a: U

.S. E

nerg

y In

form

atio

n Ad

min

istr

atio

n/A

nnua

l Ene

rgy

Revi

ew

Fini

shed

Petro

leum

Prod

ucts

Adj

ustm

ents

0.02

Crud

e Oil

Stoc

k Cha

nge

0.02

Prod

uctio

nCo

nsum

ptio

n

20 Energy Analysis

eU.

S. El

ectr

icity

Flow

, 201

3Qu

adril

lion

Btu

Coal

16.5

4Q

Natu

ral G

as8.

73Q

Petro

leum

0.28

QOt

her G

ases

0.11

Q

Nucle

ar El

ectr

ic Po

wer

8.27

Q

Rene

wab

le En

ergy

5.07

QOt

her

0.18

Q

Gros

sGe

nera

tion

of El

ectr

icity

14.6

5Q

Net

Gene

ratio

nof

Elec

trici

ty13

.85Q

End

Use

13.0

7Q

Resid

entia

l 4.7

5Q

Com

mer

cial 4

.57Q

Indu

stria

l 3.2

6Q Tran

spor

tatio

n0.

03Q

Dire

ctUs

e0.

48Q

Net I

mpo

rts

of El

ectr

icity

0.18

Q

Plan

t Use

0.80

Q

T & D

Loss

es 0.

95Q

Foss

ilFu

els

25.6

6QEn

ergy

Cons

umed

to G

ener

ate

Elec

trici

ty39

.18Q

Conv

ersio

nsLo

sses

24.5

2Q

Dat

a: E

nerg

y In

form

atio

n Ad

min

istr

atio

n/A

nnua

l Ene

rgy

Revi

ew

ELEC

TRIC

ITY F

LOW

CHAR

T

Prod

uctio

nCo

nsum

ptio

n


e Consumption and Impact

0

20

40

60

80

100

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Qua

drill

ion

Btu

Fossil Fuel Consumption

Data: AER Table 1.3 and Table E1

250

300

400

500

550

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Carb

on D

ioxi

de L

evel

(ppm

)

Carbon Dioxide Level

350

450

Data: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center


22 Energy Analysis

e Global Averages

Global Average Mean Sea Level—1880 to 2013

Sea

Leve

l Ris

e (m

m) S

ince

188

0

Year

Data: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Data: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies

-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Glob

al Te

mpe

ratur

e Ano

maly

°C

Annual AverageFive Year Average

Global Temperature Change Since 1880Global Average Temperature


e Transportation

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(Qua

drill

ion

Btu)

Transportation Sector Consumption

Data: EIA Table 2.1e

Num

ber o

f Veh

icle

s

Number of Vehicles in Use in the United States

Data: DOE Transportation Energy Data Book Edition 30

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0


24 Energy Analysis

e Motor Vehicles

6000

9000

12000

15000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Mile

s pe

r Veh

icle

in th

ousa

nds

Motor Vehicle Mileage

Passenger Cars

Vans, Pickups SUVs*


10

15

20

25

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Mile

s pe

r Gal

lon

Motor Vehicle Fuel Economy

Passenger Cars

Vans, Pickups SUVs*

Data: Energy Information Adminstration


e Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Recycling

Tota

l MSW

Gen

erat

ion

(mill

ion

tons

)

Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rates from 1960 to 2012

Total MSW Recovered by Weight Percentage of MSW Generated Per Capita Per Day

Per C

apita

MSW

Gen

erat

ion

(pou

nds/

pers

on/d

ay)

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

01960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

10.00

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Total MSW Recycled (million tons)

Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Rates from 1960 to 2012

Percent of MSW Generation Recycled

Total MSW Recovered by Weight Percentage of MSW Recovered

Data: EPA MSW Characterization Report


26 Energy Analysis

e Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Recycling

Waste Generated by Weight, 2012

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rubber, Leather, and Textiles

Other Materials

Glass

Wood

Metals

Plastics

Food Scraps

Yard Trimmings

Paper & Paperboard

Million Tons


Percentage of Waste Recovered (Recycled) By Weight, 2012

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rubber, Leather,and Textiles

Other Materials

Glass

Wood

Metals

Plastics

Food Scraps

Yard Trimmings

Paper & Paperboard

Percentage Recovered (Recycled)Data: EPA MSW Characterization Report




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