eng. marinela barbur Ă4 carbona ţi/ carbonate (%) 11,7 23,1 5 azot total/ total nitrogen (%) 0,262...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ing. Marinela BARBURĂ Teză de doctorat
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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
CLUJ-NAPOCA
DOCTORAL SCHOOL
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
Eng. Marinela BARBURĂ
RESEARCH ON PEDOGENETIC COVER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF FOREST RESORTS FROM
TRASCAULUI MOUNTAINS
SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS
Scientific Supervisor:
PhD.Prof. Ioan PĂCURAR
Cluj-Napoca 2011
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CONTENTS OF THE PHD THESIS SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................. 33
THE PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH, THE RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES ........ 33
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................. 34
THE MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................ 34
NATURAL LANDSCAPE ........................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 36
THE LAYERS OF SOIL AS A REFLECTION ........................................................................... 36
OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS .......................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................................. 39
THE INFLUENCE ON THE PEDOGENETIC COATING PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF
FOREST RESORTS TRASCAU MOUNTAINS ......................................................................... 39
CHAPTER VII .............................................................................................................................. 53
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................ 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 56
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INTRODUCTION
A strong motivational impulse in choosing the theme of this research was the
importance of knowing the cover of soil, but also the relationship between the production
capacity of the forest station and the soil. This study is the result of three years of work
and it represents the first approach to the influence of soil on the forest stations in
Trascăului Mountains.
The starting point of the research was the necessity to know the area thoroughly in
order to understand what was essential, namely the way in which soils affected the
production capacity of the forest stations, their development over a certain territory and
the tendencies of future evolution.
The study is aimed at becoming aware of both the qualitative features of the soil
and the production potential of the forest stations for rural communities.
The thesis has 176 pages and it is structured in six chapters which contain 53
tables and 49 figures, while there are 173 bibliography titles.
The final result is meant to be a complex research paper, based on analysis and
synthesis, which should contribute – through its content, structure, methods and
procedures – to identifying the types of soil and forest stations to be found in this
geographical area and to bringing out a series of new elements.
The study relies heavily on research done on the spot but also on data from the
forest management units in the region and from other related institutions.
In order to finish this research I received great support from my scientific advisor,
PhD Professor Păcurar Ioan, whose very valuable guidance I want to acknowledge now. I
am really grateful for the generosity with which he coordinated the long years of
preparation and management of my work, for the willingness to share with me his own
scientific experience, for the methodological and emotional support he gave me during
difficult periods.
I also want to acknowledge here the support I received in my work from the
members of the Science of Soil Department at the Faculty of Agriculture.
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Moreover, I would like to thank here all those people who, through their
competence, friendship, and generosity, have contributed, in one way or another, to the
materialization of this study. Last but not least, I would like to express my respect and
open attitude to all those people who might want to suggest improvements of its content.
CHAPTER I
THE PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH, THE RESEARCH AIM AND
OBJECTIVES
While writing this paper I considered that the objectives and the priorities in the
study of forests should focus on obtaining information concerning the influence of the
pedogenetic cover on the productivity of forest stations and on implementing the
economic management in the mountain area. Therefore, the following aspects proved
essential:
• mapping and thoroughly researching the cover of soils in the research area with
respect to: identifying the pedogenetical factors and their influence on some of the
soil characteristics; grouping the pedogenetical factors which are specific to the
Trascău Mountains;
• identifying and quantifying the pedogenetical processes which led to the spatial
differentiation of the soils in this region;
• pointing out and analysing the main types of forest stations in Trascăului Mountains;
• analysing the influence of the pedogenetical cover on the production capacity of
forest resort trough determining correlations between soil type, its thickness and
volume increasing from trees in the forest resort that had been analyzed;
• offering solutions concerning the management of natural resources by relating
environment factors to the biological and technological factor.
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CHAPTER II
THE MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study of the station condition of soils and establishing the criteria for
whole-scale improvement can be carried out by using on the spot and laboratory methods
which should allow extending the research over the whole area under study.
On the spot research is done according to instructions issued by ICPA-Bucharest,
namely „The Methodology of Pedology Studies (first volume)” (1987), known as
„Pedology Data Collection and Systematisation” (1987), by studying some soil samples
spread over certain itineraries so that they would permit the observation of changes in the
soil cover in relationship with environment conditions.
Thus, due to the difficulty of large-scale mapping, one usually resorts to thorough
research of some standard perimeters in order to accomplish certain goals. Such work
should refer to and render, as faithfully as possible, the features of the climate, relief,
petrographical formations and the vegetation in Trascăului Mountains.
CHAPTER III
NATURAL LANDSCAPE
Trascăului Mountains are situated in the south-east part of the Apuseni Mountains,
overlooking the Mureş Valley, starting from its junction with the Arieş River upstream. It
stretches over a distance of about 75 km, from the region to the north of the Arieş to the
Ampoi Valley, along the line North-East –South-West, being almost perfectly parallel
with the Mureş Valley and the Mureş passage.
At the bottom of Trascăului Mountains there is a thick layer of crystalline schists
which were formed, in their turn, in the depth of a Hercynian geosyncline, where they
had undergone a process of metamorphism to different degrees. Thus one can notice a
gradual placement of those rocks which were metamorphosed more slowly westwards,
where more strongly metamorphosed rocks occur.
The great variety of rocks in Trascăului Mountains give the relief features which
differ from one area to the next, due to their different response to shaping agents.
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On the crystalline schists to the north of the mountains the relief looks heavy, with
convex slopes which make a monotonous impression, while the valleys appear as gorges
(on the Arieş River, on the Ocolişel River, on the Iara River).
Ophiolites, in their turn, occur as compact and hard rocks, being characterized by a
rich residual microrelief and by the presence of some of the most typical gorges in the
massif (the gorge of the Arieş between Buru and Moldoveneşti, the gorge of the Hăşdate
Rivers, the gorge of the Tureni River, the gorge of the Pietroasa, the gorge of the Răchiş
River). Besides, on the whole, the morphology developed by these rocks is easily
noticeable in the landscape, where limestone prevails, with its remarkable shapes which
attract tourists.
Water streams which drain Trascăului Mountains are directly or indirectly
collected by the Mureş River. It is a first-degree hydrographic body as compared with the
direct collector, the Tisza River. Most streams flow transversely or have sectors of
transversal valleys, which allowed for numerous passes to be carved.
The longest mountain valley in Trascăului Mountains is along the Arieş River.
Being a mountainous region, the key to the interaction between the layer of
vegetation and the layers of soil is considered to be the relief as a factor of vertical
distribution of vegetation areas.
The vegetation areas vary according to altitude and they are represented by the
following units and sub-units: 1) the nemoral zone (of broadleaved tree forests), with its
common oak forests underlevel, beech forests underlevel, and mixed forests underlevel
(of beech trees and conifer trees); 2) the boreal zone (of spruce fir and other conifer
species), and 3) the alpine and subalpine zones, which include tree species only in
isolated parts.
The multi-annual average is higher only in the east extremity of the massif, namely in
the Turda Alba-Iulia region (8.5°C), followed by the multi-annual average temperature in
Câmpeni (8.2°C), which is slightly close to the previous one. The lowest multi-annual
average temperatures occur at the weather station in Băişoara (figure 1).
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Multi-annual average rainfall amounts to 623 mm in Turda, 861 mm in Câmpeni and
948 mm in Băişoara for the analyzed period (figure 2).
CHAPTER IV
THE LAYERS OF SOIL AS A REFLECTION
OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS
Soil distribution in Trascăului Mountains shows a greater amount of cambisols,
followed by cernisols, luvisols, protisoils, whereas the narrowest areas consist in alluvial
soils, andosols, hydrosoils, and histosols (figure 3).
Fig. 1. The monthly mean of the air temperature at the meteorological stations: Băişoara,Câmpeni and Turda
Fig. 2. The monthly mean of the atmospheric precipitations at the meteorological stations: Băişoara, Câmpeni şi Turda
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The Class of Cernisols
The soils in this category are quite well-spread in Trascăului Mountains. They can be
found on the slopes along the Inzeu Valley, Bedeleu Valley, Poiana Valley, Geoagiu
Valley etc. Redzina has been mapped from this class.
The RZ Rendzins
Fig. 3. The class distribution of the soils in Trascău Mountain
Fig. 4. Calcarico-rendzic texture diagram
%
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Tabel/Table 1 Analytical data of Calcaro-rendzic Leptosols (Bedeleu)
Orizontul/ Horizon Adâncimi/Deep (cm)
Am 0-15
A/R 15-36
1 Textura/Texture NL LL 2 Materie organică /Organic matter (%) 5,43 3,46 3 pH în apă/pH in water 5,87 6,84 4 Carbonaţi/Carbonate (%) 11,7 23,1 5 Azot total/Total nitrogen (%) 0,262 0,172 6 Fosfor mobil/Mobile phosphorus (ppm) 9 4 7 Potasiu mobil/Mobile potassium (ppm) 168 84
8 Baze de schimb/Exchangeable base (me/100g sol)
33,2 34,5
9 Hidrogen de schimb/Exchangeable hidrogen (me/100g sol)
- -
10 Capacitatea de schimb cationic/Cation-exchange capacity (me/100g sol)
38 37
11 Gradul de saturaţie în baze/Degree of base saturation (%)
87 93
The RZ Rendzins are formed on limestone. The content of organic matter is medium
on the whole soil profile, like that of total nitrogen of 0.172-0.262 %, mobile phosphorus
4-9 ppm, mobile potassium 84-168ppm. The capacity for cationic exchange (T) is almost
the same on 37-38 me/100g soil profile, whereas the base saturation (V) is high 87-93%;
the soil reaction vacillates around a slightly alkaline value (table 1).
The following situations will be presented with reference to the granulometric
composition of the analysed profile:
Unprocessed sand has high values of 43.5% in Am horizon, which then decreases to
35.2.0% in A/R transition horizon.
Dust has high values of 10.86% in Am horizon and it increases to 13.53% in A/R
transition horizon.
The content of clay is different, with a lower percentage of 25.3% in superior Am
horizon and higher in depth 29.65% (figure 4).
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CHAPTER V
THE INFLUENCE ON THE PEDOGENETIC COATING PRODUCTION
CAPACITY OF FOREST RESORTS TRASCAU MOUNTAINS
Due to the technical difficulties involved in the process of quality assessment, the
classification of soils in Trascăului Mountains according to suitability has been done for
the representative perimeters, for a soil profile which was considered representative
(including the type or the subtype of soil it charactersises).
As apparent in the quality assessment observation sheets, the quality classes of soil
units vary from the second and fifth class, according to restrictive factors which affect the
quality assessment results in a negative way and according to the culture one makes
reference to.
Some of the main restrictive factors which require severe crop limitations or
reduce the number of possibilities of soil use are: slopes (10-50%), active and stabilized
landslides, reduced useful edaphic volume (10-50%) and small amounts of humus (10-90
t/ha).
Fig 5. Suitability of land for different crops
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QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF FOREST AREAS
The station is a forest-related category whose main function is the production of
wood mass and it has been the first more thoroughly established ecological group. It has
been studied with reference to its detailed ecological benefits for the vegetation and its
friendly environment.
In order to make an analysis of forest stations I will present the ecological
observation sheets for the most important categories which can be found in Trascăului
Mountains. There are three fitoclimatic levels which the studied forest stations can be
associated with, according to the main physico-geographical factors, to the soil, and to
the existing vegetation:
• Mixed mountain type FM2
• Beech tree mountain and pre-mountain type FM1+FD4
• Common oak, beech and oak-beech hilly type FD3
At the mixed mountain level FM2
• Mixed mountain, Bm, middle edaphic districambosol, with Asperula-Dentaria;
At the beech tree mountain and pre-mountain level FM1+FD4
• Beech tree mountain and pre-mountain, Bm, middle edaphic districambosol,
with Asperula-Dentaria;
At the common oak, beech and oak-beech hilly level FD3
• Common oak, beech and oak-beech hilly, Bm, middle edaphic preluvosoil,
with graminoids and Luzula;
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Tabel/Table 2
Fişa ecologică a tipului de staţiune pentru: Montan de amestecuri Bm districambosol edafic
mijlociu cu Asperula-Dentaria FM Bm T III-II H- III Ue3-2 The ecological card of the forest site type for: Composite mountain Bm medium edaphic with
Asperula-Dentaria FM Bm T III-II H- III Ue3-2
Factori Factors
Clase de mărimi ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class magnitudes
Clase de favorabilitate ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class class suitability
OF
A G
●
BR
AD
◌M
OLI
D
Sp
0-m I II III IV V E E N-m
FS S M R FR
Temperatura m.a./ temperature
+ ◌● O
M ◌●
○
Precipitaţiile a./ precipitations
(+) +
(+)
◌● O
Precipitaţiile de încărcare sol/ precipitations of soil loading
+ ◌● O
Precipitaţii estivale (iul.-aug.)/ estival precipitations (July-August)
+ ◌●○
Vânturile/ winds + ◌●○ Umiditatea atm. rel. in iul./ atmospheric relative moisture content in July
+ ◌●○
I
Substanţele nutritive (ind. Trof.)/ nutrient compunds
+ + ◌● O
Asigurarea cu azot/ nitrogen guarantee
+ + ◌● O
Bazele schimbabile/ exchangeable base
+ + ◌● O
<I
Aciditatea-alcalinitatea/ acidity-alkalinity
+ + O ◌●
Apa accesibilă estival/ estival accesible water
+ + ◌●○ ◌●○
Aerul-aeraţie/ air-aeration
+ + ◌● ◌●○
Consistenţa estivală/ estival soil consistency
+ + O ◌●
Fa
vora
bili
tate
/Fav
ora
bili
ty
Bon
itate
/Est
imat
ion
Temperatura – vernal şi estival/ temperature (vernal-estival)
+ ... + O ◌●
Salinitatea-alcalinitatea (Na)/ salinization and alkalinity (Na)
+ ◌●○
Volumul edafic/ Physiologically useful volume
+ + O ◌●
Lung.per. bioact/lenght of bioactivity period
+ O O O
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Tabel/Table 3
Fişa ecologică a tipului de staţiune pentru: Montan premontan de făgete Bm districambosol
edafic mijlociu cu Asperula-Dentaria FM1+ FD4 Pm T III H III Ue2 The ecological card of the forest site type for: Mountain premontain of beech Bm districambosol
medium edaphic with Asperula-Dentaria FM1+ FD4 Pm T III H III Ue2
Factori Factors
Clase de mărimi ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class magnitudes
Clase de favorabilitate ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class class suitability
OF
A G
Sp
0-m I II III IV V E E N-m
FS S M R FR
Temperatura m.a./ temperature
+ O
M
O
Precipitaţiile a./ precipitations
(+) +
(+)
O
Precipitaţiile de încărcare sol/ precipitations of soil loading
+ O
Precipitaţii estivale (iul.-aug.)/ estival precipitations (July-August)
+ O
Vânturile/ winds + O Umiditatea atm. rel. in iul./ atmospheric relative moisture content in July
+ O
I
Substanţele nutritive (ind. Trof.)/ nutrient compunds
+ + O
Asigurarea cu azot/ nitrogen guarantee
+ + O
Bazele schimbabile/ exchangeable base
+ + O
<I
Aciditatea-alcalinitatea/ acidity-alkalinity
+ + O
Apa accesibilă estival/ estival accesible water
+ + O
Aerul-aeraţie/ air-aeration
+ + O
Consistenţa estivală/ estival soil consistency
+ + O
Fa
vora
bili
tate
/Fav
ora
bili
ty
Bon
itate
/Est
imat
ion
Temperatura – vernal şi estival/ temperature (vernal-estival)
+ ... + O
Salinitatea-alcalinitatea (Na)/ salinization and alkalinity (Na)
+ O
Volumul edafic/ Physiologically useful volume
+ + O
Lung.per. bioact/lenght of bioactivity period
+ O
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Tabel/Table 4
Fişa ecologică a tipului de staţiune pentru: Deluros de gorunete, Bm, preluvosol edafic mijlociu,
cu graminee mezoxerofite şi Luzula FD3 Go, Pm T II H II Ue2-1 The ecological card of the forest site type for: Hilly with evergreen, Bm preluvosoils medium
edaphic of mezoxerofites grasses and Luzula FD3 Go, Pm T II H II Ue2-1
Factori Factors
Clase de mărimi ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class magnitudes
Clase de favorabilitate ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class class suitability
O
GO
RU
N
Sp
0-m I II III IV V E E N-m
FS S M R FR
Temperatura m.a./ temperature
+ + O
Precipitaţiile a./ precipitations
+ O
M
O
Precipitaţiile de încărcare sol/ precipitations of soil loading
+ O
Precipitaţii estivale (iul.-aug.)/ estival precipitations (July-August)
+ O
Vânturile/ winds + O Umiditatea atm. rel. in iul./ atmospheric relative moisture content in
+ + O
I
Substanţele nutritive (ind. Trof.)/ nutrient compunds
+ + O
Asigurarea cu azot/ nitrogen guarantee
+ O
Bazele schimbabile/ exchangeable base
+ O
Aciditatea-alcalinitatea/ acidity-alkalinity
+ O
<I
Apa accesibilă estival/ estival accesible water
+ O
Aerul-aeraţie/ air-aeration
+ O
Consistenţa estivală/ estival soil consistency
+ + O
Fa
vora
bili
tate
/Fav
ora
bili
ty
Bon
itate
/Est
imat
ion
Temperatura – vernal şi estival/ temperature (vernal-estival)
+ + O
Salinitatea-alcalinitatea (Na)/ salinization and alkalinity (Na)
+ O
Volumul edafic/ Physiologically useful volume
+ O
Lung.per. bioact/lenght of bioactivity period
+ O
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The production capacity of trees is average and lower and it is determined by the
edaphic volume of the soil, the level of humidity, the soil trophicity and acidity. In most
analysed stations the volume is little or average, the level of humidity varies with great
shortage in the summer, reduced trophicity and a large percentage of bone (figure 6).
VOLUME INCREASES IN FOREST STATIONS IN TRASCAULUI MOUNTAINS
Volume increases were measured in the three years dedicated to experiments,
namely in 2008, 2009 and 2010 on various representative types of soil.
Annual increase in beech as a result of the growing amount of wood was
measured on several types and subtypes of soil, with different thickness levels for a
profile.
Volume growth values vary within the interval 2.3-7.4 (m3/an/ha) according to the
thickness of the soil profile, temperature, rainfall, the lowest recorded level being specific
to limestone with a width of only 27 cm of the soil profile (figure 7).
Variable growth is due to the nature of the relationships between the width of the
soil profile and its richness in bones, but also to other external factors such as
temperatures and rainfall during the period of vegetation growth, which affect the trees.
Fig. 6. The distribution of forest resorts depending of productivity
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Tabel/Table 5
The influence of the districambosol on thickness of annual in volume Tipul de sol Type of soils
Grosimea profilului de sol (cm) Thickness of soils profile (cm)
Media creşterilor anuale Growth annual average
Diferenţa Difference
Semnificaţia diferenţelor Differences significance
(m3/an/ha)
(%)
Martor 9,1 100 0,00 Mt. Districambosol
tipic 135 10,1 110,9 1,00 ** tipic 104 8,7 95,6 -0,40 00
litic 86 7,4 81,3 -1,70 000
scheletic 58 6,9 75,8 -2,20 000
DL (p 5%) =0,39 DL (p 1%) =0,57 DL (p 0.1%) =0,85
The statistical analysis of results concerning the influence of soil width on annual
volume growth, in comparison with the average volume growth, points out that the
difference is very significant for 125cm districambosol, significant but in a negative way
for 66 cm and 58 cm districambosol and that there is no difference for 84 cm
districambosol (table 5).
The explanation of the differences in growth according to the type and width of
soil is presented in table 6.
Fig. 7. Variation of annual increases in volume at beech
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Tabel/Table 6 The significance of differences in growth measured by Duncan test
Tipul de sol Type of soils
Media creşterilor anuale (m3/an/ha) Growth annual average (m3/an/ha)
Clasificarea Classification
a4 6,0 A a5 6,5 A a1 7,0 B a3 7,5 B a2 9,0 C
DS 5%=0,52-0,56
Annual increase in spruce fir volume as a result of the growing amount of wood
was measured on several types and subtypes of soil, with different thickness levels for a
profile.
Volume growth values vary within the interval 2.6-8.7 (m3/an/ha) according to the
thickness of the soil profile, its bone content, temperature, rainfall, the lowest recorded
level being specific to bone-rich litosol with a width of 32 cm of the soil profile (figure
8).
Variable growth is due to the nature of the relationships between the width of the
soil profile and its richness in bones, but also to other external factors such as
temperatures and rainfall during the period of vegetation growth, which affect the trees.
Fig. 8. Variation of annual increases in volume at spruce
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Tabel/Table 7 The influence of the districambosol on thickness of annual in volume
Tipul de sol Type of soils
Grosimea profilului de sol (cm) Thickness of soils profile (cm)
Media creşterilor anuale Growth annual average
Diferenţa Difference
Semnificaţia diferenţelor Differences significance
(m3/an/ha)
(%)
Martor 9,1 100 0,00 Mt. Districambosol
tipic 135 10,1 110,9 1,00 ** tipic 104 8,7 95,6 -0,40 00
litic 86 7,4 81,3 -1,70 000
scheletic 58 6,9 75,8 -2,20 000
DL (p 5%) =0,39 DL (p 1%) =0,57 DL (p 0.1%) =0,85
The statistical analysis of results concerning the influence of soil width on annual
volume growth, in comparison with the average volume growth specific to trees in the
third production class, points out that the difference is significant but in a negative way
for 125cm, 66 cm, and 58 cm districambosol, and significant for 84 cm districambosol
(table 7).
The significance of the differences in growth according to the type and width of
soil is presented in table 8.
Tabel/Table 8 The significance of differences in growth measured by Duncan test
Tipul de sol Type of soils
Media creşterilor anuale (m3/an/ha) Growth annual average (m3/an/ha)
Clasificarea Classification
a5 6,9 A a4 6,4 A a3 8,7 B a1 9,1 C a2 10,1 D
DS 5%=0,39/0,42
Annual increase in common oak volume as a result of the growing amount of
wood was measured on different types of soil, with different thickness levels and the
findings are presented in table 37.
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Volume growth values vary within the interval 2.6-6.4 (m3/an/ha) according to the
thickness of the soil profile, its bone content, temperature, rainfall, the lowest recorded level
being specific to limestone redzine with a width of 37 cm of the soil profile (figure 9).
Variable growth is due to the nature of the relationships between the width of the
soil profile and its richness in bones, but also to other external factors such as
temperatures and rainfall during the period of vegetation growth, which affect the trees.
Tabel/Table 9
The influence of eutricambosoils on thickness of annual in volume Tipul de sol Type of soils
Grosimea profilului de sol (cm) Thickness of soils profile (cm)
Media creşterilor anuale/ Growth annual average
Diferenţa Difference
Semnificaţia diferenţelor Differences significance
(m3/an/ha)
(%)
Martor 6,5 100 0,00 Mt.
Eutricambosol
tipic 94 5,3 80,3 -1,20 000
litic 76 4,2 63,6 -2,30 000
scheletic 68 3,6 55,6 -2,93 000
DL (p 5%) =0.43 DL (p 1%) =0.65 DL (p 0.1%) =1.04
Fig. 9. Variation of annual increases in volume at hills
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The statistical analysis of results concerning the annual volume growth, in
comparison with the witness sample, which stands for the average volume growth, points
out that the difference is very significant but in a negative way for all analysed varieties
of eutricambosol (table 9).
The significance of the differences in growth according to the type and width of
soil is presented in table 10.
Tabel/Table 10 The significance of differences in growth measured by Duncan test
Tipul de sol Type of soils
Media creşterilor anuale (m3/an/ha) Growth annual average (m3/an/ha)
Clasificarea Classification
a4 3,6 A a3 4,2 B a2 5,3 C a1 6,5 D
Ds 5%=0,43-0,45
5.8 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AND THE WIDTH OF THE SOIL
PROFILE
The data in figure 10 lead us to the conclusion that there is a direct and clearly
significant connection between the two features (annual growth and the width of the soil
profile) if we compare the value of the correlation coefficient R=0.950, obtained through
calculation, with the table values of r for the transgression probabilities of 5% and 1%,
for GL = 9 (R 1%=0.67, R 5%=0.80 – Ardelean – 2006. Analysing the regression
equation for the two features (y=0.066x+1.640), one can notice that when the width of
the soil profile becomes 20 cm larger, the volume growth increases by 1.706 m3/an/ha.
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There is a direct and clearly significant connection (R = 0.976) between the width
of the soil profile and the annual growth for beech trees, subsequent to the analysis of the
value of the correlation coefficient R.
According to the regression equation between the two features (y=0.067x+0.124),
one can notice that when the width of the soil profile becomes 20 cm larger, the volume
growth increases by 0.19 m3/an/ha (figure 11).
Fig. 10. Correlations between growth annual average and thickness profile of soils
Fig. 11. Correlations between growth annual average and thickness profile of soils
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The regression analysis for the average annual growth for common oak trees
according to the width of the soil profile demonstrates a strong connection between the
average annual growth and the width of the soil profile which has the value R =0.970
(R2=0.831).
Analysing the regression equation between the two features (y=0.056x+0.331),
one can notice that when the width of the soil profile becomes 20 cm larger, the volume
growth increases by 0.89 m3/an/ha (figure 12).
The data in table 11 enable us to conclude that the most significant annual growth
for a 20 cm wider soil profile occurs for common oak, whereas the least significant
growth for the same situation occurs for the beech tree population.
Fig. 12. Correlations between growth annual average and thickness profile of soils
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Tabel/Table 11 Increase in volume (m3) to increase the thickness of 20 cm soils profile
Populaţia Population
Ecuaţia de regresie Regression ecuation
Valoarea creşterii anuale (m3/an/ha) la creşterea cu 20 cm a profilului de sol
Value of annual increased (m3/an/ha) increased by 20
cm of soils profile Molid Y=0,098X+0,792 1.706 Fag Y=0,084X+0,530 0,19
Gorun Y=0,058X+1,091 0.89
IMPROVEMENT AND MEASURES TO MAKE SOILS SUITABLE FOR
AGRICULTURE
The fact that the land in those regions in Trascăului Mountains where trees were
cut down is in bad condition should be considered, first and foremost, as a consequence
of irrational use, of neglect in what concerns both the crops and the way of using the land
(where it has been used).
Improvements in the use of such soils which settle and get stabilised must rely on
some principles:
• the necessity to remove the cause of land degradation through erosion and
landslides and to fight against the effects of such phenomena;
• the necessity to take into consideration the features which are specific to this
mountainous region, which is rich in forests, in order to avoid causing local
ecological problems;
• the necessity to contribute to an overall improvement concerning the
geomorphological relief units or the main hydrographical basins;
The work and measures which can be used to reach the above-stated goals can be
classified into three groups:
o organising the area;
o agricultural work intended for soil improvement;
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53
o hydrotechnical work done in order to control surface waterflow, to prevent
floods and to stop in depth erosion.
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The research for this PhD thesis concerning the soil and forest stations as well as
the agro-forest fund enables us to draw the following conclusions:
� The concept of the soil has evolved with the development of Pedology as a science, so
that we can conclude that the soil is a complex system which interacts with the other
systems; it plays an active part in phytomass production and it influences the
production capacity of ecosystems.
� The productivity of forest vegetation is influenced by the favourable character of the
soil conditions and namely by the extent to which trees can develop their system of
roots in depth and on the sides, by the nature of the complex ecological system of the
soil, and, consequently, by the way and the extent to which the two
previously-mentioned features allow for the right supply of water, nutrients, air, and
physiologically active substances for the roots.
� The pedological research of Trascăului Mountains confirms the existence of various
soils in the area and the variety was determined by the complex character of
pedogenetic factors. It also points out that the main types of soil are vertically
distributed. The classification of soils in this mountain region sets the following
proportion: cambisols – 39%, luvisols – 20%, protisoils – 10%, cernisols-25%,
andosols – 2%, hydrosoils – 2% and histosols – 1%.
� The potential for forest development as assessed through the ecological observation
sheets about different types of forest stations confirms the different favourable
character for forest species, while there has been identified an area distribution of
those species from the common oak tree level to the mixed level. In this way there are
12 representative stations: mixed mountain type, Pi, small edaphic limestone, mixed
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mountain type, Pm, middle edaphic districambosol, with Asperula-Dentaria, beech
tree mountain and pre-mountain, Ps, large edaphic districambosol, with
Asperula-Dentaria, beech tree mountain and pre-mountain, Pm, middle edaphic
districambosol, with Asperula-Dentaria, beech tree mountain and pre-mountain, Pi,
small edaphic brown earth, with Asperula-Dentaria, beech tree mountain and
pre-mountain, Pi, middle edaphic limestone, beech tree mountain and pre-mountain,
Pi, limestone bedrock and excessive erosion, beech tree hilly, Pm, middle edaphic
brown earth with Asperula-Asarum, common oak tree hilly, Pm, middle edaphic
podzolic soil, with graminoids and Luzula, common oak tree hilly, Pm, middle weak
podzolic soil, eutric cambisol, middle edaphic, common oak tree hilly, Pi, strong
podzolic soil, small edaphic, with Luzula luzuloides, beech tree hilly, Pi, small
edaphic districambosol.
� As far as the soil suitability for forest species is concerned, the main restricting factors
are: the soil acid reaction, the edaphic volume, the pseudo-gleization processes,
erosion, landslides, the average annual temperature, the humus reserve, and water
shortage during periods of vegetation growth. Therefore, it is important to apply
measures for the prevention of soil degradation and for fertility preservation, like:
- applying the principles of functional distribution of forests on the regions, by
classifying forests in connection with the need to protect the soil;
- completing degraded forest areas;
- cultural exploitation of forests, which should be understood as the necessity to
avoid causing erosion on mountain sides due to deforestation and massive
cutting down of trees on large areas;
- using agro-technology for farming operations meant to prevent surface erosion
and to improve soil problems (autumn holes of 40/40cm, autumn holes with
simple terraces and terraces fenced at slope level);
- water drains at each level, along the highest slope line, at various distances,
depending on the slope.
� The volume growth of trees was measured on various types of representative soils
such as districambosol, eutric cambisol, limestone, lithosol, preluvosol.
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� The following findings resulted from a study of the influence of districambosol and of
its width on volume growth in comparison with average growth:
� For a spruce tree grown on typical districambosol of 135 cm, the growth is 12%
lower than average volume growth in third-class production class trees, for typical
districambosol of 104 cm, the growth is 7% higher, while for lithic districambosol
of 66 cm and 58 cm districambosol, the growth is 22% and, respectively, 27%
lower than the average.
� For a beech tree grown on typical districambosol of 135 cm, the growth is 29%
higher than average volume growth in third-class production class trees, for
typical districambosol of 104 cm, the growth is 7% higher, while for lithic
districambosol of 66 cm and 58 cm bone-rich districambosol, the growth is 14%
and, respectively, 8% lower than the average.
� Concerning the influence of eutric cambisol and of its width on volume growth in
comparison with average growth, research indicates that differences are negative
when set against the average, for both beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) and common oak
trees which grew on eutric cambisol.
� Concerning the influence of limestone and of its width on volume growth, the
differences are very significantly negative when set against the average for spruce
trees, beech trees, and common oak trees.
� Concerning the influence of lithosol and of its width on volume growth for spruce
trees in comparison with average growth, research indicates that differences are
negative when set against the average.
� The regression analysis for the average annual growth in case of spruce trees in
connection with the width of the soil profile demonstrates a strong correlation
between the average annual growth and the width of the soil profile with a value of
R=0.987 (R2=0.975).
� There is a direct and clearly significant connection between the width of the soil
profile and annual growth for beech trees, as shown by the analysis of the value of the
correlation coefficient R (R = 0.980).
� The regression analysis for the average annual growth in case of common oak trees in
connection with the width of the soil profile demonstrates a strong correlation
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56
between the average annual growth and the width of the soil profile with a value of
R=0.911 (R2=0.831).
� The pedological research to the conclusion that the soils in Trascăului Mountains
have different suitability levels and they can be used for forests, farming, and for
grazing and growing hay.
� The vegetation provides rich material potential for human communities inhabiting the
studied zone, forests being the dominant form of vegetation. Over the centuries
forests have been a well-structured system, whose existence and vigour have been
sustained by very favourable morpho and pedoclimatic conditions. They have been
crucial for the life of human communities, providing the native population with food,
shelter, and wood, but also with the peace and quiet one needs to survive, stimulating
the appearance and development of a whole range of human occupations.
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