energy storage: enabling grid-ready solutions for...

Energy Storage: Enabling Grid-Ready Solutions for Renewables Integration

Research Advisory Committee 31 March 2010

2© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Variability & Uncertainty in Renewables: Potential Operating Challenges

High Levels of Wind and Solar PV Will Present an

Operating Challenge!


A Portfolio of Balancing Solutions for Renewables…

Traditional Low VG System

Planning Margin1.0 2.01.51.25 1.75

1.15 – 1.20

Same System + High VG 1.8 – 1.9

+ Available Transmission 1.5 – 1.6

+ Liquid Markets 1.4 – 1.5

+ Energy Storage 1.3 – 1.4

+ Demand Response 1.2 – 1.3

Storage is a Vital Component of the Balancing Portfolio!

Assumed Values forIllustration Only


Energy Storage at EPRI

2020

2030

2010

EPRI Storage

Blueprint

Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions

by 2015


by 2015


• EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas:– Large-scale bulk storage as

a balancing resource for renewables (> 50 MW for several hours)



– Substation storage for transmission and distribution asset upgrade deferral (1 – 10 MW for 2 – 6 hours)



– Substation storage for transmission and distribution asset upgrade deferral (1 – 10 MW for 2 – 6 hours)

– Distributed energy storage systems at neighborhood level (15 – 25 kW for 2 – 4 hours)

Near-term Focus: Grid-Ready Storage Solutions

• EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas:


0

1000

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0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)

Cap

ital C

ost (

$/kW

)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000


Cap

ital C

ost (

$/kW

)

Pumped Hydro

Aboveground CAES

Lead-Acid Batteries

NaS BatteriesLithium Ion: Most cost-effective for short durations

CAES: Most cost-effective for long durations

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000


Cap

ital C

ost (

$/kW

)

Lithium Ion (Projected, 2020)

All costs in 2010 Dollars Costs are installed costs and include all necessary power electronics and balance of plant

Underground CAES

Energy Storage: Technology Directions

Data from Electric Energy Storage: Technology Options (EPRI White Paper to be released 2010)

Lithium Ion: Most cost-effective for short durations

CAES: Most cost-effective for long durations

In the near term, EPRI technology demonstrations will focus on Lithium Ion and CAES


EPRI Storage

Blueprint

Near-term Initiatives in Storage

2020

2030

2010

EPRI Board Demonstration: Lithium Ion

Grid Storage

EPRI Board Demonstration: Lithium Ion

Grid Storage

EPRI Board Demonstration:

CAES Grid Storage

EPRI Board Demonstration:

CAES Grid Storage


by 2015


by 2015

EPRI Storage

Blueprint



2020

2030

2010


by 2015


by 2015

Long Term: Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to

Improve the Value of Storage





2020

2030

2010


by 2015


by 2015





Business CasesBusiness Cases- Secondary Use of

Vehicle Lithium Ion

Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies- Adiabatic CAES

- Advanced Lithium Ion

- Metal Halide Batteries

- Fuel Cells

Strategic ToolsStrategic Tools

- REGEN Analyses

- Tools development


EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium IonHow will EPRI Innovation make a difference?

DEVELOPER/LEADER(Lead the

Development)

DEVELOPER/PARTNER(Get dirty)

PARTICIPANT(Seat at

the table)OBSERVER(In the room)

Silicon Nanowires for Advanced Lithium Ion

Sodium Beta Batteries Adiabatic CAES Zinc Air


EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER

(In the room)

Silicon anodes offer substantial energy density advantages over today’s graphite anodes

372 mAh/g

4200 mAh/g

Carbon Silicon

But a big problem: 400% volume expansion during cycling

Source: (1) A

ngewandte C

hemie International

Edition, doi: 10.1002/anie.20080435


Sou

rce:

Nex

eon,

Inc.

Pulverized Silicon

EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER

(In the room)

Images C

ourtesy Am

prius, Inc. Silicon Particles

Silicon Nanowires

Nanowires allow volume expansion without pulverization


Images C

ourtesy Am

prius, Inc.

EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion

• Nanowire anode with existing cathode allows 40% increase in energy capacity

275 Wh/kg 400 Wh/kg40 mile range 56 mile range

OBSERVER(In the room)

EPRI monitoring progress, working with developers where

opportunities exist

• Advanced cathodes will allow 6 times present energy capacity250 Wh/kg 1500 Wh/kg

40 mile range 240 mile rangeYang, et. al “New Nanostructured Li2S/Silicon Rechargeable Battery with

High Specific Energy”, Nano Letters, Feb 25, 2010


• Other vendors now investing in production capacity for similar technologies– GE – for locomotives– FIAMM – for electric vehicles

OBSERVER(In the room)PARTICIPANT

(Seat atthe table)

EPRI as Participant: Sodium Beta Batteries

• High-temperature sodium batteries popular in utility applications– More than 300 MW installed – Over 250 MW on order– Almost all from one vendor

$250M$420M

$600M

2008 2009 2010*

Estimated worldwide investment in high-temperature sodium battery

production capacity

* projectedEPRI working with developers to influence how technologies

are used for grid storage


PARTICIPANT(Seat at

the table)

DEVELOPER/PARTNER(Get dirty)

EPRI as Developer/Partner: Zinc-Air Batteries

• Zinc-air batteries are a next-generation battery technology– Higher energy density than

lithium ion– Potentially lower cost than

lithium ion• Technology still faces major

technical hurdles– Air cathode life– Rechargeability

• Obstacle: Lack of research funding– EPRI can help with seed

funding and cost shareEPRI funding developers to

develop fundamental technologies

Images C

ourtesy ReV

olt Technology.


Thermal Oils Molten Salt Pebble Beds

PARTICIPANT(Seat at

the table)

DEVELOPER/LEADER(Lead the

Development)

Conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) requires a fuel input to operate, and so is not carbon neutral.

Heat Fuel

EPRI as Technology Leader: Adiabatic CAES

Air Store (Below Ground or Above Ground

Compressor ExpanderMotor

Generator

Inlet Air

Clutches

Exhaust Air

Off-peak Electricity

Electricity Output

Heat

Thermal Storage

Conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) requires a fuel input to operate, and so is not carbon neutral.

Adiabatic CAES stores the heat of compression in thermal energy storage

EPRI is developing Adiabatic CAES technology in-house, with

the goal of proof of concept within five years


Storage Technologies: Risk and Reward for the Utility Enterprise

Ris

k / P

oten

tial R

ewar

d

2010 2020 20252015

Metal Halide

Lithium Ion

CAES

Advanced Lithium Ion

Zinc AirFuel Cells

Adiabatic CAES

EPRI is researching a balanced portfolio of technologies to

maximize future options


Summary

• The future of utility storage– Storage is likely to be dominated by technologies that can achieve

scale – Cost, life, and efficiency are the key performance metrics for

technology options– Common functional requirements and standard test protocols will

speed this process

• EPRI pursuing a balanced research portfolio to ensure storage options are available– Enable grid-ready storage options by 2015– Demonstration of system-integrated CAES and lithium ion battery

storage systems– Advanced technology development that maximizes EPRI impact


Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity

A “concrete” look at EPRI

Maria Guimaraes

My work for Technology Innovation


Why is R&D in concrete needed?

Brief introduction on concrete degradation

A “concrete”

look at each sector in EPRI

–

Concrete structures

–

Challenges

–

Solutions

A roadmap for concrete research?


Concrete = $$$??? (some examples)

Concrete pipe

Concrete containment

Foundations transmission line

The licensee identified leakage of contaminated water from cracks in the spent fuel pool (SFP)….

Spent fuel pool


How reinforced concrete degrades?

CONCRETEREINFORCEMENT

TENSILE STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

PROTECTS REINFORCEMENT

↑pH


What causes concrete degradation?

4”

x 6”

wood in containment wall

POOR DESIGN

POOR MAINTENANCE

POOR CONSTRUCTION

UNEXPECTED STRESSESBlocked

drainage channel in spent fuel

pool

Broken wires in concrete pipes


Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment

www.hpschapters.org

STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS

Containments

Spent fuel pools

Torus –

suppression pool

RPV pedestals

Concrete pipes (PCCP)

Dry casks

LTO –

concrete structures

Remaining life

Design for inspection!

Efficient inspection Data processing!!!

Address each item on slide 4

http://www.hpschapters.org/


Cooling towers

Chimney stacks

Concrete dams

Concrete pipes (PCCP)


Inspection and maintenance not as strict as nuclear

Lacks an industry wide support

LTO –

concrete structures

Remaining life

Guidelines on inspection and data management

Many structures are similar to nuclear



Foundations of transmission towers

Concrete poles

Foundations and pedestals in substations


Inspection and maintenance

~157,000 miles of transmission lines


Can we inspect them remotely?

A risk-management program?

High risk lines

Underground vaults


Nuclear Generation Environment Renewables PDU

Last year presentation on sensors for PDU –

Andrew Phillips

Sensors …?


WIND POWER


Post-tensioned concrete

Foundations

Same structures as a coal plant

GEOTHERMAL (dry rock)SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICHYDRO-

tides and waves

Energy storage!!

BIOMASS

SOLAR FIRED POWER PLANTS

Still looking…

Laing et al., 2008


Concrete as high volume use of CCP

Beneficial uses of fly ash in

concrete


Crushed concrete as a potential sink for CO2 ?

CONCRETE CHALLENGES (related to concrete)

Coal ash a hazardous material??(new EPA proposal)

Increase the use of CCP in concrete –

innovation!

www.acaa-usa.org

http://www.acaa-usa.org/


An ideal roadmap for concrete research?

R&D AREAS MEDIUM TERM GOALS LONG TERM GOALS

Concrete inspection

Data processing and use

Outreach –

utilities and Colleges

Non contact NDE –

Embedded sensors

NDE for in depth inspections

New construction opportunities

Real-time monitoring of vibration during placement of concrete

Outreach -

designers and builders

Inspection programs

Life management program

Existing construction opportunities

LTO in concrete

Life management program

Concrete ageing relevant to 60-80 years


A “concrete”

look at EPRI

Questions?

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