energy harvesting: rmt components, solutions, …. energy... · 2015-05-18 · energy harvesting:...
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1
G.Gromov
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT
COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS,
DEVELOPMENTS.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT LTD
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20 YEARS AT THE THERMOELECTRIC MARKET
NOMENCLATURE OF MORE THAN 2 000 TYPES OF TECS
PRODUCTION CAPABILITY OF MORE THAN 5M UNITS PER YEAR
ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT LTD
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Regular
HD Technology
Advanced HD
256 Elements per cm2
256 Elements per cm2
144 Elements per cm2
1100 Elements per cm2
Super HD 5 mm
THERMOELECTRIC COOLING
MICROMODULES
Bulk Technology
Own high-performance Bi-Te material
Best Price-Performance ratio on the market
Automated manufacturing
All in-house
Telcordia GR-468 qualified
RoHS compliant solutions by default
Full-featured flexibility with new developments
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
THERMOELECTRIC MICROMODULE APPLICATIONS
4
Sensors Generators Coolers
Thermoelectric Micromodules
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
THERMOELECTRIC MICROMODULE APPLICATIONS
𝑄𝐶 = 2𝑁𝛼𝑇𝑐𝐼 −𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
2− 𝐾∆𝑇
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =2𝑁𝛼 2 × 𝑇𝑐
2 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =1
2𝑍𝑇𝑐
2, 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
Rload
I
Th
Tc
𝐼 =𝐸
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐸2 × 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 2
𝜂 =𝑍 × ∆𝑇
4
E
Th
Tc
∆𝑇 = 𝑄 × 𝑅𝑇
𝐸 = 𝑎 × 2𝑁 × (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐)
𝑆𝑎 =1
𝑓×
𝛼
𝑘
𝑆𝑎 =1
𝑎 × 2𝑁 𝑍 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
I
Tc
Th
COOLER GENERATOR SENSOR
Qc
Qh
Ql
Ql
QP
QP
QR/2
QR/2
Tc
Th
Qh
Qc
Ql
Ql
QP
QP
QR/2
QR/2
Th
Tc
Qh
Qc
Ql
Ql
Th
Tc
Seebeck Peltier Seebeck - Peltier
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ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS for ENERGY HARVESTING
6
Sensors Generators Coolers
Thermoelectric Micromodules
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING MARKET
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Harry Zorvos. Successful commercial Energy Harvesting deployments in Wearable, Industrial Controls,
Transportation, Medicine, Handhelds, Fitness and Building Control” IDTechEx, 2013
$900 million
to 2024
Rload
I
Th
Tc
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING MARKET
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No Moving Parts
Reliably for over 30 years
Reasonable prices
Maintenance-Free
Solid-State Device
Compact, Simple and Scalable
Small Heat Sources Small Temp. Differences
Why Thermoelectric
Energy Harvesting
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT for THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING
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Thermoelectric applications basic
knowledge
Wide components (thermoelectric
generators) nomenclature
Test and development equipment
Solutions for energy harvesting
applications
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
10
Rload
I
Th
Tc
Qh
Qc
Ql
Ql
QP
QP
QR/2
QR/2
Th
Tc
𝑄ℎ = 2𝑁𝑘∆T + 2𝑁𝛼𝐼𝑇ℎ −1
2𝐼2(2𝑁𝑅)
𝑄𝑐 = 2𝑁𝑘∆T + 2𝑁𝛼𝐼𝑇𝑐 +1
2𝐼2(2𝑁𝑅)
𝐸 = 2𝑁𝛼∆T
𝐼 =𝐸
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 𝑚 =
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑈 = 𝐼𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐸𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 2
𝑃 = 𝐸2 × 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝐸2
4 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
THERMAL BALANCE EQUATIONS
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
11
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝐸2
4 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
0 5 10 15 20
ACR=3,0
ACR=4,9
ACR=8,2
ACR=13,3
P,
mW
Rload, Ohm
𝑃 = 𝐸2 × 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 2
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑨𝑪𝑹
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
MAXIMAL POWER vs LOAD RESISTANCE Rload
Rload
I
Th
Tc
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
12
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑡 =𝐸2
𝐴𝐶𝑅×
𝑚
1 + 𝑚 2
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝒎𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝑨𝑪𝑹
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 1 + 𝑍 ×𝑇ℎ + 𝑇𝑐
2
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 =Δ𝑇
𝑇ℎ
𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡 + 1 −Δ𝑇𝑇ℎ
𝒎𝒐𝒑𝒕 ~ 2
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ~1.0 … 1.4 𝐴𝐶𝑅
MAXIMAL EFFICIENCY vs OPTIMAL LOAD mopt
Rload
I
Th
Tc
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
13
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑹𝒄 = 𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
∆𝑇 < ∆𝑇𝑠
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺′ =
1
𝐾′≈
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺
1 +𝑍𝑇𝑐
1 + 𝑚
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈𝑍 × ∆𝑇𝑠
2
4×
𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺
𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 + 𝑅𝑐2
×1
1 +𝑍𝑇𝑐
1 + 𝑚
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
0 5 10 15
Rc=2
Rc=3
Rc=6
Rc=10
P,
mW
RTEG, K/W
Rload
I
Th Tc
T’h T’c
DT
DTs
MAXIMAL POWER vs THERMAL RESISTANCES RTEG , Rc
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BASIS. TEG DESIGN and PERFORMANCE
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𝐸 = 2𝑁 × 𝛼 × ∆𝑇
𝑈 = 𝐸 ×𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑈𝑃𝑀𝐴𝑋 =𝐸
2 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑈𝑅𝑀𝐴𝑋 ≈ 𝐸 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ≫ 𝐴𝐶𝑅
5
50
500
5 50
DT=2,5°C
DT=5°C
DT=10°C
DT=20°C
E,
mV
Number of pellet pairs N
Rload
I
Th Tc
T’h T’c
DT
DTs
Umax ~ 0.5-1.0E
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
𝑬
𝑵
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BASIS. TEG DESIGN and PERFORMANCE
15
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑁 ×𝑍
4× ∆𝑇2 × 𝑓 × 𝑘
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺 =1
2𝑁 × 𝑓 × 𝑘
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑍
4× ∆𝑇2 ×
1
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺
Rload
I
Th Tc
T’h T’c
DT
DTs
PERFORMANCE
Pmax
1/RTEG
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
5 50 500
1MD06
1MD04
1MD03
1MD02
P,
mW
RTEG, K/W
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
.
RMT TEGS
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RMT TEG datasheets contain all info for simplified TEG estimations
N couples = 57
Rteg = 2.51Ohm @Thot=85ºC 1MD04-057-03
Thot=85ºC
Tcold=27ºC (example value)
(example value)
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT TEGS
17
RMT MICROMODULE TECHNOLOGY
Regular
HD Technology
Advanced HD
144 Elements per cm2
256 Elements per cm2
400 Elements per cm2
SuperHD
1100 Elements
per cm2
5mm
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT TEGS
18
Maintenance-free
Miniature dimensions
High performance
Environmentally conscious
Long lifetime operating
World widest range
RMT TEGs
Bulk Technology process
Best Performance-Price ratio
RMT bulk-Technology TEGs Seebeck coefficient per pair - α=400mV/K
As a reference - thin-film Technology TEGs have only 250 m V/K
ADVANTAGES
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BULK or THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY
19
THIN-FILM MODULE
BiTe pellets are grown on a substrate by
thin-film process. Two substrates are
soldered together
BULK TECHNOLOGY MODULE
BiTe materials manufactured in ingots, cut
into pellets and soldered between two
metallized ceramics
5mm
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
BULK or THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY
20
THIN-FILM MODULE BULK TECHNOLOGY MODULE
𝑬𝑩
𝑬𝑻≈ 𝟎. 𝟓 … 𝟎. 𝟔
𝑷𝑩
𝑷𝑻 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟓 … 𝟑
“T” vs “B”
THE SAME HEAT FLUX
MAXIMUM POWER (𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅= 𝑨𝑪𝑹)
THE SAME TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
THE SAME HEAT FLUX
𝜼𝑩
𝜼𝑻 ≈ 𝟐, 𝟐 … 𝟐, 𝟓
𝜼𝑩
𝜼𝑻 ≈ 𝟔, 𝟓 … 𝟕, 𝟓
Power
Voltage Efficiency
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT TEGS
21
Dr. Harry Zervos, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das. IDTechEx. Energy Harvesting and Storage 2014-
2024: Forecasts, Technologies, Players.
ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT TEGS
22
• Watches, sport trackers, wireless sensors.
5-10°C Low power heat sources. Typical – human body.
• Power for wireless sensors, WNS.
10-20°С Middle range heat sources. Industrial and natural heat sources.
• Power for wireless sensors, remote control.
20-50°С High power heat sources. Mostly industrial nature.
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov 23
Rload
I
Th
Tc
T’h
T’c
DT DTs
∆𝑇𝑠= ∆𝑇 + ∆𝑇с
∆𝑇 =1
2× ∆𝑇𝑠= 2.5 °𝐶
𝑆 ≈ 𝟏𝟓 см2
𝑅с = 𝟓𝟕 𝐾/𝑊
𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≅ 𝑅с = 𝟓𝟕 𝐾/𝑊
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≈ 𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 × 1.35
𝐸 = 2 × 𝑈𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≥ 2 × 20 𝑚𝑉
OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
RMT TEGS
∆𝑻𝒔= 5 °𝑪
DC-DC input voltage >20 mV
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov 24
𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≅ 𝑹с = 𝟓𝟕 𝑲/𝑾
𝑹𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≈ 𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
𝑬 = 𝟐 × 𝑼𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≥ 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑽
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
5
50
500
0 50 100 150
1MD06-xx-07
1MD06-xx-08
1MD04-xx-05
1MD04-xx-08
1MD03-xx-04
1MD03-xx-05
1MD02-xx-03
1MD02-xx-04
1MD02-xx-05
E
RT
EG,
K/W
N
E,
mV
OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
RMT TEGS
Optimal solution
1MD02-044-04
2.7x4.0 mm2
44 pairs
(0.2x0.2x0.4mm3)
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
10 100
1MD02
P,
mW
RTEG, K/W
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov 25
OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
RMT TEGS
~ 1 Year x
Optimal solution
1MD02-044-04
2.7x4.0 mm2
44 pairs
(0.2x0.2x0.4mm3)
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov 26
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pm
ax
, m
W
DTs, K
Rload I
Th Tc
T’h T’c DT
DTs
0.05 - 0.5 mW
1.0 - 3.0 mW
10 - 25 mW
5 - 10°C 10 - 20°C 30 - 50°C
RMT TEGS
MicroTEGs with 0.05-25 mW power
for Harvesting Applications
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
RMT TEGS
27
Dr. Harry Zervos, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das. IDTechEx. Energy Harvesting and Storage 2014-
2024: Forecasts, Technologies, Players.
ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
28
WRISTWATCHES
The watch is driven by body heat converted into the electrical power by the
thermoelectric. At least two models have been built, one by Seiko and another by
Citizen. The Seiko watch under normal operation produces 22 μW of electrical
power.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
29
WEARABLE CHARGER CONCEPT
Thermoelectric effects connect a difference of temperatures with electricity. In other
words, when two parties of a bracelet have different temperature, between them there is
a current. Certainly, the difference of body temperature of the person and environment,
has to promote it.
http://www.mobipower.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=250.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
30
WEARABLE HEALTH MONITORING
Germany-based industrial designer Olga Epikhina has conceived a parasitic, wearable
health monitoring system that relies on the power generated by human body heat and
vibrations to monitor body temperature, blood pressure, brainwave and heartbeats.
Each piece of the set comes complete with a vibration energy harvester, a
thermoelectric generator and a capacitor for energy storage
http://www.greendiary.com/healthpals-body-heat-powered-wearable-health-monitoring-system.html
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
31
ENERGY-AUTONOMOUS RADIATOR ACTUATOR
Although we have already seen mobile phone concepts and even cooking pots
utilizing thermoelectric energy harvesting, thermoelectric radiator valves are currently
becoming very popular, with the temperature difference between a radiator and the
ambient air being the source for the generated power. Honeywell, Moeller,
Kieback&Peter, Tahydronics are some of the companies that already have such
products available on the market.
Perspectives
Temperature sensors, occupancy sensors
Enabling users to control the heating system, automatically switch their home
appliances on and off.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
32
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS
Supplied to Robinson Brothers for use its specialty chemical manufacturing process.
ABB’s energy harvesting wireless temperature transmitter needs a minimum of 30
degrees temperature difference.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
33
UNIVERSAL CHARGER CONCEPT
The charger can work with different heat sources: hot/cold water cap; hot stone; solar
radiation falls to earth and others.
Heat sink
Heat sink
Electronics DC-DC
Battery
Sensors
TEGs
USB
The RMT concept
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVELOPMENTS
34
SOIL GENERATOR CONCEPT
There is natural daily dynamical temperature difference at top soil layer about 20-30
centimeters. Heat flux in the soil ~ 100 W/m2. Variable temperature difference ±10…20°C.
To use it with help of TEG and heat pipe.
~20…30 cm
Ta
Tu
DT
time, hours
0
24 12 24
Soil node TEG
Heat sink
Heat sink
Heat pipe (gravity free)
Electronics DC-DC
Battery
Sensors
Antenna
Da
ily H
ea
t F
lux
The RMT concept
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
DEVICES for TESTS and DEVELOPMENTS
35
All-in-one solution for TEG analysis
Optimal for TEGs energy harvesting analysis
Detailed TEG output and data logging
Precise temperature setup for experiments
Ability to connect different DC-DC converters
Compact design (A4 size)
Works with PC and in stand-alone mode
TE GENERATORS
DEVELOPMENT
KIT
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT
36
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT
37
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
APPENDIX. TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT
38
Parameters Units Value
Temperature stabilizing range °С +10 … +100
Max temperature difference to set °C 50
Output voltage range of TEG V 0 … 9.999
Electric current range of the TEG A 0 … 1.000
Heat flux range W 0 … 9.999
Output voltage of DC-DC converter V 0 … 9.999
Load current
High current mode A 0 … 0.100
Low current mode mA 0 … 5.0
Computer interface USB
TEGs Dimensions Supported
Length x Width, А х В mm2 2х2 … 30х30
Height, Н mm 0.5 … 5.0
Power Supply of the Kit V 110 … 240
Maximal power consumption W 60
Overall dimensions of Kit АхВхН, max mm 200 х 300 х 80
Weight kg 3.0
Dimensions of main Modules
Mounting table mm 200 х 300 х 20
Electronic plate mm 100 х 200 х 25
Controller unit mm 55 х 55 х 35
Programmable heat flux unit mm 55 х 55 х 8
DC/DC converter unit mm 55 х 55 х 10
SPECIFICATIONS