energy harvesting for autonomously-powered sensor networks

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Los Alamos National Laboratory

Energy Harvesting for Autonomously-

Powered Sensor Networks

Scott Ouellette, Ph.D.

R&D Engineer

Advanced Engineering Analysis Group


Los Alamos, New Mexico

A systems-level paradigm for energy harvesting to

power the connected world

LA-UR-16-28210

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA


Motivation – Internet of Things (IoT) for the Connected

World

• Many definitions for IoT depending on perspective: applications,

technological, benefits, etc.

• In general, the Internet of Things is the process by which environmental or

operational data is networked and processed to become actionable

information.

• Examples of IoT are:

• Sensors for microbial awareness in cities

• Connected automobiles / autonomous driving

• Smart buildings: adaptive lighting and air conditioning

• Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)

Ambient Energy System Data Information

Energy Harvesting

IoT


Uses of IoT in Business/Industry

Information and Analysis Automation and Control

1. Tracking Behavior

• Inventory and supply-chain

management

2. Enhanced Situational Awareness

• Damage detection in composite

structures using Acoustic

Wavenumber Spectroscopy

3. Sensor-Driven Decision Analytics

• Condition-based aircraft

maintenance vs. time-based

maintenance

1. Process Optimization

• Continuous, precise adjustments

in manufacturing processes

2. Optimized Resource Consumption

• Intelligent energy grid to match

consumption demand / prevent

power black-outs

3. Complex Autonomous Systems

• Adaptive automobile cruise

control and collision avoidance

systems

M. Chui, M. Löffler, and R. Roberts, “The Internet of Things | McKinsey & Company.”

[Online]. Available: http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/the-internet-

of-things#0. [Accessed: 21-Oct-2016].


Example of IoT Project Dataflow

“IoT streaming analytics, data production and workflow services added to Azure,” The Fire

Hose, 29-Oct-2014.

Event Producers Collection Ingestor TransformationLong-term Storage

Presentation and Action


Projected Growth of Deployed Sensors

Cerasis_IT, “The IOT Supply Chain Benefits Coming Clearer,” Transportation Management

Company | Cerasis, 14-Jul-2015. [Online]. Available: http://cerasis.com/2015/07/14/iot-

supply-chain/. [Accessed: 24-Oct-2016].

50 billion


Motivation for Energy Harvesting Approach

• Advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology have drastically outpaced

battery storage capacity

• Power consumption of CMOS integrated circuits are also continuing to decrease

• As such, energy harvesting as a means of powering microprocessors continues to

become more viable

G. Park, T. Rosing, M. Todd, C. Farrar, and W. Hodgkiss, “Energy Harvesting for Structural

Health Monitoring Sensor Networks,” J. Infrastruct. Syst., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 64–79, 2008.


Purpose of Energy Harvesting Paradigm

• Desire to reduce / eliminate costs associated with conventional battery replacement

and chemical waste

• Enabling technology for IoT and SHM sensor networks

• Ultimate goal is to provide autonomous power to sensor network for time scales on

the order of the lifetime of the host structure

H. Boukabache, C. Escriba, and J.-Y. Fourniols, “Toward Smart Aerospace Structures:

Design of a Piezoelectric Sensor and Its Analog Interface for Flaw Detection,” Sensors, vol.

14, no. 11, pp. 20543–20561, Oct. 2014.


An Analogy of the Energy Harvesting Approach

• The human body is a mixed, wired and wireless, network of sensor performing

continuous measurements (sensing) which are transmitted to the brain

(communication) and converted to diagnostic information (local computing)

• The body is nourished with food, which is then converted (transduced) to metabolic

energy

• Digestive process (conditioning) requires a small amount of energy, but is overall

highly efficient

• Excess energy is converted to fat (storage) which could be used when access to

nourishment becomes sparse (management)


Internet of Things

Conventional Powering Approach for IoT Networks

Power Source

Battery or Mains

Power

Central

Computing Server

and Storage

Database

Sensor Node

Sensor Node Sensor Node

Sensor Node

Battery or Mains

Power

Battery or Mains

Power

End Users


Systematic Energy Harvesting Paradigm for

Autonomously-Powered Sensor Networks

Solar

Vibration

Electrochemical

Thermal

Radio Frequency

AC

DC

En

erg

y D

en

sity

AC-DC

Converter

Sufficient

Power?

No

Yes

Energy

Buffer

DC-DC

Converter

Voltage

Regulator

Power

Management

Super Capacitor

OR

Rechargeable

Battery

Energy Source Power Conditioning & Management

S. A. Ouellette, “Energy Harvesting Paradigms for Autonomously-Powered Sensor

Networks,” UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, 2015.


Energy Harvesting at LANL

• Development of a multi-source

energy harvesting system for

structural health monitoring of wind

turbine blades

• Transduction schemes studied:

• Solar / Photovoltaic

• Vibration

• Thermal-Electric Generation

• A multi-source energy combination

circuit was prototyped

C. P. Carlson, A. D. Schlichting, S. Ouellette, K. Farinholt, and G. Park, “Energy Harvesting

to Power Sensing Hardware Onboard Wind Turbine Blade,” in Structural Dynamics and

Renewable Energy, Volume 1, T. Proulx, Ed. Springer New York, 2011, pp. 291–304.


Energy Harvesting at LANL

S. G. Taylor et al., “A mobile-agent-based wireless sensing network for structural monitoring

applications,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 4, p. 045201, 2009.

• Multi-source energy combination circuit was tested as a power supply on

prototype mobile wireless interrogation device (WID 2.0)

• Custom electronic devices have been developed (WID 3.0 / WiDAQ) for

application-specific health monitoring of wind turbine blades


Why this matters to Republic of Korea


Problems that need solutions for successful

deployment of IoT systems

• Network security and data privacy

• Computers are bad at keeping

secrets

• Interoperability of hardware /

devices

• Too many communication

protocols / standards, no

unification

• Complexity of hardware and

networking

• Energy / Powering devices

• Need replacement for batteries


Problems that need solutions for successful

deployment of EH-enabled IoT systems

• Energy storage

• Improvements to rechargeable battery energy density

• Improvements to number of super-capacitor recharge cycles and thermal

resilience

• Reduce Transmission Power Consumption

• New protocols for low-power data transmission

• Improvements to network design protocols

• Power Management Circuit Design and Efficiency

• Reduce consumption overhead of circuitry used for combining and

managing power storage and usage within sensor nodes


LANL collaborators on Energy Harvesting

Technologies

• Prof. Gyuhae Park – Chonnam National University

• Dr. Kevin Farinholt – Luna Innovations Incorporated

• Prof. Steve Anton – Tennessee Technological University

• Dr. Scott Ouellette – Los Alamos National Laboratory

Kevin FarinholtSteve Anton Gyuhae ParkScott Ouellette


Acknowledgements

• National Science Foundation

• Korea Global Research and Development Centers (GRDC)

• Los Alamos National Laboratory Engineering Institute

• University of California, San Diego

• Professor Gyuhae Park, Professor Reon Kang, Professor Jung-Ryul

Lee