eng 100bc causeeffect thesisintroconclusion quotations commas

8/12/2019 Eng 100BC CauseEffect ThesisIntroConclusion Quotations Commas

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Cause & Effect Prewrite & Plan

Thesis statements, introductions, conclusions

Quotation Marks

Commas


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What is a causal essay?Another name for a Cause & effect essay

Analyzes causes (why an event/phenomenonhappens)

OR

Effects (what occurs because of the event orphenomenon)

OR

Both causes and effects


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What are the characteristics of a cause & effect

essay?

May focus on Causes, Effects, or both Must distinguish causes from effects

Sometimes tricky

Think of causes as REASONS THAT SOMETHINGHAPPENED

Think of effects as RESULTS OF THE THING THATHAPPENED


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essay?

May focus on Causes, Effects, or both Includes a clear thesis statement

Identify topic

Make an assertion about topic Suggest whether focus is on causes, effects, or both

The root causes of unsportsmanlike behavior lie inhow society regards athletes, elevating them to

positions of fame and heroism and thereby makingthem unaccountable for their behavior.


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essay?


Identify topic

Make an assertion about topic Suggest whether focus is on causes, effects, or both

Unsportsmanlike behavior has numerous deep-rooted causes, and regardless of its origin, it

produces negative effects on fans, other players,and the institutions they represent.


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essay?


Follows a logical organization

Causes/effects = chronological order Multiple causes = most-to-least OR least-to-most


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essay?



Explains each cause/effect fully Includes examples, facts, descriptions, comparisons,

statistics, quotations

Usually requires research


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essay?



Explains each cause/effect fully May confirm or challenge readers assumptions


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There are 3 types of causal essays.

Cause OR Effects

Cause poor body image

*essay would discuss causes of poor body image

Effect obsession with dieting

*essay would discuss effects of dieting obsessionChain of causes and effects

You cannot find your class. (cause)

You are late for class. (effect & cause)

You miss a surprise quiz. (effect & cause)

Your grade average lowers. (effect)


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There are 3 types of causal essays.

Multiple causes and effects

Multiple Causescourses available, cost, reputation,distance

One Effectcollege attended-------------------------------------------------------------------------

One Causequit job

Multiple Effectsmore study time, less pressure,less spending money


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Causal Prewrite

At the top of page, write Cheating in College

On the left-hand side of the page, list all possiblecauses (why would someone cheat?)

On the right-hand side of the page, list all possibleeffects (what happens when someone cheats?)


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Causal Prewrite

Determine primary causes & effects

Look at the causes. Label the most obvious andimmediate causes. What cause(s), if eliminated,would drastically change the event, problem, orphenomenon?

Look at the effects. Label the most obvious andimmediate effects of the event, problem, orphenomenon. Which effects have the most seriousconsequences? For whom?


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Causal Planning

Choose a method of organization

Causes OR Effects Chain of Causes & Effects

Multiple Causes & Effects


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Break!


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On a sheet of paper, briefly explain which of thefollowing items presents the most difficulty

for you as a writer.

Thesis statements

Introductions Conclusions

Where do you stand?


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Where do you stand? Go to the board with the item that presents the

most difficulty for you.

Discuss your issue with the others who have alsochosen this item as most difficult.

As a group, decide which reasons are the mostcommon.

Write 3-5 of them on the board.


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What is a thesis statement?

A one- or two-sentence summary of a papers

content Serves as an assertion about essays content

Highlights all main topics covered in essay

What is its purpose?

It establishes a focus

Establishes a basis on which to include or

exclude information Forecasts authors discussion


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What are the components of a thesis statement?

Makes an assertion/claim about essay topic

Dont be wishy-washy!

Specific

Dont be too broad!


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What is a working thesis?

Hypothesis about topic or a claim intended tobe made

After drafting, success of working thesis can beevaluated

Working thesis statements CHANGE!

What is its purpose?

Help guide research If unable to prove through research, must

change and alter this assertion


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Is this thesis statement good or bad?

William Shakespeare defines what love is and what it isntin Sonnet 116.

William Shakespeares Sonnet 116 identifies lovescharacteristics as being steadfast and everlasting.I decided to go to college.

The combination of the unchallenging coursework, hostile

fellow students, mediocre faculty, and unfair schoolpolicies led me to make the decision to go directly tocollege after my sophomore year, a decision that in turnresulted in vocational and extracurricular benefits aswell as academic and social ones.


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Thesis statements for cause & effectThe causes of cheating in college can have bad results.

The effects of cheating in college are detrimental to thestudent in multiple ways.

The causes of cheating in college include not having enoughtime, pressure to achieve high marks, and to maintain asmart image.

Maintaining a high grade point average, having more time toparty, and ..are positive effects of cheating in college.

Cheating in college can result in a chain events to include

The sequence of events of cheating in college


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What are some strategies for writing introductions?

Quotation

Give quote and explain how it elucidates topic Historical Review

Background info so that reader can follow issue

Review of a Controversy

Like historical, but shows why issue is debated From General to Specific

Takes reader from what they know to more detailed infoleading to essays specific topic

Anecdote and Illustration Funny, touching, or otherwise appropriate story

Question Ask simple question that isnt all that simple to answer


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Intro format suggestion

Opener

Background information

Thesis statement


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What are some strategies for writing conclusions?

Statement of subjects significance

How essay applies to greater world Call for further research

What needs to still be considered (often done inscientific essays)

Solution/recommendation Essays about problems/controversy can give what

should be done

Anecdote Quotation

Question

Speculation


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What are some strategies for writing conclusions?

Anecdote

Tell a story so that readers discover significance toanother source

Quotation Helps gain authority and credibility

Question Calls on readers to assume an active role by offering

their own answers

Speculation Get the reader thinking about possibilities

Consider what might happen as well as what hashappened


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Conclusion format suggestion

Summarize points

Restate thesis

Final thought


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Break!


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Quotation Marks

Commas


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Quotation MarksWhat is a direct quotation?

Exactly repeats what someone said or wrote


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Quotation MarksWhen are quotation marks used?

Use quotation marks around direct quotationsLina asked, Do you think we should ask aquestion?

Quotation marks always appear in pairs

Use quotation marks around titles of poems, songtitles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles,essays, speeches, chapter titles, and episodes of TVor radio shows

Just Like a Woman, by Bob Dylan ITALICIZE/UNDERLINE titles of magazines, novels,

books, newspapers

Q t ti M k


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Quotation Marks

How is a quotation within a quotationpunctuated?

With single quotation marksThe man said, Im sorry, officer, but did I hear

you correctly when you said, Drive into thatditch?

What is an indirect quotation?Restates what someone said or wrote, but notword for word

Rachel told the security guard that sheneeded to enter the building for officialbusiness.

DO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS FOR

INDIRECT QUOTATIONS!!!

Q t ti M k


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Quotation Marks

Punctuation & Quotation marks

Periods and commas ALWAYS INSIDEThe name of the short story is Hills Like

White Elephants.

Colons and semicolons ALWAYSOUTSIDE

Harold wrote, I regret that I am unableto attend the fundraiser for AIDSresearch; his letter, however, came

with a substantial contribution

Q t ti M k


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Quotation Marks


Questions marks & exclamation points areSOMETIMES INSIDE, SOMETIMESOUTSIDE

Place inside if only apply to quotation

Place outside if apply to entiresentence/question

Bedtime at my house is marked by Mommy,

can I tell you a story now?Have you heard the old proverb Do not

climb the hill until you reach it?

Q otation Marks


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Quotation Marks


Do not use quotation marks to drawattention to familiar slang, to disowntrite expressions, or to justify an

attempt at humorIt was a ballpark figure.

Ex 15 1 Quotation Marks


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Ex. 15.1

Quotation Marks1. The film producer shouted excitedly, Everyoneloves Shakespeare because he used so many familiar

quotations!quotations!

2. When we make movies based on Shakespeareplays, he added we dont have to pay royalties to the

writer.

plays, he added



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Ex. 15.1

Quotation Marks3. Films based on Shakespeare plays try to reveal therelevance of his work to a modern audience.

Remove quotation marks

4. Although Shakespeare lived four hundred years ago,his work is currently in demand in Hollywood.

Remove quotation marks



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Ex. 15.1

Quotation Marks5. Hamlet, A Midsummer Nights Dream, andRomeo and Juliet are just a few of the Shakespeare

plays filmed in the 1990s.Hamlet,A Midsummer Nights Dream, and Romeoand Juliet are

6. The producer commented, When I hear that a newfilm will be based on Shakespeare, I wonder, like

Juliet, Whats in a name?

Juliet, Whats in a name?



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Ex. 15.1

Quotation Marks7. If the name Shakespeare were not involved, wouldfilmmakers be as interested in the material?

Shakespeare

8. Shakespeares plays are frequently performed intheaters, too, and several young playwrights recently

wrote works based on his sonnets.

Remove all quotation marks



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Ex. 15.1

Quotation Marks9. Hamlet, perhaps Shakespeares most famouscharacter, laments Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him,

Horatio, a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellentfancy.

laments Alas, poorYorick! I knew him, Horatio, afellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy.

10. Othello, one of Shakespeares most complexcharacters, laments that he loved not wisely, but too

well.

too well.


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Talk to your neighbors...When do you use a comma?


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Commas Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction

joining independent clausesThe department sponsored a seminar on college

survival skills and it also hosted a barbecue fornew students.

Do NOT use a comma to separate coordinate wordgroups that are not independent clauses

A good money manager controls expenses, andinvests surplus dollars to meet future needs.


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Commas Use a comma after an introductory clause or

phraseWhen Irwin was ready to iron his cat tripped on the

cord.

In no time we were at 2,800 feet.

Use a comma between all items in a seriesBubbles of air leaves ferns bits of wood and insects

are often found trapped in amber.

Use Oxford comma in MLA style writings


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Commas Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not

joined with and. Do not use a comma betweencumulative adjectives. (use the andtest)

Roberto is a warm gentle affectionate father.

Three, large gray, shapes moved slowly toward us.


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Commas Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential)

elements.The campers need sturdy shoes, which are expensive.

How do the meanings of these two sentences differbecause of the commas?

The dessert made with fresh raspberries was delicious.The dessert, made with fresh raspberries, was delicious.

In the first example, the phrase made with freshraspberries tells readers which of two or more desserts

the writer is referring to. In the example with commas,the phrase merely adds information about thedessert.


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Commas Use commas to set off transitional and

parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, andword groups expressing contrast

Minh did not understand our language; moreoverhe was unfamiliar with our customs.

As a matter of fact American football wasestablished in the mid-nineteenth century.


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Commas Use commas to set off nouns of direct address, the

wordsyesand no, interrogative tags, and mildinterjections

Forgive me Angela for forgetting your birthday.

Use commas with expressions such as he saidto

set off direct quotationsIts okay, Angela said.


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Commas Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and

numberOn December 12 1980 orders were sent out for the

arrest of Sitting Bull.

The security alert system went into effect on 15 April

2009. Use a comma to prevent confusion

Patients who can walk up and down the halls everyday.

To err is human; to forgive divine.

i ddi


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Exercise 12.1Adding Commas1. Breeders have long prized their swiftest, most

graceful horses, and raced them.horses and raced them.

2. Horse racing in the United States generally meanseither thoroughbred racing or harness racing.

correct

i 12 1 ddi C


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Exercise 12.1Adding Commas3. Harness racehorses pull small lightweight

vehicles, handled by a driver.small, lightweight vehicles handled

4. Harness racing falls into the two categories oftrotting, and pacing.

omit comma

E i 12 1 Addi C


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Exercise 12.1Adding Commas5. The most famous event in harness racing the

Hambletonian, is a mile-long trotting race.racing, the Hambletonian, is

6. Harness racing may be known mainly toenthusiasts but even people who appreciate verylittle about horse racing are familiar withthoroughbred racing.

enthusiasts, but

E i 12 1 Addi C


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Exercise 12.1Adding Commas7. Thoroughbred racehorses, unlike harness

racehorses, carry a rider.Correct

8. The best-known events in thoroughbred racing,the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, andthe Belmont Stakes, are the three races, thatmake up the Triple Crown.

three races that make up

E i 12 1 Addi C


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Exercise 12.1Adding Commas9. All of the Triple Crown races which vary in length

are for three-year-old horses.races, which vary in length, are

10. In the twentieth century only eleven horses wonthoroughbred racings Triple Crown.

century, only

Exercise 12.2


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Exercise 12.2

Working with Commas

1. Several years ago, many police departmentsignored minor violations of the law, andconcentrated on bigger crime problems.

...law [omit comma] and concentrated

2. Today, however, the broken window theory, iswidely accepted.

...theory [omit comma] is widely accepted.

Exercise 12.2


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Exercise 12.2

Working with Commas

3. According to this popular theory allowing brokenwindows to remain, unrepaired, leads to a loss ofhope in a community.

...theory [insert comma] allowing broken windows

to remain [omit comma] unrepaired [omitcomma] leads...

4. Frequently, buildings that look neglected makeneighbors feel that no one cares what goes on in

the area.

correct

Exercise 12.2


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Exercise 12.2

Working with Commas

5. Similarly, if petty crimes are ignored in aneighborhood people there may feel that largercrimes are acceptable as well.

...neighborhood [insert comma] people...

6. Community policing is one result of the newemphasis on stopping victimless crimes such asloitering and panhandling.

...crimes [insert comma] such as...

7. But, can a police officer, walking a beat, really bemore effective than a patrol car?

Omit all commas

Exercise 12.2


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Exercise 12.2

Working with Commas

8. Some experts believe that police should berequired to live in the communities, that theyserve.

Omit comma

9. Police who live elsewhere may not understandthe needs of the community, and they willcertainly know less about the people living in thecommunity.

Correct.

Exercise 12.2


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Exercise 12.2

Working with Commas

10. Different methods of community policing maywork in different areas but the goal should alwaysbe to keep communications open between thepublic and the police.

...areas [insert comma] but the goal


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Talk to your neighbors...When do you use a comma?

In a list of 3 or more items (oxford for MLA)

To combine 2 sentences (CS, [FANBOYS] CS)

After an introductory clause

Around extra information in the sentence

F t k


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For next week...Read Chapter 6 Process pgs 320-335

Complete worksheets on semicolons and colons

eng 100bc causeeffect thesisintroconclusion quotations commas

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