energy requirements of adult dogs a meta-analysis

7/25/2019 Energy Requirements of Adult Dogs a Meta-Analysis

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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF ADULT DOGS A META-ANALYSIS

Emma N. Bermingham,David G. Thomas,

Nicholas J. Cave,Penelope J. Morris,

Richard F. Bu er!ic",#le$ander J. German

Pu%lished& 'c o%er (), *+() D' & (+.(- (/0ournal.pone.+(+123( Abstract n roduc ion Ma erials and Me hods Resul s Discussion

4uppor ing n5orma ion #c"no!ledgmen s #u hor Con ri%u ions Re5erences Reader Commen s 6+7 Media Coverage 6+7 Figures

Abstract# me a8anal9sis !as conduc ed o de ermine he main enance energ9 re:uiremen so5 adul dogs. 4ui a%le pu%lica ions !ere ;rs iden i;ed, and hen used o genera erela ionships amongs energ9 re:uiremen s, hus%andr9, ac ivi 9 level, me hodolog9,se$, neu er s a us, dog si7. ?l ima el9, he da a o5 +rea men groups 5rom *1 pu%lica ions !ere used, and mean 6@ s andard devia ion7main enance energ9 re:uiremen s !ere ()*.3@==.- "cal."gB> A+. = .da9 A( . Thecorresponding allome ric e:ua ion !as 3(.= "cal."gB> A+.1- .da9 A( 6ad0us ed R * +.2)+ rea men groups7. T9pe o5 hus%andr9 had a signi;can e ec on main enanceenerg9 re:uiremen s 6 P +.++(7& re:uiremen s !ere grea es in racing dogs,5ollo!ed %9 !or"ing dogs and hun ing dogs, !hils he energ9 re:uiremen s o5 pedogs and "ennel dogs !ere leas . Main enance energ9 re:uiremen s !ere less inneu ered compared !i h se$uall9 in ac dogs 6 P +.++(7, %u here !as no e ec o5

se$. Fur her, repor ed ac ivi 9 level ended o e ec he main enance energ9re:uiremen o5 he dog 6 P +.+17. This revie! sugges s ha es ima ingmain enance energ9 re:uiremen s %ased on B> alone ma9 no %e accura e, %uha predic ions ha 5ac or in hus%andr9, neu er s a us and, possi%l9, ac ivi 9 levelmigh %e superior. #ddi ionall9, more in5orma ion on he nu rien re:uiremen s o5older dogs, and hose a he e$ remes o5 %od9 si


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Citation Bermingham EN, Thomas DG, Cave NJ, Morris PJ, Bu er!ic" RF, German#J 6*+()7 Energ9 Re:uiremen s o5 #dul Dogs& # Me a8#nal9sis. P o4 'NE 16(+7&e(+123(. doi&(+.(- (/0ournal.pone.+(+123(E!itor #n onio Gon


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da a%ases 6Medline, B '4 4, F4T#, C#B #%s rac s7, 4C'P?4, and P?BMED. Thesearch erms used o iden i59 sui a%le pu%lica ions are lis ed in Ta%le ( , and includedrelevan erms covering dog, energ9, main enance energ9 re:uiremen s, o%esi 9,and !eigh loss and gain. The elec ronic searches commenced on (-/((/*+(*, andhe las search !as per5ormed on *2/((/*+(*.

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doi&(+.(- (/0ournal.pone.+(+123(. ++(E%igibi%it' criteria# Qpu%lica ion !as de;ned as a dis inc piece o5 pu%lished !or", %e i 5ull paper orresearch communica ion 6a%s rac 7 a a scien i;c mee ing. The erm Q rea mengroup !as de;ned as a dis inc group o5 dogs !i hin a pu%lica ion. Groups o5 dogs!i hin a pu%lica ion could include hose !i h di ering %aseline charac eris ics 6e.g.,%reed7, hus%andr9 9pe 6e.g., racing Kincluding sigh hounds and arc ic %reedsL,!or"ing, hun ing, "ennel, or pe 7, ac ivi 9 6e.g., res ing, lo!, modera e, or high7, orme hod used o de ermine main enance energ9 re:uiremen s. The au hors o5 eachpu%lica ion de;ned he rea men groups. 'nl9 pu%lica ions in he English language!ere considered, %u no da e limi s !ere se 5or inclusion. To ma$imise he num%ero5 pu%lica ions availa%le, original prospec ive s udies using a varie 9 o5 s ud9 9pes!ere allo!ed, including prospec ive cohor s udies, o%serva ional s udies, and case8con rol s udies. Io!ever, main enance energ9 re:uiremen s %ased on surve9 da a6e.g., in5orma ion ga hered %9 :ues ionnaire7 !ere no included, in vie! o5 concerns!i h he relia%ili 9 o5 such da a K(-L, K()L, K(=L. n addi ion, various e$perimen aldesigns !ere allo!ed, including single group, parallel group, crossover, and a ins:uare designs. Fur her, various me hods 5or es ima ion o5 me a%olisa%le energ9!ere allo!ed including 5eeding e$perimen s 6FE7, indirec calorime r9 6 C7, andracer s udies including dou%l98la%elled !a er 6D >7. >hils me hodologies, such asC and D >, es ima e o5 energ9 e$pendi ure ra her han energ9 re:uiremen s perse , 5or he purpose o5 his me a8anal9sis, i !as assumed ha hese es ima esappro$ima ed one ano her. n he case o5 FE s udies, in order o %e cer ain ha herepor ed energ9 re:uiremen s rul9 represen ed main enance energ9 re:uiremen s,onl9 s udies o5 grea er han da9s dura ion, !i h a ma$imum allo!ed varia ion in

B> o5 @=S, !ere included K(2L. Given ha pa hological condi ions migh in uencemain enance energ9 re:uiremen s, pu%lica ions !ere onl9 included i5 dogs !ere5ree 5rom disease, and !ere no over!eigh 6e.g., BC4 2/1 KBC4 )/=L7. Finall9,pu%lica ions !here he primar9 5ocus o5 he research !as on he me hod o5es ima ion i sel5 6e.g., me hod valida ion s udies7 !ere no included, since his 5ocusmigh have had an undue in uence on he resul s genera ed. For mos groups,ac ivi 9 level !as su%0ec ivel9 classed as lo! 6 (h/da97, medium 6( - h/da97, high6U- h/da97 %ased upon previousl9 de;ned cri eria K( L. Io!ever, ac ivi 9 levels!ere classed as Qres ing !hen ac ivi 9 !as deemed o %e negligi%le, %ased uponhe 5ac ha measuremen s !ere made ei her !hen l9ing s ill in la eralrecum%enc9, or !hen cage res ed.Stu!' se%ection an! !ata co%%ection #rocess The primar9 au hor 6ENB7 revie!ed all pu%lica ions iden i;ed 5rom he elec ronicsearch, and assessed s ud9 eligi%ili 9 in a s andardised, un%linded, manner. # cop9o5 all eligi%le pu%lica ions !as ;rs o% ained, ei her as a por a%le documen 5orma
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Poppitt1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Westerterp1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Rennie1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-German1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Butterwick1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Butterwick1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Poppitt1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Westerterp1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Rennie1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-German1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Butterwick1


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original image 6(=.(=MB7Tab%e ,+ Literature use! to !eter(ine t&e (aintenance energ're uire(ents .MER/ 0ca%+!a' 1* 2 )or a!u%t !ogs+doi&(+.(- (/0ournal.pone.+(+123(. ++*Data &an!%ing an! statistica% ana%'sis The primar9 au hor conduc ed all s a is ical anal9ses using compu er so5 !are6Microso5 E$cel *+(+, and Gen4 a (= h Edi ion 4P(7. #ll da a are repor ed as mean6s andard devia ion, 4D or s andard error, 4E7 or median 6range7, as appropria e.Da a !ere es ed 5or normali 9, %9 assessing residual plo s o5 he da a, and !ere5ound o %e o5 normal dis ri%u ion. The level o5 s a is ical signi;cance !as sea P +.+= 5or !o8sided anal9ses.n order o accoun 5or an9 in er8pu%lica ion varia%ili 9 a !eigh ed mi$ed model

anal9sis using res ric ed ma$imum li"elihood 6REM Gen4 a Oersion (=7 !as used,!here he !eigh s 5or each o%serva ion !ere inversel9 propor ional o he s a eds andard devia ion 6(/4D7 :uo ed in he pu%lica ion. #n average s andard devia iono5 all he da a !as used i5 he s andard devia ion 6or al erna e measure o5 error,e.g., 4EM, 4E7 !as no pu%lished. The pu%lica ion !as considered o %e a randome ec in he model, !hils ;$ed e ec s included ac ivi 9 level, se$, neu er s a us,me hod, age8range, hus%andr9 and si % !ere used o de ermine he rela ionship %e !eenhe amoun o5 me a%olisa%le energ9 re:uired 5or main enance and he %od9!eigh .n his e:ua ion, V me a%olisa%le energ9 re:uired 5or main enance 6"cal7, B> %od9!eigh 6"g7, and % he allome ric e$ponen K*)L. #ddi ionall9, a regressionmodel !as used o de ermine he rela ionship %e !een log B> 6log "g7 and log

main enance energ9 re:uiremen 6log "cal/d7 K*)L. n order o repor da a on aW"cal."gB> A( X %asis, he log da a genera ed %9 Gens a !ere %ac"8 rans5ormedusing he inverse o5 log8%ase(+. Da a are, here5ore, e$pressed as an energ9e:uivalen 6 he coe cien 7, and he algome ric e$ponen !hich is used o ad0usB>, and he ad0us ed R * value 6a measure o5 ; o5 he model7. For all e:ua ions, asu%0ec ive assessmen o5 he sui a%ili 9 !as made %ased upon he ad0us edR* value, !i h values +.=+, +.=+ +. +, andU+. + represen ing poor, modera e andreasona%le ; 5or he model, respec ivel9.Resu%tsStu!' se%ection an! stu!' c&aracteristics#5 er ad0us ing 5or duplica e records, he ini ial searches iden i;ed a o al o5 (+*pu%lica ions, !i h an addi ional !o pu%lica ions iden i;ed 5rom in erac ions acon5erences K)L, K2L increasing he da ase o (+) pu%lica ions 6 Figure ( 7. #%s rac sand i les o5 hese pu%lica ions !ere revie!ed, and 2= !ere discarded %ecause he9did no mee he eligi%ili 9 cri eria. There5ore, -1 papers ha con ained appropria esu%0ec ma er remained 6 Ta%le *7. The primar9 au hor !as a%le o loca e 5ull e$versions o5 all %u (- o5 hese pu%lica ions, 3 o5 !hich !ere success5ull9 loca ed %9a second au hor 6#G7. The corresponding au hors o5 he remaining = pu%lica ions!ere hen con ac ed, %9 email and, 5or each one, 5ull8 e$ copies !ere success5ull9accessed and included in he anal9sis. The primar9 au hor hen screened all -1pu%lica ions, in de ail, 5or relevance and (*) rea men groups !ere iden i;ed6 Ta%le *7. This !as reduced o *1 pu%lica ions and + rea men groups a5 er heremoval o5 =) rea men groups 6 Figure ( 7, mos commonl9 %ecause he pu%lica iondid no include %od9!eigh da a 6-* rea men groups7. The remaining rea mengroups !ere removed %ecause dogs !ere classed as over!eigh or o%ese 6(+

rea men groups7, da a !ere repor ed in graphical 5orm onl9 6= rea men groups7,main enance energ9 re:uiremen s !ere %ased on surve9 da a 6= rea men groups7,%od9!eigh !as uns a%le 6( rea men group7, or %ecause he pu%lica ions !ere
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Earle1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Earle1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Serisier1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Serisier1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Thes1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-g001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-g001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109681.t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Earle1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Earle1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Serisier1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone.0109681-Thes1http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-g001http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-t002http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109681#pone-0109681-g001


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energy requirements of adult dogs a meta-analysis

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