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Meeting the GCC’s waterneeds in an environmentally

sustainable way

EnergyEfficientDesalination

15 - 18 JANUARY 2018 | ADNEC

INTERNATIONAL WATER SUMMIT: ENERGY EFFICIENT DESALINATION

IntroductionTable of Contents

Introduction

Technologies

Research and Development

Country Plans

Bahrain

Kuwait

Oman

Saudi Arabia

UAE

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Northern Emirates

About the report

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6

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Shifting towards alternative energy and sustainable technologies to desalinate water will also contribute to country targets of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It is estimated that today, 76 million tonnes of CO

2 is emitted annually due to

desalination processes. Abu Dhabi government entity Masdar has forecast that under a business-as-usual scenario, by 2040 desalination will be responsible for 218 million tonnes of CO

2 a year due to the need to build and operate more

desalination plants to meet water demands.

GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS DUE TO DESALINATION

Introduction

Globally, it is estimated that 90 million m3 of water is desalinated a day, with potable water produced by around 18,500 desalination plants. Saudi Arabia, the United States, the UAE and Kuwait have the globe's highest desalination capacities. The three GCC countries alone are responsible for more than one-third of the global desalination capacity. Overall, about 58% of the world’s desalination capacity is in the Middle East and North Africa, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).

The GCC region is water-stressed, has high levels of urbanisation and its population continues to grow. As populations rise, so do water demands, both in terms of individual use and by industry and agriculture to meet new levels of demand for produce and goods. The increase in desalination requirements is also pushing up energy consumption to produce fresh water, with the knock-on effect of more greenhouse gas emissions and increasing levels of chemicals and brine ejected back into seawater following desalination processes.

To date the region has been reliant on energy-intensive thermal desalination processes that use fossil fuels as their feedstock. According to the IEA’s World Energy Outlook report in 2016, half of all global energy consumption for desalination is in the UAE, at more than 13 million tonnes of oil equivalent. GCC states take the top six spots for individual country’s energy demand for desalination. Water desalination in the Middle East has traditionally been coupled with power stations, to supply electricity and desalinated water. With the drive towards reducing energy consumption, along with plans to increase the amount of power from standalone renewable and clean energy, there is an increasing need to develop sustainable approaches to desalination.

2016 2040

250

200

150

100

50

0

3 INTERNATIONAL WATER SUMMIT: ENERGY EFFICIENT DESALINATION

Source: Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance

IntroductionIntroduction

Groups such as the Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance, whose members include Masdar, are investigating and promoting clean energy sources for desalination. The organisation has a range of stepped targets through to 2036 designed to increase the amount of clean energy used in future desalination plants, and has committed to spend $100m a year from 2017 on research and development. Those funds will come from members in the form of money or infrastructure and equipment.

TechnologiesAbout 70% of all desalination in the GCC is based on thermal processes, which are well-suited to the high salinity of the Arabian Gulf, its temperature and levels of organic matter. Thermal desalination – both multi-stage flash (MSF) and multiple-effect distillation (MED) – are more energy intensive than reverse osmosis (RO), a membrane technology.

Thermal processes require both electrical energy and heat, typically using gas, which is what makes them more energy intensive. In terms of electrical energy alone, MSF and RO both use about the same amount of electrical energy per cubic metre of water desalinated. But RO does not require additional energy for heat. MED requires about a quarter of the electrical energy compared to other processes, but also requires additional energy in the form of heat.

Overall, MSF is the more energy-hungry technology, requiring up to 80kWh of thermal energy for every cubic metre of water to be desalinated. This is followed by MED, using about 70kWh/m3. When put in terms of equivalent electrical figure energy, RO is by far the most energy efficient desalination technology in common use today, with a total equivalent electricity that is about one quarter that of MED and one-fifth of that used by MSF.

ANNUAL ENERGY TO COME FROM CLEAN SOURCES FOR DESALINATION PLANTS

80706050403020100

Operational from2020 - 2025


Operational from2036



Source: Environment Agency Abu Dhabi

The use of desalination – in particular, thermal - comes with environmental impacts. The energy to generate the heat comes from fossil fuels (in some cases heavy fuel oil), adding to a country's carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, and common to other desalination methods, brine and chemicals left over from the process are discharged into the sea. The more efficient a plant is at extracting potable water from seawater, the lower the level of chemicals (by ratio) are subsequently ejected into the sea.

Desalination processes have become less energy-intensive as the technologies have improved. It is generally considered that technologies such as reverse osmosis are reaching the limits of efficiency improvements for reasonable cost, and that future gains will start to become prohibitively expensive. It means alternative methods need to be coupled with current desalination technologies, or new technologies need to be used in the desalination process.

This includes methods of pre-treatment, the impact of decentralisation, and newer technologies such as thin-film nanocomposite membranes (a form of RO), captive deionisation (most suitable for brackish water), forward osmosis, and the use of renewable energy, such as solar, wind and geothermal.

In late August 2017, Saudi Arabia announced that it was to work with China to research the use of gas-cooled nuclear reactors for desalination. A controversial technological approach that has been used elsewhere, nuclear does allow for large-scale desalination using a clean energy source. However, the kingdom does not have any nuclear plants. It has early-stage development plans for two reactors that would generate 2.8GW in total capacity, but any use of nuclear for desalination are some years away.

Membrane technologies are more energy-efficient than their thermal counterparts, as well as robust and reliable. Amongst the newer developments, forward osmosis is considered to be one of the more exciting opportunities, but is still in early stages of development. It has been tested as part of the desalination pilots that have been run by Masdar in Ghantoot. The technology was found to reduce the required energy consumption to 3.5-4 US cents per kilowatt hours per cubic metre (kWh/m3) of water. However, the technology needs to show that it can make the leap from small-scale systems to commercial, large-scale operations.

An area of focus that is attracting more attention for research and development is that of pre-treatment methods, as these offer the opportunity for greater gains in efficiency. This includes the use of managed beach wells, rather than the traditional seawater intakes. These help reduce the energy required to desalinate water and the amount of chemicals used, by providing natural filtration before the water reaches the desalination plant.

ENERGY REQUIRED FOR DESALINATION, BY TECHNOLOGY

Brackish water RO 1 - 1.5

4 - 4.5

1

5

0

0

60 - 70

70 - 80

16 - 18.5

22.5 - 25

Seawater RO

MED

MSF

Electrical Energy(kWh/m3)

Thermal Energy(kWh/m3)

Total Equivalent ElectricalEnergy (kWh/m3)

1 - 1.5

4 - 4.5

Technologies


Source: Masdar

Renewable energy – in particular solar - is also attracting attention. Several small-scale systems have been successfully trialled. The downside today with this approach is that unless coupled with some form of battery storage, a facility can only operate during daylight hours. As battery power becomes cheaper, interest in solar as an energy source for desalination will rise.

Research and Development

Technologies

DESALINATION PILOT PROJECTS

Among the most high-profile and advanced investigations into more efficient desalination were a set of pilot projects run by Masdar in the Ghantoot area of Abu Dhabi.

The government organisation led five pilot projects that looked at energy-efficient seawater desalination. The first four pilots were awarded in 2015, with the fifth (to Mascara NT) awarded in late 2016. Each pilot was awarded following a competitive tender to a different company, which then built a small-scale system to test more efficient desalination methods. Each test ran continuously for at least 15 months.

The pilot studies set out to reduce the amount of electrical energy required for seawater desalination to below 3.6 kWh/m3 using membrane technology, and therefore also reduce the environmental impact of the process. The pilots also set out to bring down the price of energy-efficient systems, making them cost-competitive with fossil-fuel desalination systems.

The Sidem Veolia plant began operations in August 2015. It used a two-pass RO system, coupled with dissolved air flotation and a gravity dual media filter in a single unit for pre-treatment. Early reported results saw energy consumption fall by 7% compared to the initial target and the pilot was considered scalable.

Suez also used a two-pass RO system, with dissolved air flotation and ultrafiltration for the pre-treatment. An integrated brine management unit used liquid to liquid ion exchange to increase the recovery ratio. As with the Veolia pilot, the dissolved air flotation improved pre-treatment performance. The pilot was considered scalable, but it was said that more research was needed into the liquid ion exchange for it to suit larger operations.

Organisation

Abengoa

Sidem / Veolia

Suez

Trevi Systems

Mascara NT

Technology

Reverse Osmosis andMembrane Distillation

Reverse Osmosis

Forward Osmosis

Capacity (m3/day)

1,000

300

100

50

30

Pilot completion

Q1 2016

Q2 2017

Q1 2017

Q1 2016

Q1 2018

Reverse Osmosis andIon Exchange

Reverse Osmosispowered by off-grid solar


Abengoa's pilot used an integrated system where the brine left over from the first RO pass was treated by a membrane distillation system. It was found that this combination could increase the recovery ratio and reduce energy consumption.

The Trevi Systems pilot used forward osmosis membrane technology, a technology still in its early stages of development. Over the life of the pilot, performance improved and more advances with the technology are expected.

The Mascara NT pilot is due to be completed by the end of 2017. It is a solar photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis system with pre-treatment coming from a beach well. The system is fully automated and not coupled with batteries, so operates only during hours of sunlight.

It has achieved one of the lowest energy consumption rates globally for water desalination, using 2.5 kWh/m3 of seawater, excluding the energy required for the high-pressure pumps and pre-treatment. The system is adapted to work for small communities, such as those in remote locations.

The Arabian Gulf is a challenging seawater to desalinate due to its high salinity and organic content and it was found during tests that some technologies coped better than others with these conditions during the pre-treatment stage. It was found that the use of dissolved air floatation coped well with organic matter during pre-treatment.

In Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (Kaust) has focused its research on improving the energy efficiency of the MED thermal desalination technology. It has concentrated efforts on improving the number of passes possible for water vapour to increase final water production and on reducing the heat required during this process. To do this it has looked at how to overcome limitations in the thermodynamics of traditional thermal facilities. The institute says it has increased the number of times water can be recirculated in the evaporation stages from about eight times to about 20, and this produces twice as much potable water as in conventional processes. It has also decreased the required temperature for the process. The institute has achieved this by coupling nano-filtration pre-treatment techniques and solar-powered adsorption cycles with a MED plant. By producing more water from each desalination cycle, it also effectively reduces the amount chemicals that are ejected into the sea with the waste brine. The system is being tested on a larger scale with a 3,000 m3/day desalination plant in Yanbu, which uses waste heat for the production. Kaust says its process reduces the production cost of water to about $0.5 per cubic metre.

The smallest desalination market in the GCC, approximately 54% of its water comes from groundwater. The country has water demand of about 700,000 m3/day, excluding the water produced by the 41,000 m3/day MED desalination plant at the Aluminium Bahrain facility.

Almost two-thirds of Bahrain's desalination capacity is based on thermal technologies, with a fairly even split between MED and MSF. However, its most recently built plant, Al-Dur, is based on RO.

Market barriersResearch and Development

Country PlansBAHRAIN


Oman plans to develop a number of seawater desalination facilities to meet growing water demand in the Sultanate. The country is split into five water zones, and the total average annual water demand across Oman is expected to grow by about 6% a year to 2023. Some parts of Oman face the prospect of their desalination capacity not meeting consumption needs, adding to the urgency of progressing with its planned projects.

Facility Capacity (MIGD) Expected tender release

60

107

125

75

75

50

100

60

Awarded June 2016

Under evaluation

2018

2019

2020

2021/2

2022/3

2024/5

Al Zour IWPP North Phase 2

Al-Kheran IWPP Phase 1

Al Zour North IWPP Phases 3 & 4

Al Nwaiseeb Phase 1

New Shuaiba South

New Doha East

Doha RO Phase 2

Doha RO Phase 1

Source: MEW

PLANNED DESALINATION PLANTS

KUWAIT

Other facilities include Ras Abu Jarjur, which was the Middle East and North Africa's largest capacity reverse osmosis plant when it was commissioned in 1984. It also has Al Hidd IWPP, which includes the region's largest capacity MED facility, which produces enough water for about 750,000 people.

Kuwait expects its water demand to increase by about 6% a year to 2030 due mainly to the new cities that are being developed. The Ministry of Electricity and Water has estimated that an additional 2,045,741 m3/day or 450 MIGD will be needed in the country by 2030, with domestic use accounting for about 200 MIGD of that figure.

The country's Public Private Partnership projects are procured through Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects (KAPP). It is understood that some of its planned water projects are delayed. Kuwait is also planning to tender an emergency RO mobile units programme. This will comprise 30 mobile units, each with a 100,000 gallon capacity.

Bahrain is planning to build a second Al-Dur power and water plant, which will increase desalination capacity by 227,304 m3/day. The Al-Dur 2 independent water and power production (IWPP) plant is at the tender stage, with the power plant due for operation from June 2020 and the desalination a year later. KPMG is the financial advisor for the project.

BAHRAIN'S WATER DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

OMAN

Kuwait plans to build eight facilities capable of desalinating seawater by 2025 to meet its water needs. The most recent contract award was in June 2016, going to Doosan Heavy Industries for phase one of the Doha reverse osmosis desalination plant.

Once complete, the facility will produce 272,765 m3/day, enough water for 900,000 people. There are plans for at least one more desalination plant to use RO technology.

Country Plans

PLANNED DESALINATION FACILITIES IN BAHRAIN

37%RO

63%Thermal

Capacity: 227,304 m3 / dayCompletion: 2021

Al-Dur2 IWPP


OverviewCommissionedTechnologyCapacity (m3/day)Facility

WPA until 2021, with a two-year extension option

Expected to begin operations in Q4 2017



Expected to be added in 2018

Award expected to be made in October 2017

Aseelah Temporary Supply

Qurayyat IWP

As Suwayq

Barka 4 IWP

Sohar 3 IWP

Duqm RAECO expansion

Sharqiyah IWP

Duqm IWP

10,000

200,000

227,304

281,000

250,035

4,000

90,922

60,000

RO

RO

-

RO

RO

RO

RO

-

-

2017

2017

2018

2018

2019

2019; On hold

Under tender; award expected in Q4 2017

To be awarded in 2017Aseelah IWP

Khasab IWP

80,000

15,911

2020

2020

2021

Under study

Ghubrah 3 IWP

North Batinah IWP

Salalah 4 IWP

300,000

200,000

100,000

-

-

-

2022

2022

2022

2018

2018

The project is on-hold as an alternativesupply scheme is being considered

It will be Musandam's largest capacity desalinationfacility. Six groups listed as pre-qualified to bid

The request for proposals isexpected to be issued in Q4 2017

The request for proposals isexpected to be issued in Q4 2017

Salalah 3 IWP 100,000

RO

RO

RO = Reverse Osmosis, WPA = Water Purchase Agreement; Sources: Oman Power and Water Purchase Company, Rural Areas Electricity Company

PLANNED DESALINATION FACILITIES

Country Plans

Oman is heavily reliant on small-scale reverse osmosis plants to produce potable water, in combination with its larger IWPP and independent water production (IWP) facilities.

The country has installed less thermal desalination than its GCC neighbours, with just three large-scale MSF plants operational (excluding plants for industrial facilities). Of those plants, MSF technology is being phased out in two of them. Barka 1 IWPP, which uses a combination of MSF and RO, will cease using its MSF units from 2018.

To meet demand, Oman has approximately 1.9 million m3/day of new capacity under construction, planned, or under study, with the emphasis on RO technology under its Seven-Year Plan, issued by the Oman Power and Water Procurement Company in May 2017. There is also about 100,000 m3/day of mobile desalination capacity planned. According to press reports, an award for its 90,000 m3/day Sharqiyah IWP is expected to be made in October 2017, giving the winning developer two years to complete the facility. An award for Salalah 3 IWP, which will have a capacity of 100,000 m3/day, is also expected before the end of 2017.

Additionally, the Public Authority for Electricity and Water (PAEW), which is responsible for smaller desalination plants in Oman, has issued three tenders since August 2017. Each is for a facility of up to 10,000 m3/day.

In terms of water security, Oman will develop enough desalination capacity to meet peak demand, with an additional 14.3% margin on top to account for any unexpected, temporary supply failure.


Country Plans

5%Multi-effectDistillation

27%68%ReverseOsmosis

Source: General Authority for Statistics, Saudi Arabia

Source: Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority

SAUDI ARABIA

SAUDI ARABIA WATER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

WATER CONSUMPTION

Multi-stageFlash

Domestic water consumption is forecast to continue to rise by about 53% by 2030 on 2016 figures, highlighting the urgency for Saudi Arabia to expand its desalination capacity.

Approximately 61% of its water is desalinated, with the rest supplied by ground water. In terms of water demand, about 84% is used by agriculture, 12% by municipalities and 4% by industry.

MSF is by far the biggest desalination technology in use in Saudi Arabia, followed by RO. It is likely that future desalination plants will adopt more energy-efficient technology, as the kingdom looks to reduce the amount of fossil fuel used in its water production. This will result in more RO plants being built. It is understood that the government is pushing for future developments to be RO facilities rather than thermal desalination.

Saudi Arabia has the world's biggest desalination capacity, accounting for about one-fifth of the global desalination capacity. Water production from its desalination plants are split between its Red Sea and Arabian Gulf coasts. Total water consumption has been rising steadily across the kingdom. Between 2012 and 2016, consumption increased by 58% across the country, to 3,129 million m3/day.

3500

3000

2500

2000

15002012 2013 2014 2015 2016


Facility Owner

SWCC

SWCC

SWCC

SWCC

SWCC

SWCC

SWCC

Water and

Electricity

Company

SWCC

SWCC

SWCC

1,500,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

400,000

1,500,000

600,000

7,740

550,000

450,000

Capacity (m3/day)

-

MED or MSF

and RO (30%)

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Overview

The main contract is to be tendered;

expected completion is in 2022

Awarded to Hyflux in February 2017.

Completion is slated in 2019


Expected completion in 2020

Umlujj Phase 3

Reverse Osmosis

-

Reverse Osmosis

MED

Yanbu Phase 3

Yanbu Phase 4

MSF

-

Technology


Expected completion in 2021

Main contract awarded to Doosan Heavy

Industries and Construction in April 20

Main contract to be tendered

Expected completion in 2022.

The main contract is to be tendered

Al Jubail, Phase 3

Al Shaqaiq Phase 3

Al Wajh Phase 4

Duba Phase 4

Jeddah Phase 4

Jubail Phase 3

Haql Phase 3

EoI released in August 2017 and expected

completion is 2021. It will be built as a

design-build-operate facility with the winning

organisation also responsible for O&M and

financing. It will be developed under a 25-year

water purchase agreement. Desalination capacity

may be later expanded to 1.2 million m3/day.

The technical adviser is Fichtner and

the financial adviser is Banque Saudi Fransi

Sepco III Electric Power Construction (China)

signed a contract with SWCC in May 2017 to

complete construction of the plant, according

to Reuters. First water is expected to be

produced in 2018, with the desalination

units completed in 2019. Initially, Samsung

Engineering was awarded the main contract,

but this was cancelled.

Expected completion in 2020.

On completion, total capacity for the facility

across all phases will be 18,000 m3/day

Main contract to be tendered

380,000

Rabigh Phase 3

SELECTED PLANNED DESALINATION PLANTS

Sources: SWCC; WEC; Reuters

Country Plans


Country Plans

Several RO plants have been recently awarded or announced. The most recent large-scale plan was announced by Saudi Arabia's Water and Electricity Company (WEC), which invited Expressions of Interest (EoI) in August 2017 for Rabigh 3, a 600,000 m3/day RO plant near Jeddah. It is slated to begin operations in 2021. In April, the Saline Water Conversion Company (SWCC) awarded the contract to build what will be (briefly) Saudi Arabia's biggest RO plant on completion. Jeddah 4, on the Red Sea coast, was awarded to South Korea's Doosan Heavy Industries and once operational it will produce 400,000 m3/day.

In February 2017, Hyflux said it was to build three small-scale RO plants in the kingdom, also along the Red Sea coast, each with a capacity of 16,000 m3/day.

SWCC is the kingdom's biggest water production company (and second biggest power producer), with 29 desalination plants, plus more planned. The bulk of its desalination plants use MSF technology.

It has seen water production increase most years since the 1980s, apart from a few years of decline about a decade ago. According to SWCC figures, the organisation has an installed capacity of about 3.89 million m3/day. SWCC is now planning to privatise many of its facilities.

DESALINATION PRODUCTION IN SAUDI ARABIA, BY COMPANY

SWCC

60%Shuaibah Water

and Electricity Company

14% 13%Others

13%Jubail Water

and Power Company

Source: Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority

SWCC WATER PRODUCTION

1,200

800

600

400

200

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

0

1,000

Sources: SWCC


012345678

2015 2020 2030

Country Plans

Of the total amount of energy used for desalination globally, the UAE was responsible for half. This is because much of the UAE’s desalination capacity is based on thermal technologies, and due to its reliance on the highly saline Arabian Gulf as its water source. More saline water requires more energy to separate the water and the salt.

Abu Dhabi is reliant on thermal desalination for its production of potable water. In 2016, the technology accounted for about 89% of the drinking gross water production in Abu Dhabi. The total installed production capacity was about 4,127,850 m3/day (908 MIGD).

About 40% of the water used in Abu Dhabi has been desalinated, and almost all drinking water is desalinated. Gross water production in 2016 was 270,241 MIG (1.23 million m3) in Abu Dhabi across its desalination plants. About 1% of that was used internally by the production plants and 258,586 MIG (1.18 million m3) went into the network.

According to government body Regulation & Supervision Bureau (RSB), in 2015 peak water production was 852 MIGD (3,873,269 m3/day) and this is forecast to grow by 2.5% to 950 MIGD (4,318,786 m3/day) by 2020. Of the water desalinated, the majority is used in agriculture, followed by industry and domestic use. The Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD) estimates that water demand by 2030 will have grown to 6,900 million m3 a year, with about 4,500 million m3 being used for agricultural purposes.

UAE

ABU DHABIABU DHABI WATER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

FORECAST PEAK WATER PRODUCTION IN ABU DHABI (MILLION m3/DAY)

72%MED

17% 11%ROMSF

Source: Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi

Demand for water has increased steadily this decade. While Dubai’s installed desalination capacity has remained unchanged at around 2.14 million m3/day (470 MIGD) since 2012, peak desalination water demand has risen by a little under 22% to 347 MIGD in 2016 over the same period.

DUBAI


PLANNED DESALINATION CAPACITY

Source: DEWA

Facility Capacity (m3/day) Technology Commissioning

181,844 RO 2020New JebelAli plant

Country Plans

Almost 95% of Dubai's desalination comes from plants using multi-stage flash technology, powered using waste heat, with the rest using reverse osmosis. However, the emirate is planning to install more RO capacity to reduce its energy requirements for desalination, with schemes including a new 181,844 m3/day capacity facility in Jebel Ali. The advisory services contract was awarded in August 2016, with the main award due, following the close of the tender in January 2017.

INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY AND PEAK DESALINATION DEMAND

WATER PRODUCTION (MIGD), 2017

WATER PRODUCTION (MIGD), 2030

750

650

550

450

350

2502010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2020 2030

Installed capacity (MIGD)

Source: DEWA

Source: DEWA

Peak DesalinationDemand (MIGD)

445MSF

25RO

Source: DEWA

445MSF

305RO

In February 2017, speaking at the World Government Summit, Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer, CEO and MD of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), said the emirate would increase its RO water production by 36%.

By 2030, DEWA wants almost 41% of its desalination capacity to be based on RO, a significant increase on today’s 5.3%. The emirate aims to have its desalination capacity powered by clean energy sources, with approximately 305 MIGD (1.39 million m3/day) also based on reverse osmosis.

The move will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save an estimated $13bn. Much of the solar energy will come from the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum solar park, which is planned to have reached a capacity of 5GW by 2030. The utility is also planning to retrofit existing plants with photovoltaic solar panels. The utility has developed a solar-powered RO desalination facility at the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum solar park, capable of producing 50 m3/day of drinking water, as part of its research into more energy-efficient desalination. It opened in mid-2016.


WATER PRODUCTION BY TECHNOLOGY

Source: Alpha Utilities

Source: FEWA

Source: Wam, Desalination Biz

Country Plans

Sharjah has a water desalination capacity of around 500,000 m3/day. Managed by Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority (SEWA), the emirate’s main desalination plant is Layyah, which has been expanded over the years, and its newest is Hamriyah. It also takes water from Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority to help meet its needs.

SHARJAH

NORTHERN EMIRATES

PLANNED DESALINATION CAPACITY, SHARJAH

Capacity: 10,000 m3 / dayTechnology: Reverse OsmosisDeveloper: Alpha Utilities

NewKalba

Water production began in its Hamriyah reverse osmosis facility in 2015, its most recent plant to go live. Initial water production is just under 91,000 m3/day, but SEWA plans to eventually increase this. In July 2017, SEWA awarded a contract to build a 10,000 m3/day plant in Kalba to Alpha Utilities. The scheme is being developed as a PPP under a Build-Operate-Transfer contract.

Water desalination in the northern emirates of Ajman, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Quwain is managed by the Federal Electricity and Water Authority (FEWA). The authority has a water production capacity of about 296,776 m3/day, split across RO and MED facilities. However, according to the latest available figures from the authority, actual water production is far lower, at 119,468 m3/day in 2014.

In July 2017, the authority said to meet rising water demand, it would concentrate on reverse osmosis for future desalination plants, and look to increasingly funded using the IWP model.

FEWA is building and expanding several RO desalination plants in the region, adding about 485,000 m3/day of new water production capacity. The projects have been in the pipeline for several years. Thirteen organisations have been shortlisted to bid to develop a facility in Umm al-Quwain, while the Ghalilah plant will be expanded, adding 136,000 m3/day to its capacity.Reverse Osmosis Multi-effect Distillation

14%

86%

PLANNED DESALINATION CAPACITY NORTHERN EMIRATES

Facility Location Total capacity ( m3/day) Technology

Al Zawra

Ghalilah expansion

Umm al-Quwain IWP

Ajman

Ras al-Khaimah

Umm al-Quwain

136,383

204,574

204,574

RO

RO

RO

This report was prepared by B2B Connect UAE for Reed Exhibitions, organiser of International Water Summit. Reed Exhibitions does not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the information and data provided within the report and therefore disclaim liability for any errors and omissions. The findings and interpretations expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of Reed Exhibitions. The report serves for informational purposes only. No business decision shall be made solely based on this report.

15

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