energy beyond oil - fuel beyond oil: mesoscopic photosystems for the generation of fuels from...
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Energy beyond oil: Mesoscopic photosystems for the generation of fuels from sunlight
Fuel Choices Conference – Panel Discussion Tel Aviv Israel December 4, 2014
The long term future, where is the technology taking us ?
michael.graetzel @epfl.ch
Mesoscopic TiO2 film
The magic world of nancrystals
Swiss Tech Convention Center in Lausanne with a glass façade made of dye sensitized solar cells
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Hydrogen for storage and utilization Renewable
Fossil fuels
Nuclear
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Geothermal
Wind
Solar PV
Biomass
Solar PEC
Energy input
Carbon seques-tration
Cracking
Steam reformation
Catalytic reformation
Electricity for electrolysis
Electricity for
electrolysis
Thermochemical cycles Radioactive
waste
PEC (photo-electrochemistry) offers a direct path from solar energy to transportation fuels
Source: Toyota Motor Corporation
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The key advantage of mesoscopic over planar semiconductor architectures is that they can achieve near quantitative collection of the photo-generated charge carriers even for materials where the charge-carrier diffusion length is much shorter than the light absorption length. In photo-electrochemical cells the electrons and holes are used to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water,
coll = 1/(1+ trans/rec)
Our research has introduced mesoscopic structures for energy conversion. These systems are now applied in electrochemical devices for solar generation of chemical fuels, dye sensitized - and perovskite solar cells as well as lithium ions batteries.
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1.23 V
Aqueous electrolyte
H+/H2
H2O/O2
EORP
n-type Semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Metal cathode
hν
e-
h+
O2
H2
*
*
e-
Net Reaction: 2 H2O + hν → 2H2 + O2
4 H+ + 4 e ̶ → 2H2
2 H2O + 4 h+ → 4 H+ O2
The power of the mesoscopic architecture; visible light induced oxygen evolution on Fe2O3 (iron oxide ,rust)
Rust is inactive !
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7
Nature Materials, 2011, 10, pp. 456 - 461
FTO glass
Cu2O
0.5 µm Au
150 nm
AZO
20 nm
TiO2
100 nm
RuOx Co-Catalyst 40 nm
200 nm
Sample configuration
Build-in Cu2O/ZnO (AZO) p/n junction and TiO2 overlayer protect the Cu2O film Against photo-corrosion
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The Holy Grail of photocatalysis: solar splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen on Cu2O films protected by TiO2
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• Large electrode tandem (100 cm2)
• 10% unassisted water splitting in AM1.5 sunlight.
10
Present status of research and development
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Future practical implementation: PECDEMO -EU project sunlight to hydrogen
Prof. Roel van de Krol
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU)
• Stand-alone hybrid PEC-PV devices will be constructed and tested for performance and stability,
• fabrication of large
scale demonstration modules that will be tested in the field under real-world conditions.
• Price target for
hydrogen: 5€/kg
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H2 is a key future energy vector and fuel
• Provides environmental, economic and national security
• Can be easily converted to methane or methanol
• Price target for renewable hydrogen 5 €/kg
• By 2050, H2 is expected to comprise 50% of transportation fuels.
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• Ludmilla Steier Fe2O3 photo-anodes for solar water splitting • David Tilley Group leader, now Professor at the University of Zurich • Marcel Schreier CO2 reduction on photocathodes, gas chromatography • Jingshan Luo copper oxide-and CIGS based photocathodes, tandems, earth-
abundant electrocatalysts • Matt Mayer present solar fuels group leader, photocathodes, metal oxides,
mesocopic photoelectrodes • Min-Kyu Son Cu2O tandems, scale-up of water splitting systems
LPI-SolarFuels group members
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Cooperations with Israeli groups
Academic
• Professor Efrat Lifshitz Technion Haifa • Professor Avner Rothschild Technion Haifa • Dr. Hen Dotan Technion Haifa • Professor Doron Aurbach Bar-Ilan University • Professor Ariel Zaban Bar-Ilan University • Professor Lioz Etgar Hebrew University • Professor Gary Hodes Weizman Institute • Professor David Cahen Weizman Institute
Industrial 3GSolar Jerusalem
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We thank our corporate sponsors
We are grateful for Swiss and European public funding