energy saving: the uk perspective

Energy Saving: The UK Perspective

Keith Tovey

Energy Science Director

CRed Project

Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Факультет экологических исследований Университета Восточной Англии

• The Background to Energy Conservation– Why is it important?

• Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?

• How is Energy Conservation promoted in the UK?

• Conclusions


• The Background to Energy Conservation

Energy Saving: Why is it important?

• The UK has been self sufficient in energy

• Under present trends the UK will be a substantive importer of natural gas and oil by 2020

• It makes sense to reduce energy demand and still remain competitive economically.

• Reducing energy demand will also see a reduction in carbon dioxide - the main contributor to Global Warming

• The Government has set targets and provided mechanisms to provide grants for individuals and industry.

• However, more could be done.

• In UK each person is consuming energy at a rate of

5.1 kW

• In USA it is 10.6 kW

1/20th or World’s Population consumes 25% of all energy

• In Europe it is 5.7 kW• In Russia it is also 5.7 kW

• Globally it is around 2 kW

• ENERGY Consumption > Carbon Dioxide > Global Warming

The Background to Energy Conservation


Total Energy Demand in UK

GDP changes in UK


Wealth of UK increased uniformly with energy in 1950s and 1960s

Major infra-structure projects in late 1960s - early 1970s

1979 - 1992 restructuring followed by increase efficiency

1992 - increased conservation


UK has become more efficient in using energy to generate wealth over past 50 years.

Generate the same wealth with 45% of energy as in 1950.

Improvement ~ 1.45% per annum

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

kW per Head

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

GD

P p

er h

ead

(U

S$

(95)

USA

Russia

Canada

China

India

UK

Japan

Germany

Poland

France

Qatar

Other EU Countries

Nordic EU New EU

Mediterranean EU

Energy - GDP Relationships


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Primary Energy per Capita (kW)

CO

2 E

mis

sion

s pe

r C

apit

a

Other EU

EU nordic

EU med

EU new

Carbon Emissions per unit of Primary Energy

Qatar

USA

Canada

Australia

Russia

Japan

France

Germany

UK

Developing Countries

Carbon Dioxide Emissions per unit of Energy


Future Global Warming Rates

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(pp

m)

How much Carbon Dioxide is each person emitting as a result of the energy they use?

In UK 9 tonnes per annum.

What does 9 tonnes look like?

Equivalent of 5 Hot Air Balloons!

To combat Global Warming

we must reduce CO2 by 60%

i.e. to 2 Hot Air Balloons

How far does one have to drive to emit the same amount of CO2 as heating an old persons room for 1 hour?

3.2 km


1970 1980 1990 2002Domestic 816 882 902 1060Transport 623 786 1076 1207Industry 1379 1069 855 769Other 411 414 425 442

Conversion 1712 1565 1745 1844

Total 4942 4716 5004 5321

Non-Energy 240 165 249 241

per capita Consumption in Watts in UK ~ 5 kW

• Transport Energy use has risen 10.5% in last decade

• Domestic use has risen by over 10%


• The Background to Energy Conservation• Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?

• How is Energy Conservation promoted in the UK?• Conclusions


• The Domestic Sector

• Small Businesses

• An example from a large business

• some see Energy Conservation as a way to save money– less interested when they learn it may take many years to pay back

• others see Energy Conservation as a moral and environmental issue and

will strive to incorporate energy saving at an early stage • many over-estimate the size of their energy bills• several people see themselves as already being energy efficient.

– PowerGen Energy Monitor (October 2004)• many are influenced by other factors

– e.g. double glazing rather than cavity insulation!• Many are unaware of what grants are available

Energy Saving: Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?

Domestic Consumers

• some see Energy Conservation as a way to save money– but say they have little time to undertake measures

• many have little accurate knowledge of their energy bills or where they could save money and energy.

• Some make decisions in which energy efficiency is an important factor.• Some see a commercial advantage in being able to demonstrate their

environmental credentials.• several SME’s see themselves as already being energy efficient.

– PowerGen Energy Monitor (October 2004)• Many are unaware of what grants are available


Small/Medium sized Businesses (SME’s)number of employees < 250

• Many Companies have an Energy Manager• some significant reductions in energy use, energy bills, and carbon dioxide

reductions have been achieved:– e.g. combined heat and power

An example University of East Anglia

Unlike Russia, large CHP schemes are not common

only one scheme > 500 MW

most are schemes < 10 MW and over 50% 1 MW or less

UEA has three 1 MW gas engines which provide 70 - 75% of electricity of peak electricity and supply 4.2 MW of heat


Large Businesses: number of employees > 250


University of East Anglia: CHP Scheme


Before Installation: Energy and Carbon Dioxideelectricity gas oil

1997/98 kWh 19895328 351418158 33150kg/kWh 0.43 0.186 0.277 total balloonstonnes CO28555 6537.6 9.2 15101.7 8390

After Installation:

tonnes 2066.6 2698.9 5256.9 255.5 10278 5710kg/kWh 0.43 0.186 0.186 0.277 total balloons

net import 4806100 14510078 28263077 922563import 5783100 Boilers CHPexport 977000 oil (kWh)gas (kWh)CHP generation 15630431demand 20436531

electricity (kWh)

Saving in CO2: 4824 tonnes or 31.9%


Before the scheme

Energy Bill > £1 000 000 per annum

However, the introduction of the New Electricity Trading Arrangements have had an impact

out of balance issues for suppliers to whom exports were sold

After scheme

Annual Saving initially around £ 400 000 per annum

Government targets were to achieve 10 000 MW by 2010

However, number of schemes have declined slightly, and target will not be reached may be difficult to achieve 7500 MW

• In summer, UEA has little demand for heat

• limits amount of electricity generated

• > 1 MW cooling load provided by electric refrigeration

• Absorption Chilling will be installed in early 2005.

• Reduces electrical load and Increases electrical generation


An absorption chiller uses waste heat to provide cooling




• Conclusions


• What grants are available• How is it financed?

• By Government (and Local Government) via:• Legislation

– e.g. Building Regulations - currently being revised

• Energy Conservation Grants– e.g. home insulation, low energy light bulbs, etc.

• Energy Labelling• Promotion of Renewable Energy Schemes

– e.g. Wind, Solar, Biomass, Wave, Tidal

• Climatic Change Levy on businesses (0.43p per kWh)

• Participation in EU (Carbon) Emissions Trading Scheme– ~ 7 - 10 Euros per tonne

• Awareness / Education / Advice– e.g.

Energy Saving: How is it promoted in the UK?

Variation of Carbon Emission and Carbon Index with Building Regulations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Carbon Index

kg

CO

2/m

2 /yr

1976

19901985

2002

1994

Elizabeth FryZICER

Theorectical Perfection in 2002 Regulations

pre-war

1955

1965

Performance of dwellings over the years following Regulation changes.

Modern houses

• use only 20% of energy

• emit only 20% of CO2

of pre-war houses

Standards to improve further in future

Energy Saving: Legislation: Building Regulations

Energy Saving: Energy Conservation Grants

Home Energy Conservation Act 1995 - HECA

www.heca.co.uk

Energy Saving Trust: Grants for Domestic Properties - also Transport

www.est.org.ukCarbon Trust: Grants for Businesses

www.thecarbontrust.co.uk

Energy Saving: HECA www.heca.co.uk

Energy Saving: Energy Saving Trust: www.est.org.uk

Energy Saving: Energy Saving Trust www.est.org.uk

Energy Saving: The Carbon Trust www.thecarbontrust.co.uk

Energy Saving: Energy Labelling

• Government Targets• 10.4% of total electricity by 2010

• unlikely to be met - at best 6 - 7%

• 20% by 2020

Energy Saving: Renewable Energy

Onshore 1.5 MW turbine

60 MW offshore Wind Farm at Yarmouth - to be commissioned by end of October 2004.

New Wave Powered device - launched 6th August 2004

• Climatic Change Levy on businesses • Encourages Businesses to reduce energy

– 0.43p per kWh (electricity) or £4.3 per tonne of carbon dioxide• scheme is financially neutral over all businesses

– income finances a reduction in National Insurance Contributions paid by all employers for every employee.

• Energy Efficient premises with large numbers of employees benefit.

• Heavy energy users with few employees loose out.– Certain key industries e.g. Electricity Generation etc are exempt.

Energy Saving: Climatic Change Levy

• Comes into force 1st January 2005• All businesses with a thermal output > 20 MW must participate• All EU countries have had to set a National Plan consistent with Kyoto

Objectives.• All EU countries have to allocate each plant (> 20 MW) a number of free

credits for the years 2005 - 2007.• There is an overall reduction in emissions

– e.g. electricity sector to reduce by ~ 15% over period

• Steps must be taken to conserve energy, buy credits on the open market or pay the ultimate price of 40 Euros a tonne.

• Current trading price ~ 7 - 10 Euros per tonne

• will cause price of electricity to consumers to rise.

Energy Saving: European Trading Scheme

• Understandable Language

Energy Saving: Awareness / Education / Advice

A mobile phone charger left on

------ up to 25 kg CO2 a year

Standby on television > 60 kg per year

Filling up with petrol (~£30 for a full tank)

--------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of a balloon)

A tumble dryer uses four times as much energy as the equivalent washing machine

- use the dryer sparingly

Boiling an extra cup full of water causes the emission of 25 cupfuls of carbon dioxide.




• Conclusions


• UK has made some steps to reduce primary energy• More could be done• Achieved as a combinations of

– Legislation– Energy Conservation GrantsEnergy Labelling– Promotion of Renewable Energy Schemes– Climatic Change Levy – Participation in EU (Carbon) Emissions Trading Scheme– Awareness / Education / Advice

Energy Saving: Conclusions

Key Web Sites:

Home Energy Conservation Act

www.heca.co.uk

Energy Saving Trust

www.est.org.uk

Carbon Trust

www.thecarbontrust.co.uk

National Energy Foundation

www.natenergy.org.uk

Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наукФакультет экологических исследований

Университета Восточной АнглииEnergy Science Director, Low Carbon Innovation Centre

[email protected]

energy saving: the uk perspective

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