energyperformanceevaluationandeconomicanalysisof ... · 2019. 7. 30. · options of insulation...

Research ArticleEnergy Performance Evaluation and Economic Analysis ofInsulation Materials of Office Building in Korea

Bo-Eun Choi1 Ji-Hyun Shin2 Jin-Hyun Lee 2 Hyo-Jun Kim2 Sun-Sook Kim3

and Young-Hum Cho 4

1Green Architecture Center Korea Institute of Building Energy Technology Seoul Republic of Korea2Department of Architectural Engineering Graduate School of Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea3Department of Architecture Ajou University Suwon Gyeonggi Republic of Korea4School of Architecture Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Young-Hum Cho yhchoynuackr

Received 8 February 2018 Accepted 21 March 2018 Published 22 April 2018

Academic Editor Geun Y Yun

Copyright copy 2018 Bo-Eun Choi et al )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Building energy conservation measure (ECM) of insulation materials suitable for the domestic situation in the con-struction sector (passive) is established )e ECMs of insulation materials were classified into walls roofs and floors Alsoeconomic evaluation databases which are composed of material costs labor costs and expenses for constructed alter-natives were built After setting the target building and deriving the ECM list of insulation materials for the targetbuilding the energy use evaluation and economic evaluation were performed for each constructed alternative Based onthis the optimal building energy conservation measure of the target building was derived by applying the decision-support process

1 Introduction

In the building sector in Korea various efforts are beingmade to save energy such as enacting and announcing thesupport system for the composition of green architecturesand building design criteria for energy saving as well asenergy conservation and efficiency management includinga performance evaluation system of eco-friendly homeswhich are being carried out for new and existing buildingsfrom the building design to the building operation One ofthem is a web portal that provides information on greenbuildings )e purpose of this site was to provide a buildingenergy integration support services including energy usemeasurement of buildings and Energy Efficient AlternativeSupport system and so on

)e building design criteria for energy saving aims todetermine the items related to the energy-saving designcriteria including heat loss prevention writing standardsof energy conservation plans and the design of review

reports and the relaxation of construction standards forpromoting the construction of green buildings and forefficient energy management of buildings in accordancewith the support system for composition of green archi-tectures It will be mandatory to submit an energy con-servation plan at the time of the application for permissionfor construction or a use change in the case of buildingswith a gross floor area of 500m2 or more )e review reportof the energy conservation plan design is composed ofmandatory items and recommendations )e adoption ofall the mandatory items and the acquisition of at least 65points of the energy performance index (EPI) or the ac-quisition of at least 74 points of the EPI for public buildingsis prescribed as the requirements for a suitability de-termination In addition in the case of business buildingswith a gross floor area of 3000m2 or more a report ofa building energy use evaluation by the ECO2-OD must besubmitted ECO2-OD is a building energy requirementassessment program based on the international standard

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2018 Article ID 9102391 8 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520189102391

calculation technique ISO 13790 which is used to evaluatethe energy performance of new and existing domesticbuildings [1 2]

)e method for evaluating and analyzing the total costsincurred from the planning and design stage to the con-struction (installation) operation and dismantling anddemolition stages is LCC analysis To analyze the costs in-curred at various points such as the initial investment costsenergy costs operating costs and dismantling and de-molition costs all costs should be converted to the values atthe same point in time A discount rate is applied whenfuture costs are converted to the present value and an in-terest rate is applied when the present value is converted toa future value By applying the real discount rate to the totalcosts incurred during the analysis period the life cycle cost(LCC) can be calculated as shown in the followingequations

LCC IC + OCpv + DCpv 1113944n

t0

Ct

(1 + d)t (1)

R (1 + r)(1 + inf)minus 1 (2)

r (1 + r)

(1 + inf)minus 1 (3)

where IC is the initial investment cost OCpv is the presentvalue of the total operating cost DCpv is the present value ofthe dismantling and demolition cost d is the real discountrate and Ct is all the costs incurred in the year t In additionR is the nominal interest rate r is the real interest rate andinf is the inflation rate

According to the existing studies Kim [3] remodeledthe insulation for a study of an economic evaluation tocarry out insulation work to conform to the strengtheninglegal insulation standards Yeom [4] examined the eco-nomic feasibility of sustainable technologies using LCCanalysis in which the energy cost and CO2 emissiontrading cost are considered In this study it is expected thatthe result can be used as a decision making tool for selectingsustainable building technologies during the initialbuilding design stage In the residential sector the airconditioning system comprises the largest portion of theoverall energy use to fulfil the thermal comfort needsAditya et al [5] analyzed the recent developments on thebuilding thermal insulation and discussed the life-cycleanalysis and potential emission reduction using properinsulation materials to address the issue Favoino et al [6]designed and controlled an optimizing adaptive insulationfor office buildings by minimizing the total primary energyuse and thermal discomfort )e present study applied thisframework to explore the potential of adaptive insulationChoi et al [7] developed energy conservation measures(ECMs) as a basic study for targeted methodologies anddecision-support system development in Korea to meet thenational regulations Choi et al [8] proposed a decision-making support process based on the performance eval-uation results of building energy conservation measures Inaddition this study set up the target buildings and the

optimal ECM of insulation material for the target build-ing was suggested through the application of a decision-making process Various studies about energy performanceevaluation and economic analysis have been carried outHowever there is a lack of study on the insulation ofnonresidential buildings

)e purpose of this study was to develop the buildingenergy conservation measure (ECM) and economic data-base of insulation materials suitable for a domestic situa-tion To apply the ECM of insulation materials set thetarget building and conduct an energy use evaluation usingthe amended standard building energy rating system(ECO2) which is a national public program In additionthis study conducted economic evaluation for each alter-native using economic evaluation database based on actualmaterials and derived the optimal building energy con-servation measures for the target building by applying thedecision-support process

2 Development of ECM List and EconomicEvaluation Database of Insulation Materials

21 Development of ECM List ECO2 which is used for theevaluating energy efficiency rating of domestic buildingswas developed in accordance with the German standard DINV 18599 EN ISO 13790 and EN 15203 and it is a programfor analyzing the energy required to maintain the indoorenvironment of a building suitable for the use of thatbuilding )is program quantitatively analyzes the energyrequired for heating cooling lighting hot water andventilation considering the interaction of energy flowdepending on characteristics of the building constructionand equipment and the calculated energy can be used topredict the buildingrsquos primary energy demand energy useand carbon dioxide emissions

To establish building energy conservation measures(ECMs) of insulation materials for the domestic situationthe input items of ECO2 are examined )e walls roofs andfloors are divided into those that are exposed to the outdoorair directly and those that are exposed to the outdoor airindirectly according to the composition of the materials ofthe envelope structure in ECO2 )e thickness of them isselected or entered directly to apply and evaluate them )isstudy sets the range (variables) of energy conservationmeasures concerning the U values of the walls roofs andfloors after selecting only those for which the price in-formation including the specification (general-purposethickness) and prices can be built among the basic op-tions of insulation materials in ECO2 Table 1 lists the basicoptions of insulation materials in ECO2 )e type andthickness of the insulation material that constructed theprice information from among the kinds of insulationmaterials that can be selected by default are listed For thebasic options of insulation materials in ECO2 there are 40kinds available Among them 25 kinds of insulation ma-terials for which the price information including thespecification and prices can be built were selected and 346kinds were constructed as the energy conservation measures

2 Advances in Civil Engineering

of the passive ECM list for the U value of the structureaccording to the thickness of each insulation material

22 Development of Economic Evaluation Database In theprocess of applying energy conservation measures to im-prove the energy saving and performance of existingbuildings an economic evaluation is essential to makea systematic and rational choice from the alternatives InKorea economic evaluation techniques for these alternativesare not standardized so it is difficult to show the economicsrelated to energy conservation as an accurate and consistentindex For this reason a DB needs to be constructed for aneconomic evaluation of the energy conservation of buildingsin an accurate and reasonable manner

)e database for economic evaluation of energy con-servation measures for buildings is composed of investment

costs and operating costs )e investment costs consist ofmaterial costs labor costs and expenses )e labor cost isdivided into direct and indirect labor costs the direct laborcosts are calculated by reference to the ldquostandardmarket unitpricerdquo of Public Procurement Service and the indirect laborcosts are calculated by reference to ldquothe criteria for appli-cation of expense ratios in construction cost calculationrdquo)e expenses are the costs incurred by consuming the costitems other than material and labor costs Table 2 lists theconstituent elements of investment costs which are calcu-lated by reference to ldquothe criteria for the application ofexpense ratios in the construction cost calculationrdquo

)e operating costs composed of the following main-tenance expenses and energy costs Maintenance expensesare the total cost of the repair cost and replacement cost )erepair and replacement costs can be estimated through therepair (replacement) cycle and repair (replacement) rate

Table 1 Types and thickness of the insulation materials

Insulation materials )ickness (mm)Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 1 number 1 10253550556570758090100105125140155190Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 1 number 2 10253550556570758090100105125140155190Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 1 number 3 10253550556570758090100105125140155190Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 1 number 4 10253550556570758090100105125140155190Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 2 number 1 102045506070758590120140160180Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 2 number 2 102045506070758590120140160180Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 2 number 3 102045506070758590120140160180Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) type 2 number 4 102045506070758590120140160180Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) special 102030 110 (space 10)Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) number 1 102030 110 (space 10)Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) number 2 102030 110 (space 10)Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) number 3 102030 110 (space 10)Rigid polyurethane foam type 1 number 2 20253035 200 (space 5)Rigid polyurethane foam type 1 number 3 20253035 200 (space 5)Rigid polyurethane foam type 2 number 1 20253035 200 (space 5)Rigid polyurethane foam type 2 number 2 20253035 200 (space 5)Mineral wool number 1 255075100Mineral wool number 2 255075100Mineral wool number 3 255075100Glass wool 24K 255075Glass wool 32K 255075Glass wool 40K 255075Glass wool 48Kndash120K 255075Mineral wool blanket number 1a 255075100Mineral wool blanket number 1b 255075100

Table 2 Method for calculating the investment cost DB for economic analysis

Labor cost Expenses

Direct labor cost Other expensesWorkerrsquos

compensationinsurance

Healthpensioninsurance

Long-termcare

insurance

Environmentalpreservation

cost

Retirementcost deductibleinstallment

Direct labor costtimes rate (Material cost + laborcost)times rate Labor

costtimes rate

Directlabor

costtimes rate

Healthinsurancetimes

rate

(Material cost +direct labor cost +expenses)times rate

Direct laborcosttimes rateConstruction Industrial

facility Construction Industrialfacility

76 76 64 64

Workerrsquoscompensationinsurance 38employmentinsurance 101

Health17

pension249

644 08 23

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

Table 3 presents the maintenance cycle and rate of repairinglevel of insulation which is a part of the criteria for long-termrepair plan establishment in the Housing Act EnforcementRegulations (effective 01072015)

)e energy costs consisted of electricity charges city gasand district heating )e electricity charges are based on therates provided by KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corpo-ration) )e electricity charges for nonresidential buildingsare divided into the following for general use for industrialuse and for educational use)e electric power rates dependon the contract power )e electricity charges are dividedinto those for the contract power of less than 300 kW andthose for a contract power of 300 kW and more )e elec-tricity costs are calculated using the following formula

Electricity charge (Cbasic + UCminusDwelfare) times VAT

times electric power industry basic fund

(4)

where Cbasic is the basic price UC is the usage charge andDwelfare is the welfare discount In addition the VAT is10 and the electric power industry basic fund is 37

City gas charges vary according to the region and thecharges offered by local natural gas suppliers are applied andare divided depending on the types of use )e city gascharges are calculated using (5)

For district heating charges the charges provided by theKorea District Heating Corporation are applied and arecharged differently according to the contract types

City gas price (used amount times α) times C times unit price

+ replacement cost + VAT

(5)

where α is the correction factor C is the average calorieswhich was used in calculating the city gas charges referringto the monthly weighted average calories of a specific period(MJNm3)

All costs for the economic evaluation in this study werecalculated per unit area (m2) )e labor costs for theinsulation work on the walls roofs and floors were based onthe unit labor costs of the 2015 standard quantities per unitof construction work as listed in Table 4 )e classificationin terms of the kinds of insulation materials was not con-ducted and the labor costs according to the installationpositions of polystyrene foam (Styrofoam) were calculatedBecause the quantity per unit includes extra charges formaterials and small transportable items the expenses were

not calculated separately and LCCs were calculated as thesum of the costs of materials and labor costs

3 Derivation of Optimal EnergyConservation Measures

31 Overview of the Target Building In this study a publicbuilding was set as the target building to derive and evaluatethe passive ECM of insulation materials )e selectedbuilding was a 3 story nonresidential business building witha gross floor area of 2325m2 Tables 5 and 6 present anoverview of the target building and the information on theenvelope performance of building respectively Table 7 liststhe analysis results of the annual primary energy use per unitarea of the target building by utilizing ECO2

32 ECMList for theTarget Building Because the walls of thetarget building are exposed to the outdoor air directly the Uvalue of 0270Wm2middotK or less for the external walls of theliving room in the central regionmust be satisfied)ereforewhen 346 kinds of constructed alternatives were applied tothe walls of the target building 136 alternatives that met theregulatory criteria were derived )e floors of the targetbuilding consisted of those exposed to the outside air directlyand those exposed to the outside air indirectly but onlythose exposed to the outside air indirectly were consideredbecause the floors exposed to the outside air directly (thepilotti of the main entrance part on the first floor) were verysmall )e living room on the lowest floor of the targetbuilding must meet the criterion of 0410Wm2middotK or lessand when the constructed alternatives are applied to thefloors of the target building 233 kinds satisfying the reg-ulatory criteria were derived In addition because the roof ofthe top floor of the target building is exposed to the outdoorair directly it must meet the criterion of 0180Wm2middotK orless When the constructed alternatives were applied to the

Table 3 Repair and replacement costs of insulation

Constructiontype

Repairmethod

Maintenancecycle (year)

Rate ofrepairinglevel ()

Note

Adiabaticlayer(wall ceiling)

Repairparts 15 20 A protective

layer (exceptcavity wallinsulationlayer)

Fullrepair 50 100

Table 4 Unit labor cost per unit area of the installation of in-sulating materials according to the parts of the structure

Interior finishingworker Wall Roof Floor

12684 USD 00500 person 00600 person 00120 person634 USD 761 USD 152 USD

Table 5 Overview of the target building

Category Description

Buildinginformation

Region GyeonggiUse Public building

Structure Reinforced concrete

Size 1 floor underground3 floors above ground

Gross floor area 2325m2

Mechanicalsystem

Coolingheating Absorption chiller-heaterboiler EHP

HVAC HVAC FCURenewable Geothermal heat pump


roof of the target building 64 of them met the regulatorycriterion

33 Energy Use Evaluation of ECM For the alternatives ofthe ECM list for the target building derived in Section 32 theprimary energy use was evaluated using the building energyeciency rating program (ECO2) In the domestic buildingenergy eciency rating energy use for cooling is not assessedor considered in the case of residential buildings but fornonresidential buildings the total energy use according toeach load is considered so the total energy use includingenergy use for cooling and heating was analyzed in this study

331 U Values of theWalls In this study there are 136 kindsof alternatives for the walls that meet the regulatory criterionof 0270Wm2middotK or less for the walls exposed to the outdoorair directly including the original plan Figure 1 presents thetotal primary energy use according to the type and thicknessof the insulation material e total primary energy useranged from 3555 to 3580 kWhm2middotyr and several rangeswhere the same energy use results were found with dierentU values were identied

332 U Values of Roofs and Floors e alternatives for theroof that meet the regulatory criterion of 0180Wm2middotK orless for the roofs which are exposed to the outdoor airdirectly are 64 kinds including the original plan of the targetbuilding Figure 2 shows the primary energy use accordingto the type and thickness of insulation materials e totalprimary energy use ranged from 3571 kWhm2middotyr to3580 kWhm2middotyr and several ranges where the same energyuse results were observed with dierent U values wereidentied as in the case of the U values for walls e al-ternatives for the oors of the target building that meet theregulatory criterion of 0410Wm2middotK or less for the oorsexposed to the outdoor air indirectly were 233 kinds in-cluding the original plan of the target building Figure 3presents the primary energy use according to the type andthickness of insulation materials the total primary energyuse ranged from 3570 kWhm2middotyr to 3586 kWhm2middotyr Inseveral ranges the energy use results were identical eventhough the U values were dierent as in the case of the Uvalues of the walls and roofs

To derive the energy-ecient alternatives concerning theU values of the walls roofs and oors using an integratedsupport system that supports the userrsquos decision making it isnecessary to derive the most ecient alternative throughprice information

34 Economic Evaluation of ECM Figure 4 shows the LCCsaccording to the U values of the walls among the energy

Table 6 Envelope performance of the target building

Building component U value (Wm2middotK) Legal criteria (Wm2middotK) Building component U value (Wm2middotK) Legal criteria (Wm2middotK)Wall (direct) 0244 0270 Window (direct) 20 2100Roof (direct) 0165 0180 Window (direct) 19 2100Floor (direct) 0254 0290 Window (indirect) 24 2600Floor (indirect) 0237 0410 Door (direct) 18 2600mdash mdash mdash Door (indirect) 23 2100

Table 7 Results of the primary energy use (kWhm2middotyr) for the target building

New and renewable energy Heating Cooling Hot water Lighting Ventilation Total00 1119 915 274 622 647 3577

3550

3555

3560

3565

3570

3575

3580

3585

010 012 014 016 018U values of wall (Wm2K)

Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

020 022 024 026 028

Figure 1 Primary energy use according to the U values for thewalls of the target building

357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581

010 012 014 016 018 020U values of roof (Wm2K)

Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

Figure 2 Primary energy use according to the U values for theroofs of the target building


ecient alternatives for the target building e costs de-creased with increasing U value but there were large dif-ferences in the cost with the same U values Figure 5 showsthe LCCs depending on the primary energy usee graph ofthe costs according to theU values of the walls shows that theimpact of the LCCs was greater than that of the energy costsdepending on the energy use e existing wall insulation

materials (original plan) of the target building showed thelowest LCC among the insulation materials that representthe same primary energy use but the alternative that rep-resents lower energy use with the same LCC was derived

Figure 6 presents the LCCs depending on the U value forthe roof of the target building Although the costs generallydecreased with increasing U value there were large dier-ences in the costs with the same U values Figure 7 presentsthe LCCs depending on the primary energy use e existinginsulation material of the target building (the original plan)shows the lowest LCC among the insulationmaterials whichrepresent the same primary energy use Unlike the case ofwalls the alternative that represents less primary energy usewith the same LCC was not derived so the original plan wasconsidered to be cost-eective

Figure 8 shows the LCCs of the target building accordingto the U values for oors Although the cost generally de-creases with increasing U value for the oor as in the case ofwalls and roofs there were considerable dierences inthe costs with the same U values In addition the oor isthe item with the greatest number of alternatives that meetthe regulatory criteria among the dierent structures of theouter wall and more alternatives that represent the sameenergy costs (energy use) were derived than in the case ofthe walls or roof Figure 9 shows the LCCs for the primary

0000 0050 0100 0150 0200 0250 0300 0350U values of roof (Wm2K)

Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

35683570357235743576357835803582358435863588

Figure 3 Primary energy use according to the U values for theoors of the target building

U values of roof (Wm2K)

930935940945950955960965970975980

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028

LCC

(USD

m2 )

Figure 4 LCC according to the U values of the walls

Primary energy consumption for U values of wall (kWhm2yr)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

930935940945950955960965970975980

3550 3555 3560 3565 3570 3575 3580 3585

Origin

Figure 5 LCC according to the primary energy use for theU valuesof walls

U values of roof (Wm2K)010 012 014 016 018 020

940945950955960965970975980985

LCC

(USD

m2 )

Figure 6 LCC according to the U values of the roofs

LCC

(USD

m2 )

940945950955960965970975980985

3570 3572 3574 3576 3578 3580 3582Primary energy consumption for U values of roof (kWhm2yr)

Origin

Figure 7 LCC according to the primary energy use for theU valuesof the roofs


energy usee alternatives representing less primary energyuse with the same LCC were derived as in the case of thewalls

35 Optimal Energy Conservation Measures Many condi-tions can allow the users tomake decisions using the decision-support system of buildings In general the energy use will betaken as a priority and the purpose is to obtain informationregarding which alternative has the lowest energy use basedon the performance evaluation results On the other hand thenecessity of an economic evaluation has been conrmedwhen selecting energy conservation measures and a meth-odology to support comprehensive decision making througheconomic analysis is needederefore through the decision-support process presented in Choirsquos studies which considersthe energy requirements economic evaluation and EPIpoints this study derives optimal energy conservationmeasures of the target building [7 8] Figure 10 shows thederivation of energy conservation measures focusing on theUvalue of oors It is possible to know the U value of the oorswhich can increase the EPI scores of the U value of the lowestoor of the living room and the lowest LCC Based on this

optimal energy conservation measures of the target buildingcan be derived

4 Conclusion

is study proposed energy conservation measure (ECM)list by building a database of general-purpose values andprice information based on the measures that can be appliedand evaluated as a national public program and evaluatedthe energy performance and economic of each alternativeafter setting a target building In addition the optimalbuilding passive ECM list for the target building was eval-uated by applying the decision-support process

e results of this research can be summarized asfollows

(1) e energy conservation measures of the passiveECM list were divided into the U values of wallsroofs and oors Within the range satisfying thelegal criteria for the target building there were 346kinds of alternatives concerning the U values ofwalls oors and roofs in total Among them 136types were derived for the alternatives meeting the

LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

000 010 020 030 040 050U values of floor (kWhm2yr)

Figure 8 LCC according to the U values of the oors

Primary energy consumption for U values of floor (kWhm2yr)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin

Figure 9 LCC according to the primary energy use for theU valuesof the oors

0100012001400160018002000220024002600280

01600100 0220 0280 0340 0400 0460U values of floor (Wm2K)

U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)

Figure 10 Deriving optimal energy conservation measures of thetarget building (a) U value of oorrsquos alternative derivationaccording to the U values of oor (b) U value of oorrsquos alternativederivation according to the LCC


legal criteria for the walls of the target building 133kinds were derived for the floors and 64 kinds werederived for the roofs

(2) With respect to the passive ECM list of the insulationmaterial for the target building the primary energyuse was evaluated using ECO2 )e evaluation re-sults of the energy performance according to the Uvalues of the walls floors and roofs of the targetbuilding showed many ranges where the same en-ergy use was observed with different U values so thenecessity for an economic evaluation for the per-formances of the ECM list was confirmed

(3) For the materials labor and energy use costs of theperformance factors of the passive ECM list thecost per unit area was calculated and an alternativewith the lowest LCC was derived among the al-ternatives representing the same U value and pri-mary energy use For the walls because it representsthe lowest LCC compared to the alternatives withthe same energy use as the original plan it isconsidered to be cost-effective but the alternativethat allows the LCC to be recovered within threeyears through energy savings was derived For theroof and floors because it represents the least LCCamong theU values that represent the same primaryenergy use it is considered to be cost-effective butthe alternative that allows the LCC to be recoveredthrough energy savings was not derived )ereforeit was considered efficient to maintain the originalplan

(4) By applying the decision-support process the energyconservation measures for the target building werederived and the utility of the integrated analysismethod for deriving the energy conservation mea-sures was confirmed through examples

Conflicts of Interest

)e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Authorsrsquo Contributions

All authors contributed to this work Bo-Eun Choi builtECM and economic DB and wrote the major part of thisarticle Ji-Hyun Shin and Jin-Hyun Lee built ECM andeconomic DB Hyo-Jun Kim conducted the energy simu-lation Sun-Sook Kim performed the result discussion andgave technical support Young-Hum Cho was responsiblefor this article and gave the conceptual advice

Acknowledgments

)is research was supported by a grant (18AUDP-B079104-05)from Architecture and Urban Development Research Programfunded by the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transportof Korean government

References

[1] Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport Energy SavingPlan Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport SejongKorea 2015

[2] ISO 13790 Energy Performance of BuildingsndashCalculation ofEnergy Use for Space Heating and Cooling ISO GenevaSwitzerland 2008

[3] S Kim ldquoA study on the economic evaluation of thermalinsulation remodelingrdquo Journal of the Korean Institute ofBuilding Construction vol 15 no 1 pp 142-143 2015

[4] Y Yeom ldquoA study on economic feasibility evaluation methodof sustainable building technologies using life cycle costanalysisrdquo Proceedings of the Architectural Institute of Koreavol 28 no 1 pp 655ndash658 2008

[5] L Aditya T M I Mahlia B Rismanchi et al ldquoA review oninsulation materials for energy conservation in buildingsrdquoRenewable and Sustainable Energy Review vol 73 pp 1352ndash1365 2017

[6] F Favoino Q Jin and M Overend ldquoDesign and controloptimisation of adaptive insulation systems for office buildingsPart 1 adaptive technologies and simulation frameworkrdquoEnergy vol 127 pp 301ndash309 2017

[7] B-E Choi J-H Shin J-H Lee S-S Kim and Y-H CholdquoEstablishment of passive energy conservation measure andeconomic evaluation of fenestration system in nonresidentialbuilding of Koreardquo International Journal of Polymer Sciencevol 2017 Article ID 8681737 9 pages 2017

[8] B-E Choi J-H Shin J-H Lee S-S Kim and Y-H CholdquoDevelopment of decision support process for building energyconservation measures and economic analysisrdquo Energiesvol 10 no 3 p 324 2017


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calculation technique ISO 13790 which is used to evaluatethe energy performance of new and existing domesticbuildings [1 2]

)e method for evaluating and analyzing the total costsincurred from the planning and design stage to the con-struction (installation) operation and dismantling anddemolition stages is LCC analysis To analyze the costs in-curred at various points such as the initial investment costsenergy costs operating costs and dismantling and de-molition costs all costs should be converted to the values atthe same point in time A discount rate is applied whenfuture costs are converted to the present value and an in-terest rate is applied when the present value is converted toa future value By applying the real discount rate to the totalcosts incurred during the analysis period the life cycle cost(LCC) can be calculated as shown in the followingequations

LCC IC + OCpv + DCpv 1113944n

t0

Ct

(1 + d)t (1)

R (1 + r)(1 + inf)minus 1 (2)

r (1 + r)

(1 + inf)minus 1 (3)

where IC is the initial investment cost OCpv is the presentvalue of the total operating cost DCpv is the present value ofthe dismantling and demolition cost d is the real discountrate and Ct is all the costs incurred in the year t In additionR is the nominal interest rate r is the real interest rate andinf is the inflation rate

According to the existing studies Kim [3] remodeledthe insulation for a study of an economic evaluation tocarry out insulation work to conform to the strengtheninglegal insulation standards Yeom [4] examined the eco-nomic feasibility of sustainable technologies using LCCanalysis in which the energy cost and CO2 emissiontrading cost are considered In this study it is expected thatthe result can be used as a decision making tool for selectingsustainable building technologies during the initialbuilding design stage In the residential sector the airconditioning system comprises the largest portion of theoverall energy use to fulfil the thermal comfort needsAditya et al [5] analyzed the recent developments on thebuilding thermal insulation and discussed the life-cycleanalysis and potential emission reduction using properinsulation materials to address the issue Favoino et al [6]designed and controlled an optimizing adaptive insulationfor office buildings by minimizing the total primary energyuse and thermal discomfort )e present study applied thisframework to explore the potential of adaptive insulationChoi et al [7] developed energy conservation measures(ECMs) as a basic study for targeted methodologies anddecision-support system development in Korea to meet thenational regulations Choi et al [8] proposed a decision-making support process based on the performance eval-uation results of building energy conservation measures Inaddition this study set up the target buildings and the

optimal ECM of insulation material for the target build-ing was suggested through the application of a decision-making process Various studies about energy performanceevaluation and economic analysis have been carried outHowever there is a lack of study on the insulation ofnonresidential buildings

)e purpose of this study was to develop the buildingenergy conservation measure (ECM) and economic data-base of insulation materials suitable for a domestic situa-tion To apply the ECM of insulation materials set thetarget building and conduct an energy use evaluation usingthe amended standard building energy rating system(ECO2) which is a national public program In additionthis study conducted economic evaluation for each alter-native using economic evaluation database based on actualmaterials and derived the optimal building energy con-servation measures for the target building by applying thedecision-support process

2 Development of ECM List and EconomicEvaluation Database of Insulation Materials

21 Development of ECM List ECO2 which is used for theevaluating energy efficiency rating of domestic buildingswas developed in accordance with the German standard DINV 18599 EN ISO 13790 and EN 15203 and it is a programfor analyzing the energy required to maintain the indoorenvironment of a building suitable for the use of thatbuilding )is program quantitatively analyzes the energyrequired for heating cooling lighting hot water andventilation considering the interaction of energy flowdepending on characteristics of the building constructionand equipment and the calculated energy can be used topredict the buildingrsquos primary energy demand energy useand carbon dioxide emissions

To establish building energy conservation measures(ECMs) of insulation materials for the domestic situationthe input items of ECO2 are examined )e walls roofs andfloors are divided into those that are exposed to the outdoorair directly and those that are exposed to the outdoor airindirectly according to the composition of the materials ofthe envelope structure in ECO2 )e thickness of them isselected or entered directly to apply and evaluate them )isstudy sets the range (variables) of energy conservationmeasures concerning the U values of the walls roofs andfloors after selecting only those for which the price in-formation including the specification (general-purposethickness) and prices can be built among the basic op-tions of insulation materials in ECO2 Table 1 lists the basicoptions of insulation materials in ECO2 )e type andthickness of the insulation material that constructed theprice information from among the kinds of insulationmaterials that can be selected by default are listed For thebasic options of insulation materials in ECO2 there are 40kinds available Among them 25 kinds of insulation ma-terials for which the price information including thespecification and prices can be built were selected and 346kinds were constructed as the energy conservation measures










Labor cost Expenses




Long-termcare

insurance


cost



costtimes rate

Directlabor

costtimes rate


rate




76 76 64 64


Health17

pension249

644 08 23






(4)






(5)








Constructiontype

Repairmethod



Note




Fullrepair 50 100






Buildinginformation





Mechanicalsystem














3550

3555

3560

3565

3570

3575

3580

3585


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

020 022 024 026 028


357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)








Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

35683570357235743576357835803582358435863588



930935940945950955960965970975980

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028

LCC

(USD

m2 )



LCC

(USD

m2 )

930935940945950955960965970975980

3550 3555 3560 3565 3570 3575 3580 3585

Origin



940945950955960965970975980985

LCC

(USD

m2 )


LCC

(USD

m2 )

940945950955960965970975980985


Origin






4 Conclusion




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin


0100012001400160018002000220024002600280


U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)











Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia










Labor cost Expenses




Long-termcare

insurance


cost



costtimes rate

Directlabor

costtimes rate


rate




76 76 64 64


Health17

pension249

644 08 23






(4)






(5)








Constructiontype

Repairmethod



Note




Fullrepair 50 100






Buildinginformation





Mechanicalsystem














3550

3555

3560

3565

3570

3575

3580

3585


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

020 022 024 026 028


357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)








Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

35683570357235743576357835803582358435863588



930935940945950955960965970975980

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028

LCC

(USD

m2 )



LCC

(USD

m2 )

930935940945950955960965970975980

3550 3555 3560 3565 3570 3575 3580 3585

Origin



940945950955960965970975980985

LCC

(USD

m2 )


LCC

(USD

m2 )

940945950955960965970975980985


Origin






4 Conclusion




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin


0100012001400160018002000220024002600280


U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)











Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia






(4)






(5)








Constructiontype

Repairmethod



Note




Fullrepair 50 100






Buildinginformation





Mechanicalsystem














3550

3555

3560

3565

3570

3575

3580

3585


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

020 022 024 026 028


357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)








Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

35683570357235743576357835803582358435863588



930935940945950955960965970975980

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028

LCC

(USD

m2 )



LCC

(USD

m2 )

930935940945950955960965970975980

3550 3555 3560 3565 3570 3575 3580 3585

Origin



940945950955960965970975980985

LCC

(USD

m2 )


LCC

(USD

m2 )

940945950955960965970975980985


Origin






4 Conclusion




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin


0100012001400160018002000220024002600280


U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)











Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia












3550

3555

3560

3565

3570

3575

3580

3585


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

020 022 024 026 028


357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581


Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)








Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

35683570357235743576357835803582358435863588



930935940945950955960965970975980

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028

LCC

(USD

m2 )



LCC

(USD

m2 )

930935940945950955960965970975980

3550 3555 3560 3565 3570 3575 3580 3585

Origin



940945950955960965970975980985

LCC

(USD

m2 )


LCC

(USD

m2 )

940945950955960965970975980985


Origin






4 Conclusion




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin


0100012001400160018002000220024002600280


U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)











Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia







Prim

ary

ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 y

r)

35683570357235743576357835803582358435863588



930935940945950955960965970975980

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028

LCC

(USD

m2 )



LCC

(USD

m2 )

930935940945950955960965970975980

3550 3555 3560 3565 3570 3575 3580 3585

Origin



940945950955960965970975980985

LCC

(USD

m2 )


LCC

(USD

m2 )

940945950955960965970975980985


Origin






4 Conclusion




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin


0100012001400160018002000220024002600280


U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)











Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia





4 Conclusion




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990




LCC

(USD

m2 )

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

3568 3572 3576 3580 3584 3588

Origin


0100012001400160018002000220024002600280


U v

alue

s of l

owes

t floo

r of

livin

g ro

om (W

m2 K

) 06

07

08

09

10

EPI

SCORE

Origin

(a)

LCC

(USD

m2 )

925930935940945950955960965970975


Origin

(b)











Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia










Acknowledgments


References












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia




RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


energyperformanceevaluationandeconomicanalysisof ... · 2019. 7. 30. · options of insulation...

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