energy primer: some background on energy systems
DESCRIPTION
Energy Primer: Some Background on Energy Systems. Economics 331b Yale University Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural and social sciences. Implicit thanks go to all who have made these available. Some Important Units of Measurement. Units. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Energy Primer:Some Background on Energy Systems
Economics 331bYale University
Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural and social sciences. Implicit thanks go to all who have made these available.
1
2
Some Important Units of Measurement
3
UnitsScientific units:1 Joule (J) is the MKS unit of energy, equal to the force of one
Newton acting through one meter. 1 Watt is the power of a Joule of energy per second Multiplicative measures;
kilo-x = 10^3 x mega-x = 10^6 xgiga-x = 10^9 x tera-x= 10^12 xpeta-x = 10^15 x exa-x = 10^18 x
Commonly used non-scientific units:A BTU (British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat necessary
to raise one pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F). 1 BTU = 252 cal = 1.055 kJ
“barrel of oil” = 42 gallons =1/7 of a metric ton
4
Units of energy system
5Source: Gruebler et al., Energy Primer
Heat content of fuels
Mbtu GJ 1 barrel of crude oil 5.80 6.12 1 ton of crude oil 39.68 41.87 1 short ton of coal 25.18 26.57 1000 ft3 of natural gas 1.000 1.055
1 MBtu = 106 Btu (IT)1 GJ = 109 J
6
Examples of Power and Energy Examples of Power and Energy (ranked by power (ranked by power ratings)ratings)
Power
W
Time
(Seconds)
Energy
J (Ws)
Solar energy to earth per year 1.8 10^17 3.2 10^7 5.6 10^24
Earthquake 8 Richter scale 2.0 10^15 3.0 10^1 6.0 10^16
Global energy use for 2000 1.4 10^13 3.2 10^7 4.4 10^20
Thunderstorm (kinetic energy) 1.0 10^11 1.2 10^3 1.2 10^14
Space shuttle lift-off 1.2 10^10 1.2 10^2 1.4 10^12
B 747 flight Tokyo-Frankfurt 1.1 10^8 4.0 10^4 4.4 10^12
Energy/day for a supermarket 2.0 10^5 4.3 10^4 8.6 10^9
Daily metabolism of adult 1.0 10^2 8.6 10^4 8.6 10^6
Burning a small candle 3.0 10^0 1.8 10^3 5.4 10^3
Source: Nakicenovic7
Schematics and cartoons
8
9
Overview of energy system
Energy resources
(oil in ground,…)
Capital, labor, …
Energy fuels (gasoline,
electricity, …)
Capital, labor, …
Energy goods and services (passenger miles, warm house, hot coffee, …
Non-energy goods and services
Utility:U(c1, c1, …, cn)
U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2007 (Quadrillion Btu)
Source: Energy Information Agency10
11
More detailed overview of the energy system
11
Basic data and trends for the US
12
13
Energy politics
Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2000 (Quadrillion Btu)
Source: Energy Information Agency14
Energy Consumption by Source, US
Source: Energy Information Agency15
Energy Production by Source for 2000, U.S.
Source: Energy Information Agency16
17
Energy Consumption by End Use , US
Source: Energy Information Agency18
Petroleum Overview , US
Source: Energy Information Agency19
Source: EIA
20
Transportation Energy Consumption , US
Source: Energy Information Agency21
Motor Vehicle Indicators , US
Source: Energy Information Agency22
Vehicle ownership per person, 1900-2002
Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation 23
Coal Production by Mining Method , US
Source: Energy Information Agency24
Coal Consumption by Sector, US
Source: Energy Information Agency25
Source: Energy Information Agency
26
Nuclear Power Plant Licenses Issued, US
Source: Energy Information Agency27
Renewable Energy, US
Source: Energy Information Agency28
Renewable Energy, 2008 , US
Source: Energy Information Agency29
Map on Solar Potential, US
30
Map of Wind Potential, US (wind speed)
31
Basic data and trends for the world
32
33
Total Fossil Energy Resources, Global
ZJ = Zeta-joule or 1021 Joule or thousands of ExajoulesSource: Nakicenovic
Additional Resource Additional Ratio: All
Fossil 1860-1998 1998 Reserves Resources Base occurrences to 1998
Fuel ConsumptioCategory ZJ ZJ ZJ ZJ ZJ ZJ (years)
Conventional 4.85 0.13 6 6 12 91
Unconventional 0.29 0.01 5 15 20 45
All 5.14 0.14 11 21 32 45 546
Conventional 2.35 0.08 5 11 17 207
Unconventional 0.03 0.00 9 24 33 930
All 2.38 0.08 15 35 50 930 11,609
5.99 0.09 21 179 200 2,166
13.51 0.32 47 235 282 975 3,946 Total occurrences
Consumption
Oil
Natural gasc
Coal
Global energy resources
Source: Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
34
Potential global renewable energy
Source: Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
35
World Crude Oil Production, 1973-2008
Source: Energy Information Agency36
Shares of world energy consumption
Source: IPCC Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
37
Shares of world energy consumption
Source: EIA
38
Energy intensity of production
Source: IPCC Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
39
PRICES
40
10.0
5.04.0
3.02.52.0
1.5
1.0
0.550 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00
CoalOilGasolineNatural gasElectric power
Prices of energy (1973:1 = 1; deflated CPI)
41Source: Nordhaus, based on BLS
42Source: Nordhaus, based on EIA oil prices and BLS CPI.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10
Real oil price (2008 prices)
Oil price shocks 1 to 4
[$ per barrel, 2008 CPI deflated]
Energy goods v. energy services
A key issue in measurement is the difference between energy goods or inputs and energy outputs or services.
E.g., ounce of whale oil v. lumen; gallon of gasoline v. (vmt, comfort, safety, noise, …)
Production function:Energy services = f(capital, labor, fuel, infrastructure,…)
Basic point: There have been vast improvements in energy services per unit of primary energy over time (call it “efficiency”)
43
The price of fuel for lighting
44Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
The long-term price of light
45Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
The long-term price of light
46Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
The Price of Passenger Transport (per Passenger-Km-Hour), 1650-2000
47Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
The Price of Passenger and Freight Transport (per Passenger and
Tonne-Kilometre-Hour), 1840-2000
48Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
The Price of Freight Transport (per Tonne-Kilometre), 1250-2000
49Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
Some environmental indicators
50
51
CO2 concentrations at Mauna Loa
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05
52
Instrumental record: global mean temperature index (°C)
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
GISSHadleyUS NCDC
Tem
per
ature
anom
aly
(189
5-19
05 =
0)
Greenhouse gas
emissions, 2004
Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation 53
CO2 emissions
and concentratio
ns
Source: IPCC, AR4, Science54
55
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.11930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
CO2-GDP ratioTrend (-1.7 percent per year)
Trend in CO2 emissions relative to GDP, US
Global decarbonization
56
Decarbonization by country
57
Source: Muller, Nordhaus, Mendelsohn, 2008.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric
Pric
e, e
xter
nal c
ost p
er k
wh,
200
2External cost and wholesale price, power, US
Wholesale price of power
External costs of generation (air, …)
59
Source: Climate priced at $30 per ton C. Electricity at 8.4 cents per kwh. Muller, Nordhaus, Mendelsohn, 2008.
Ratio of External Costs to Electricity Price, Different Generation Types, With and Without Climate
Charge
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear
Without climate externality
With climate externality
60