energy conservation in usa
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Conservation &Management in The
U.S.
Studied by: Mr. Thomas & Mr. Turner
Presented By: Mr. Pankaj Saini & Mr. Harish Sharma
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Abstract
Electrical power is one Major Industry or anyone can say backbone ofevery Industry. Power must be available to the consumer in any amount that
one may require from minute to minute. To full fill the requirement
companies from power sectors have to build more power generationfacilities. The supply side management technique worked very well till the
early 1970s. The Demand side management is the planning & management is
the planning and implementation of those utilities activities designed to
influence consumer use of electricity in ways that will produce desired
changes in the utilities load shape.
Supply side and demand side management
techniques are both discussed in this presentation. Also these technologies
are not the only ones that are useful, but they presently seem to be the ones
most often considered and discussed.
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Introduction
Electrical Power is one major industry that has shaped and
contributed to the progress and technical advances of mankind
over the past century. In the U.S. electrical energy sales have
Grown well over 400times in the period between the turn of the
century and the early 1970. The demand of electricity is not just
rapidly increasing in U.S even in China, Japan, India, Russia. The
demand of electricity increase with Industrialization because all
machines are these days requires electricity to operate. The
Demand of electricity is to be expected to Increase 20 times till2015 as it is in 1970s. The Demand is increasing with change in
Lifestyle , Industrialization, Large building construction without
keep in mind about energy efficiency and so on.
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Demand side Management
Techniques
Need of DSM : The selling of electricity is different fromselling other items because power cannot be stored, the power
generated by companies is sold at real time to the consumers at
The power has to generated as at the time the power is neededor demanded by the consumer. Power curves or load curves are
used to help the power companies determine the power
demands at certain times of the day. These power curves are
accurate, but there still exists a certain margin of error, which
sometimes referred as their margin of operation. The powercompanies want to keep this margin as low as possible because
this energy produced is never utilized.
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1. Peak Clipping
2. Valley Filling
3. Load Shifting
4. Strategic conversion
5. Strategic load growth
6. Flexible load shape.
7. Lighting Loads.
Power Curves
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Power Curves
Demand side management describes theplanning and implementation of activitiesdesigned to influence customers in such a way
that load shape curve of the utility companycan be modified to produce power in anoptimal way. The are six DSM load shapes,each shape representing its own objectives:
peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting,strategic conservation, strategic load growthand flexible load shape.
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Valley Filling
The valley Filling Technique encourage
the customers to use more energy at
times when utility company is most likelyto have low cost energy available. This
effect can lower the cost of service by
spreading fixed capacity cost over alonger base of energy sales and by
reducing average fuel costs.
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Load Shifting
Load shifting encourage customers to
move their energy consumption from
peak to off-peak times, thus producingthe combined effect of peak clipping &
valley filling.
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Lighting Loads.
The subject of lighting is of interest toeveryone. Residential lighting consumesapprox. 30% of all energy used in home. A60W incandescent lasts about 750h whereas a
CFL Bulb can give same amount of light andburn for 7500-10000h.
Use white LED lighting for applications thatnormally use dismally-efficient small
incandescent task lights, nightlights, pathwaylighting, exit signs, and flashlights.
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Application of DSM
When we look at the technologies involved in theimplementation of the demand side managementideology, we realize that not every system will proveto be beneficial for every home. The factors must beconsidered are: Cost effectiveness
System implementation
Improved energy conservation
In some cases, the power company may realize more benefits from theutilization of a system than the consumer so they can offer incentivefor the consumer for using desired system. For example: IndianGovernment is promoting use of CFL(Compact florescent Lamp.)and LED lamps in lieu of electric Bulbs and Tubes.
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Home Automation System Structure
Control system software Application software
Security
Automation controller
Entertainment
Personal ComputerCommunications
Communication Bus
LightingHVAC Other
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Waste to Energy
Waste to energy is a new technology. In 2009, Americans produced about 243 million
tons of MSW, or about 4.3 pounds of waste per person per day.
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Waste to Energy
In the past, almost all residual municipal waste in the UK - the
waste left after recycling and composting - has been landfilled
untreated. The European Landfill Directive means we must now
reduce the biodegradable waste we send to landfill. Until recently,
the main alternative to landfill which has been considered in the UKis mass-burn incineration. Friends of the Earth has long opposed
incineration of residual waste because it destroys natural resources;
it undermines recycling by demanding a steady stream of waste; it
adds to climate change; and it causes pollution from air emissions
and toxic ash. Local authorities have started considering otheroptions for dealing with residual waste, including pyrolysis,
gasification and plasma arc technologies. This briefing explains how
these processes work and what their benefits and disadvantages
are.
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Waste to Energy
A new and exciting area of power generation that is justdeveloping and showing a very promising future, is the wasteto energy generation system.Waste to energy projects arenow in development stage. The United states have 87 waste toenergy projects. The Research & Development cell ofDOEiscontinues doing efforts to achieve maximum efficiency. Thereare four technologies available for energy recovery from waste.
1.Bio- Methanation
2.Gasification / Pyrolysis3.Combustion / Incineration
4. PlasmaArc Gasification
5.Fermentation
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Bio- Methanation
The process called anaerobic digestion or methanisation is suitable to treat all residues
containing organic matter, especially wet residues, for instance dairy industries waste or
cattle manure.
It is a biological treatment: in the absence of oxygen, bacteria digest the waste and
produce a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide named biogas. Biogas can be burnt
to produce heat,
electricity, or both in a co-generation system. In the latter type, the production of heat
directly participates in the methanisation process (it serves to keep the digester at a
constant temperature). Biogas can also be used as fuel for natural gas vehicles. Once all
its impurities (including carbon dioxide, CO2) have been removed, the gas can be
injected into the town gas distribution network. The process produces a solid residue
which can be used as a soil
conditioner. This treatment option is used on a broad variety of scales. The largest
biogas producing countries in Europe are Germany and the UK, other countries being
way below in terms of biogas primary energy production (resp. 1923 ktoe (kiloton oil
equivalent) in Germany, 1696 ktoe in the UK, and 353 ktoe in the third ranked country,
Italy). In the UK, the biogas is directly recovered from landfills.
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GasificationLike incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and plasma
technologies are thermal processes that use high temperatures to break down
waste. The main difference is that they use less oxygen than traditional mass-burn
incineration. The various type of waste can be processed under gasification
technology like paint, tires, chemical, plastic, paper, rag, wood, discarded furniture,
after crop residues & Inorganic waste.
Process : The Wastes from various locations are collected in a
Truck and send to the plant. Then the waste is dumped on the site and is Fed in the
machine by conveyer then it goes under process of screening to remove metals,
dust & stones, glasses and heavy metals. The waste is briquetted and transferred
to the Gasifiers which further convert the waste into Gas in absence or very slight
oxygen. The gas produced is known as synthetic gas. That Gas is then purified andsends to the IC engines which are coupled with alternator to make electricity. In
this whole process machines consumes around 4-5% of total power for its own
running.
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Gasification
The Gasification process is not Combustion, the waste isbroken down to create gas, solid & Liquid residues The gases
can then be combusted in a secondary process. The pyrolysis
process thermally degrades waste in the absence of air (and
oxygen). Gasification is a process in which materials areexposed to some oxygen, but not enough to allow
combustion to occur. Temperatures are usually above 750oC.
In some systems the pyrolysis phase is followed by a second
gasification stage, in order that more of the energy carrying
gases are liberated from the waste.
The MSW can be directly used in Gasification process plant.
30 35 Ton of unsorted MSW can generate 1Mw per hour.
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Combustion / Incineration Technology
The MSW is collected and sent to the Pellet preparationplant , where it is waste sorted. The sorted waste is sentfor the RDF preparation plant; the output of RDF plant is inBriequite form that will be later burned in the presence of
oxygen with fossil fuel or high CV material in the closedchamber. The Heat generated from the combustion is usedas Boiler Fuel. Then steam is generated which is furtherutilized to run steam turbines coupled with low speedAlternators to generate electricity. Combined cycletechnology is more feasible. The waste heat is recovered
with the help of heat exchanger and used for steamgeneration. The side products are Steam and Hot Waterwhich is supplied to Industries.
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Plasma Arc Gasification
Plasma gasification process converts the organic wasteinto a fuel gas that still contains all the chemical andheat energy from the waste. It converts the inorganicwaste into an inert vitrified glass, ethanol, biogas,
biodiesel, and other various clean fuels with lessemissions and much higher efficiency.
Plasma is considered a 4th state. Electricity is fed to atorch, which has two electrodes, creating an arc. Inert
gas is passed through the arc, heating the process gasto internal temperatures as high as 25,000 degreesFahrenheit. The following diagram illustrates how theplasma torch operates.
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Plasma GasificationInside the gasifier, the hot gases from the plasma torch or arc contact the
feedstock, such as municipal solid waste, auto shredder wastes, medical
waste, biomass or hazardous waste, heating it to more than 3,000 degrees
Fahrenheit. This extreme heat maintains the gasification reactions, which
break apart the chemical bonds of the feedstock and converts them to a
synthesis gas (syngas).
The syngas consists primarily of carbon monoxide and
hydrogenthe basic building blocks for chemicals, fertilizers, substitute
natural gas, and liquid transportation fuels. The syngas can also be sent to gas
turbines or reciprocating engines to produce electricity, or combusted to
produce steam for a steam turbine-generator.
Because the feedstocks reacting within the gasifier are converted
into their basic elements, even hazardous waste becomes a useful syngas.
Inorganic materials in the feedstock are melted and fused into a glassy-like
slag, which is nonhazardous and can be used in a variety of applications, such
as roadbed construction and roofing materials.
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Biomass Power Generation
an important source of renewable energy
Biomass includes a wide range of materials,including energy crops such as switch grass andmicanthus, agricultural sources such as cornhusks, wood pellets, lumbering and timberingwastes, yard wastes, construction and demolitionwaste, and bio solids (treated sewage sludge).
Gasification helps recover the energy locked inthese materials. Gasification can convert biomassinto electricity and products, such as ethanol,methanol, fuels, fertilizers, and chemicals.
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Feedstock
Biomass usually contains a highpercentage of moisture (along with carbohydrates andsugars). The presence of high levels of moisture in thebiomass reduces the temperature inside the gasifier, whichthen reduces the efficiency of the gasifier. Therefore, many
biomass gasification technologies require that the biomassbe dried to reduce the moisture content prior to feedinginto the gasifier.
Biomass can come in a range of sizes. In many
biomass gasification systems, the biomass must beprocessed to a uniform size or shape to feed into thegasifier at a consistent rate and to ensure that as much ofthe biomass is gasified as possible.
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Benefits of Biomass Gasification
Converting what would otherwise be a waste
product into high value products
Reduced need for landfill space for disposal ofsolid wastes
Decreased methane emissions from landfills
Reduced risk of groundwater contaminationfrom landfills
Production of ethanol from non-food sources
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Wind Power
The united states is the leader in development
of wind power technology, but japan and many
European countries are leaders. Many countries
such as India, are using wind for other purposes
rather than just power generation.
Till end of 2010, the installed
capacity of wind power in united states was justover 40,000MW.
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Wind Power in Texas
The southern plains of North America continent, specifically
Texas and the Oklahoma panhandles, contain 7m/s wind
resource. The Texas panhandle alone count support 100,000MW
of Wind generators at the spacing of a multi-watt turbine each
square mile. The Northwest, to support 18,900MW of wind
generated energy capacity at costs ranging from $0.075 to
0.15/kwh. In 2010 Texas has surpassed the 10,000MW mark
with the addition of over 600MW of generating capacity. Wind
power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installedcapacity of 10,085 MW.
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Solar Thermal
Heating water for residential use accounts for
approximate 31% of the power used in
residential dwellings solar water hating has
been one of the most successful thermal
applications of solar energy use. Solar water
hating has already been proven reliable and
viable in area such as preheating water forindustrial uses and providing hot water for
hospitals, hostels.
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Solar Photovoltaic
The technology used for converting sun light
directly into electricity is called solar
photovoltaic. The solar cells are made up of
Silicon. The solar power plants mostly use
solar photovoltaic technology.
Solar power is boon for Rural Development,
electrification at Remote Locations, Armycamps, street lights etc.
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Need ofElectricity in India
India having 170,000MWinstalled capacity till 28-2-11 . The
demand is forecasted for 2030 is 850,000- 950,000MWby
Ministry ofPower . About 65% of electricity comes from
Thermal power stations, 22% from hydro power, 10.75% from
Renewable energy, 2.78% from Nuclear.
% share
Thermal Power
Nuclear Power
Hydro Power
Renewable Energy
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New Plans for INDIA
20,000MW Solar power Plants of about $19bnunder JNNSM.
Rajiv Gandhi Rural Electrification Scheme.
Ultra Mega Power Projects to add 100,000MWby 2012 each project capacity 4000MW or more.
Funding for power projects via RuralElectrification Corporation limited.
Schemes for Biomass Power Generation Financial support for Waste to Energy projects.
Tax Benefits (Income Tax, sales tax)
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Thank you
In case any inquiry feel free to ask or e-mail meat : [email protected]
Source of Information :
www.wikipedia.com
www.wppenergy.com
www.viyors.in
www.