energy conservation in agriculture sector by allah dad khan
TRANSCRIPT
BY MR. ALLAH DAD KHAN
FORMER DIRECTOR GENERAL AGRICULTURE EXTENSIONKHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
ON 6TH JANUARY 2013AT PC HOTEL PESHAWAR
CELL= O332 9221298
Energy Conservation in Agriculture Sector
The Challenges faced by agriculture in world The Challenges faced by agriculture in world
• World populationWorld population is projected to grow from 6.5 is projected to grow from 6.5 billion in 2005 to nearly 9.2 billion by 2050. Thus billion in 2005 to nearly 9.2 billion by 2050. Thus global food production must nearly double by 2050.global food production must nearly double by 2050.
• Natural resources scarcityNatural resources scarcity: expand the land basis : expand the land basis (4.2 billion ha available for rainfed production ) or (4.2 billion ha available for rainfed production ) or tap into yet-unused yield enhancing resources.tap into yet-unused yield enhancing resources.
• Climate changeClimate change will cause a decline in yields and a will cause a decline in yields and a higher occurrence of extreme climate events. higher occurrence of extreme climate events.
• Rapidly rising Rapidly rising energyenergy prices and higher demand for prices and higher demand for energy: agriculture will become increasingly energy: agriculture will become increasingly important as a supplier to the energy market.important as a supplier to the energy market.
Central role of Agriculture in world Central role of Agriculture in world
• Agriculture provides the primary source of livelihood Agriculture provides the primary source of livelihood for for 36 percent36 percent of the world’s total workforce of the world’s total workforce
• In sub-Saharan Africa, In sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirdstwo-thirds of the working of the working population make their living from agriculturepopulation make their living from agriculture
• Agriculture is Agriculture is key to poverty reductionkey to poverty reduction: : GDP growth GDP growth generated in agriculture is generated in agriculture is four timesfour times more effective in benefiting more effective in benefiting the poorest than growth generated outside agriculturethe poorest than growth generated outside agriculture
• Increased farm production improves farmers’ Increased farm production improves farmers’ incomes thus incomes thus stimulating demandstimulating demand for the goods and for the goods and services offered by the small-scale enterprise sectorservices offered by the small-scale enterprise sector
Investing in Water for Agriculture in world Investing in Water for Agriculture in world
• By 2025:By 2025:- two-thirdtwo-thirdss of the world population could be under “stress of the world population could be under “stress
conditions” conditions” - 1800 million1800 million people will live in countries with “absolute scarcity” people will live in countries with “absolute scarcity”
• Irrigation:Irrigation:- increases yieldsincreases yields- stabilizes outputstabilizes output- enables crop diversificationenables crop diversification
- reduces riskreduces risk- increases farm incomesincreases farm incomes- Increases employmentIncreases employment
• Irrigation has a Irrigation has a multiplier effectmultiplier effect on non-farm incomes and it on non-farm incomes and it contributes to food security and poverty alleviation.contributes to food security and poverty alleviation.
• Irrigation has good Irrigation has good distributional effectsdistributional effects
Water for agriculture needs to increase 60% to feed an additional Water for agriculture needs to increase 60% to feed an additional 2 billion people by 20302 billion people by 2030
Food Need In world
To meet the basic food needs of our expanding human population, a productive, sustainable agricultural system must become a major priority. From analyses of various agricultural systems, we can assess the use of all forms of energy and learn how to preserve essential land, water, and biological resources for future generations.
Land Mass 8
• 93% of the farmers in the country are small and medium having 61% of the cultivated area
• Large farmers are 7% holding 39% of the cultivated area
• Small farmers have up to 5.0 hectares of landholdings.
• Medium farmers have more than 5.0 hectares and
up to 10.0 hectares of landholdings.• Large farmers more than 20 hectares .
Natural Resources
9
Minerals, coal, land, water, forest and wild life , natural gas,oil, petroleum , air etc
Land Resources
Total land area = 197 million acres (79.61 million ha ) Cultivable Area = 79 million acres (31.9 million ha) or 40 % Cultivated Area = 21.59 million ha or 27 % Annual cropped area = 56.64 million acres (22.93 million ha)
or 29 % Water supply = Out of this two-thirds is irrigated and
one third depends on rain (called Barani), The canal irrigated system covers 81 per cent of the irrigated
area While the rest depends on tubewells, open wells and
flood irrigation called sailaba.
Agricultural land capability of
1 Very good Agriculture Land 30.7 %
2 Good Agricultural Land 42.9 %
3 Moderate Agricultural Land 5.7 %
4 Poor Agricultural Land 3.5 %
5 Agriculture Non Productive Land 15.5 %
6 Miscellaneous 1.7 %
Total 100 %
Present Agriculture Situation in in
Agriculture is the mainstay of the country's economy Contributing 24% towards GDP ( in 1947 per capita income $100 and
Population 30 million in 2010 per capita income 1000 $ and Population 170 million)
Back bone for the economy( Livelihood for 68.5 % rural population of country Providing employment to 47% 0f total work force ) Base for foreign trade ( Earning 35% of the country total export earning )
Ranks 7th in Wheat production in World 1st one is China .(2009) Ranks 11th in Rice production in World 1st one is China . (2009) Ranks 4th in Cotton production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009) Ranks 7th in Date Palm production in World 1st one is Iraq. (2009) Ranks 5th in Sugarcane production in World 1st one is Brazil (2009) Ranks 4th in Onion dry production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009) Ranks 7th in fresh vegetables production in World 1st one is China. (2009)
Energy Conservation In Agriculture Sector
The agricultural sector is amongst the major energy consuming sectors after the industrial sector. The two main energy sources using a substantial amount of High Speed Diesel and electricity. farm tractors , agricultural tube wells , cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and processing agro-products using a substantial amount of High Speed Diesel and electricity.
The agricultural sector alone accounts for about 11.5 % share of the total electricity consumption in the country .
Electricity Consumption by sectors 2007-08( % age of total 73400GWh) in
Domestic 45.9 %
Industrial 28.2 %
Agriculture 11.5 %
Commercial 7.6 %
Bulk Supplies 5.9 %
Street lights , ornaments and Others
0.9 %
Total 100 %
Source: Pakistan Energy Book 2008
Agriculture Machinery ( Source Agriculture Census – 2004 report) Machinery 2004
1. Tractors And Implements
Tractors 401663 numbers
Cultivator 369866
Mould Board Plough 40050
Disc Harrow 23764
Disc Plough 29218
Ridger 71338
Trollys 242655
SeedDrill/Planter 70810
Sprayer 21759
Thresher 137270
Reaper 5341
Lazer Leveller 2785
2. Tube wells 912656
Major Energy Losses In Pumping System
Major energy losses in pumping systems occur due to wrong selection of pumps, faulty installation and use of inefficient piping system. The pump rectification work comprises of corrective measures for faulty installation, replacement of inefficient piping with new rigid low friction piping and low head foot valves. The cost of rectification, which Rs. 2000 - 3000 per pump is paid back within 6-8 months from the saving of electricity or diesel that is achieved due to the rectification.
Tips for Energy Conservation in Agricultural Pump
1. Selection of right capacity of pumps according to the irrigation requirement.2. Matching of pump set with source of water - canal or well.3. Matching of motor with appropriate size pump.4. Proper installation of the pump system - shaft alignment, coupling of motor and pump.5. Use of efficient transmission system. Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission
belts.6. Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves.7. Avoid use unnecessary bends and throttle valves.8. Use bends in place of elbows.9. The suction depth of 6 metres is recommended as optimum for centrifugal pumps. The delivery
line should be kept at minimum require height according to requirement.10. Periodically check pump system and carryout corrective measures - like lubrication, alignment,
tuning of engines and replacement of worn-out parts.11. Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water resource. Irrigate according to
established norms for different crop.12. Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can
conserve upto 80% water and reduce pumping energy requirement.13. Service your tube well/pumping station regularly14. For diesel-powered irrigation pumps, be sure to match the engine output horsepower with the
horsepower demanded by the pump
Tips for Fuel Saving in tractors
Use the appropriate-sized tractor for the load. Engineers say fuel efficiency declines dramatically if you're using excess tractor horsepower for a job. Fuel efficiency also suffers if a tractor is too small for the job and becomes overloaded.
Gear up and throttle down. If you find yourself using a high-horsepower tractor to pull a light load, you can save fuel by running in a higher gear but at a lower engine speed.
Stay on top of general tractor maintenance. Keeping air and fuel systems clean and performing regular maintenance can help fuel efficiency.
Paint on-farm fuel tanks a light color, to reduce evaporation losses. To discourage thieves, mark tanks with the words "Red Diesel." Diesel fuel for off-road use is dyed red to indicate it is exempt from highway tax. Further discourage thieves by installing motion-sensor lights and quality locks.
Minimize the time spent driving tractors or other field equipment on the road. Use lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles to carry crops to storage or to service vehicles in the field
Follow the instruction in as contained in Manual of operation
Irrigation Water Conservation Technology
1. Water Management/Lininig of water courses/ irrigation channels/ remodeling
2. Drip Irrigation3. Sprinkler Irrigation4. Hydro flume irrigation5. Rainwater Harvesting 6. Organic farming/ICM/IPM7. Irrigation Scheduling8. Cover crops9. Small dams
Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or microirrigation, is an irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing waterto drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, andemitters.
Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions
must be designed to enable a uniform application of water.
Zero /Notill
Zero tillage (also known as no-till or direct
seeding) is a method of plowing or tilling a
field in which the soil is disturbed as little as
possible by, essentially, not plowing the field.
The crop is planted directly into a seedbed
which has not been tilled since the harvest of
the previous crop.
Zero tillage means there is no activity on
field, the moisture level present in soil is
maintained. Seeds of new crops germinate
with the help of the ambient moisture
in the soil
Biodiesel
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable
oil- or animal fat-based
diesel fuel consisting of
long-chain alkyl (methyl,
propyl or
ethyl) esters.
Biodiesel is typically
made by chemically
reacting lipids (e.g.,
vegetable oil, animal fat
(tallow)) with an alcohol.
Bio Ethanol
BioEthanol, which is produced
from agricultural crops, sugar cane
or bio-mass, are governed by the
same law of physics as those
using gasolin
The biofuels are therefore
considered to be "CO2 neutral",
not adding to the carbon dioxid
e level in the atmospheree
Windbreaks: Low-tech, high value
Windbreaks are among the oldest
and best tools for energy conservation
on farms and ranches. In addition
to providing an array of other
placed windbreaks can reduce energy .
Bio Gas
The methane digester is a plant to produce methane in the form of biogas from plant and animal waste. Such systems are common in certain countries, such as India, but sorely neglected in others, although the raw material is available everywhere
Natural resource management
Natural resources, especially those of soil, water, plant and animal diversity, vegetation cover, renewable energy sources, climate, and ecosystem services are fundamental for the structure and function of agricultural systems and for social and environmental sustainability, in support of life on earth.
Resource Conservation Inputs Out put
Irrigation Water Saving ( 40-50 %) Increase in yield of crops
Fertilizers Saving ( 40-50 %) Better quality produce
Herbicides/Insecticides saving( 25-30%)
Increase income
Land Saving ( 5-10%in field) Better profitability
Labor Saving ( 30-40%) Low soil ailments
Energy Saving ( 20-25%)
Case Study
• When the soviet union collapsed in 1991, one of the results was that the small island nation of Cuba was suddenly cut off from its largest trading partner, and its imports of petroleum suddenly dropped by more than half. One of the first things to collapse was Cuba's agricultural sector. Cuba adapted to the suddenly limited resources by increasing urban agriculture and decreasing transportation distances, by decreasing the size of farms and increasing labour by humans and animals over large machinery, and by going organic. Cuba went from a farming system that was almost entirely conventional modern agriculture, with inputs of fertilizers and pesticides that actually surpassed .
Recommendation
Channel new and additional funding for energy mitigation, adaptation and technology transfer directly to the agricultural sector. Alternate source of energy to be exploited
Protect natural habitats by avoiding deforestation and land clearing by sustainably improving yields on existing arable land.
Rationale use of energy and water use be promoted. Protect the integrity of watersheds, wetlands and pasturelands to
preserve ecosystem services and biodiversity Build up soil organic matter and prevent erosion by applying
techniques such as conservation tillage, nutrient management and the use of reclamation varieties
Recommendation contd
Foster energy-efficiency improvements and emissions reductions in nitrogen fertilizer production by helping producers of all sizes to adopt best practice techniques.
Recognize and support the development of synergies between resilience and mitigation through the inclusion of improved farm management practices in research programmes
Invest in infrastructure-building and related training programmes.
Localize the application of agronomic knowledge, pest identification and meteorological information. No till, improved machinery.
Enhance capacity building to implement sustainable land management policies and programmes.