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India-EU Partnership for Research & Innovation - Conference at Brussels May 31, 2012

International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials(ARCI)

Hyderabad, India

E-mail : [email protected]

1. Off-Grid Power to Rural Homes

2. Permanent Magnet (Nd-Fe-B) Crisis

3. Hydrogen Generation Pathways


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1. Off-Grid Power to Rural Homes using Solar (PV)

Many of the villages in India are off-grid. Bringing AC transmission linesto all villages will be exorbitantly costly.

A precedence exists where Indiabypassed landlines for ruraltelephony and got into mobilephones.

Use of renewable energy like solarenergy is more cost-effective if DCcurrent generated can be directlyused without an inverter (DC AC).

Minimum requirement for a ruralhome(3 or 4 lights, 1 or 2 ceiling fans, 1 TV, 1

electric cooker and if required, 1 water pump)

MPPT & ChargeControl

Batteries

ElectricCooker

Ceiling fan

Water Pump

Lights

TV

DC/DC

Heating load

Motor load

Electric load

?

DC

DC House


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Off-grid means a low cost battery is also required [liquid metal battery, Na-Sbattery, Zn-air battery & improved (?) Lead-acid battery].

Liquid metal battery

-- earth abundant materials

-- emission free-- no moving parts

-- no regulation (current surges taken care of)

-- durability (?)

Solaror

Wind

Mg

Molten Salt

Sb

Direct Current (DC) Vs. Alternating Current (AC)

PV provides DC output; why invert it to AC?

New energy efficient products & appliances utilize DC power internally sinceDC is inherently more efficient.

DC based fans, lights, cookers etc. have been developed for niche marketand are presently costlier; mass production will bring down its cost.

Even use of DC internal technology running on AC power source reduces theelectricity usage by 33%.

Direct DC power saves further 14% due to avoidance of AC-DC conversion.


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2. Rare Earth Permanent Magnets (NdFeB in particular)

Used in AC motor drives of electric/hybrid vehicles (usually requires Nd-Fe-B-Dsmagnet)

Used in generators in wind turbines

(1.5MW Generator requires 1000 Kg of Nd-Fe-B magnet or 250 Kg. of Nd metal)

Strategies

Reduce Cost ofNd-Fe-B-Ds

By grainboundaryengineering,Ds contentcan be

brought downfrom 10% to2%.

CompositeMagnets

Use hybrid ofNd-Fe-B andferrite for windmills.

Nd-Fe-B + MnAlor MnBicompositemagnet

Nd-Fe-B in apolymer matrix

with a packingfraction of 70%

New Magnetsnot having REs

Mn-Al

MnBi

Fe16N2 Fe3C

Y2Fe14B

Redesignmotor/generator

to reduce use ofNd-Fe-B magnet

Design of newmagnetic circuittopology and

control schemeswhich emphasisethe electro partof generator withcopper and steelat the expense ofmagnet partcomprisingNdFeB.

Recycling of Nd-Fe-B especially

from electroniccomputer

Hard drivecontaining 2wt% of Nd-Fe-B

Speakermagnet in cellphone has 0.06wt% NdFeB

In contrast, in aRE mine, Ndcontent is 0.5 to1.5%.


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Fermentation

3. Hydrogen Generation (Green Pathways)

Hydro

Wind

Solar (PV & CSP)

Solar

Biomass

ArtificialPhotosynthesis

Present Primary Source for H2ProductionSteam methane reformation (SMR) -- 48.0 %

Natural gas / oil refining -- 30.0 %Coal gasification -- 18.0 %

Electrolysis -- 3.9 %

Water Electrolysis

Thermochemical Process

Photo Electrochemical

Mixture of Gases

Nuclear

H2 + CO2

Current

Heat

Light

H2

H2

H2

H2

CO2capture technologylinked with these

production technologieswill help

H2


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3. Hydrogen Generation (Green Pathways)

Hydrogen Generation RouteConversionefficiency to

Hydrogen

$ / Tonneof H2

Kg Co2/GJof primary

energy

Overallfigure of

merit

Nuclear + SMR + Capture 0.70 1,320 21.1 37.300

SMR + Capture 0.76 1,575 22.8 22.900

Coal + Capture 0.59 3,114 37.5 7.000

Nuclear + Thermochemical 0.50 1,270 27.5 26.000

Nuclear + Electrolysis 0.28 5,197 39.6 4.0004

Wind + Electrolysis 0.70 6,081 16.5 0.003

Hydroelectricity + Electrolysis 0.70 4,725 16.5 0.004Solar PV + Electrolysis 0.105 14,950 49.2 0.020

Solar Photo Electrochemical 0.04 3,447 52.8 0.020

Solar Biomass 0.0024 5,160 53.9 0.00006

Source : B.C.R. Ewan and R.W.K. Allen, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2005).

Conventio

nal

Green

?


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